Chapter 34 - The Pavilions (maṇḍapa)

1-2. The characteristic features of all (kinds of) pavilions [viz., maṇḍapa] which are fit for the dwelling of the gods, the twice born, and the other (inferior) castes will be described now.

3-4. The elevation (lit. the relative or divisional measurement) the thickness of the walls, the verandahs, and the sheds with yards (prapā), and the shapes of pavilions: these five features (of pavilions) are described in order.

5-6. The fifteen varieties of width (i.e.. thickness) of the wall (bhitti) should begin from one and a-half cubits and end at five cubits, the increment being by six aṅgulas (i.e., a quarter cubit).

7-9. The height should be equal to the breadth or greater by one, that is, twice the breadth, the increment being by one aṅgula (i.e, part); (otherwise), (it the height of the wall) should be increased to twice the breadth, the increment being by one-eighth of the breadth.

10-12. Thus is stated the dimension (i.e., height of the wall) in proportional measure; the breadth of the wall in proportional measure is described here: the five varieties (i.e., proportions) of the breadth of the wall are stated to begin from one cubit (i.e., one part) and end at two cubits (i.e., twice), the increment being by six aṅgulas (i.e., a quarter)^[1].

13. The breadth of the verandah (alinda) should be one or two parts (i.e. equal to or twice the thickness of the wall).

14-15. The sheds with yards (prapāṅga) should be made without a base (adhiṣṭhāna), but it should be furnished, instead, with a wooden (lit. bamboo) pillar (pāda-vaṃsa) between the plinth and the entablature.

16-18. The timber of which the pillars are made should consist of khadira (acacia catechu), khādira (a tree of Acacia catechu class) pūtipādapa, (pine tree), other strong trees, hemapadāpa (i.e., hemapuṣpaka), kṣīriṇī (milk tree), and other tall trees of best species.

19. As an alternative, all the component members including the pillar of the shed may be (partly) made of stone.

20. It may be built of one, two, or throe materials as would make it fittingly beautiful and strong.

21-22. The wise architect should prepares the (wood) and make the pillar with whatever braes may be available, such as the bamboo-cane (vaṃśa), the tree with essence, or the betel-nut tree (kramuka).

23-24. The upper beam (or rafter, vaṃśa) should be made of the betel-nut tree (kramuka) or with the reed (veṇu) mixed with the bamboo-cano (vaṃśa), and when made with a (long) bamboo-cane it should be long and straight.

25-26. The roof (ācchādana) (of the shed) should be made by spreading the coir of cocoanut or with some other coirs, whatever may be available.

27. The surrounding shed (prapā) should be made (sufficiently strong) so that it may not be moved (i.e., blown away) by the wind.

28. (The architect) who is expert in building them should construct the sheds (prapā) and the yards.

29-30. The sheds (prapā) should be constructed round the interior or exterior of the temples, dwelling houses, pavilions, or any other buildings.

31. There would be no defect if the sheds (prapā) be constructed in any other (convenient) quarters.

32. Thus is described the shed with yard; the (types of) pavilions will be described now.

33. In front of all kinds of temples there should be (built) many pavilions.

34-36. Pavilions should be built in holy places, in pleasure gardens, in the centre of villages and such other architectural objects (e.g. towns), on the four main and intermediate quarters, within or outside (the compound); in the compound of the human dwellings, or in front of them.

37-43. Pavilions should be built for residential purposes of all, and for the purpose of sacrifice; for the coronation of kings, and for dancing (or musical performance); for carrying out the ceremonies connected with wedding, so also with the making of friendship; for putting on sacred thread, and for bathing; for looking at the face of the newly-born baby, and for the self-immolation of a faithful wife (satī, on the death of her beloved husband)^[2]; for shaving, and for cooking with fire; and also for enjoying one-self: for all these purposes pavilions should be constructed in order according to rales.

44. The places (i.e., situation) of all kinds of pavilions have been stated by the ancients (as given below).

45-50. In front of an edifice (prāsāda) seven pavilions should be built in order: the first one should be for bathing, the second for reading (i.e., study or library); the third for the special bath-room; the fourth is for the image (chapel), the fifth is for installation (sthāpana, of some deity); then the sixth should be constructed as the place for pilgrimage (tīrtha), and the seventh for the performance of dancing and singing.

51-52. As an alternative, in front of that (the edifice) there may be built one, two, and three pavilions for bathing, for the installation, of images (of deities), and for singing and dancing.

53. If there be two (lit., a, second) pavllions the first one should be in front of the second.

54. In the first place there should be a pavilion for reading, so also (i.e., secondly) for the image (deity).

55. In the same (first) place, the wise (architect) should (preferably) build a pavilion for the image (i.e., deity).

56-57. Three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and walls should be constructed from the first to the seventh (pavilions), each wall being between two pavilions.

58. From that (number, i.e., three), it (the number of walls) may be increased to eleven, the increment being by one.

59. Each one of the seven types of pavilions should be of live kinds.

60. Similarly they should have four corners (i.e., sides), the increment being by one.

61. Their length (and breadth) should be equal, or the length may be greater than the breadth, preferably equal.

62. If there be two walls the column in between should be omitted.

63. There (in each pavilion) should be three-fold members, (namely), the base, the pillar, and the entablature.

64. Above that (entablature, i.e., the roof) over the pavilions should be made the pinnacle^[3] (cūlikā) and corner tower (karṇa-harmya).

65. The corridors (antara, lit., interspace) should be made of stone, and nicely ornamented.

66. The base (of the pavilion) should be furnished wit a a pedestal, or simply a plinth (masūraka) should be made.

67. If the edifice be furnished with a pedestal, tho pavilion also should have a pedestal.

68. If the edifice have a thick pedestal, the pavilion should have the three-fold members (namely, the base, the pillar, and the entablature).

69. If it (the pavilion) be not symmetrical to the edifice, the death of the master is certain.

70-72. Wherever it may be, the entablatures should be ornamented like the edifice; they should be (always) ornamented like the edifice, or they may be more luxuriously ornamented; the exterior should be decorated in the same way as the interior, this is desired to refer to the pavilion (only).

73. The rules of their arrangement will now be described in order.

74. It (the first pavilion) should be four-cornered (i.e., four-sided) of uniform shape^[4], and the dimensions (i.e., both breadth and length) should be of equal measure of throe parts (i.e., throe parts square).

75. It should be furnished with sixteen columns and four doors^[5].

76. Porticos (bhadra) should be spread on all the four directions, and the projection (nirgama) should be made of one part.

77. It should be a four parts square (lit. of four-parts dimensions) and furnished with sixteen pillars.

78. Four doors should be opened on the four sides and the porticos (bhadra) made of one part.

79. There should be made thirty-two small vestibules (kṣudra-nāsi) as component parts (lit. limbs), and the rest should be made as stated by the ancients (lit., before).

80. It (the second typo of pavilion) should be a six-parts square, (lit., of four-corners, i.e., four-sided of six parts each), and should be famished with thirty-six pillars

81. There should be four doors on four sides, bub the middle (row of) pillars should be omitted.

82. The breadth of the wall should be two parts, and the projection (nirgama) one part.

83. There should be thirty-two small vestibules (kṣudra-nāsi) as component parts (lit., limbs), and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

84. It (the third typo of pavilions) should be a seven parts square (lit., seven-and-seven parts dimensions, i.e., both breadth and length seven parts), and furnished with sixty-four pillars.

85. Four parts should be left out in the centre, and four doors should be made on the four sides.

86. The breadth of the porticos (bhadra) should be throe parts, and the projection (nirgama) should be made one part.

87. As an alternative, it (this type) may be furnished with sixty pillars, and from the centre should be (erected) the upper pinnacle (ūrdhva-kūṭaka).

88. There should be thirty-four small vestibules (nāsi) as the component parts, and the rest should be made as before.

80. Again (i.e., in the fourth type) there should be four dimensions (i.e., sides) of eight-parts each (i.e., a eight-parts square), and it should be furnished with sixty-four pillars.

90. Four doors should be opened on the four sides, but the middle pillars should be omitted.

91. The porticos (bhadra) should be made of four parts, and the projection (nirgama) of one part.

92. The small vestibules (kṣadra-nāsi) as component limbs should be, as before, symmetrically constructed in the same places.

93. Again (i.e., in the fifth type) the equal breadth and length should be nine parts each (i.e., it should be a nine parts square).

94. It should be built as an open hall (navaraṅga)^[6], and thirty-six pillars (out of sixty-four) should be left out,

95. Again (i.e. in the sixth type) the dimensions should be of nine by eight parts, and the porticos (bhadra) should be made of three by one part.

96. On the four sides should be opened four doors with porticos (bhadraka) in front.

97-98. It should be decorated with all ornaments; there should be forty-eight large or small (alpa) vestibules, and an upper pinnacle in the centre.

99. Of the same (number of pillars, i.e., sixty-four) the sixteen pillars at the four corners (karṇa) should be left out.

100. There should be four doors on the four sides, and porticos (bhadraka) of four by one part.

101. It should be decorated with all ornaments, and the rest should be made according to one’s discretion.

102. The (seventh typo of) pavilion should be an eleven parts square (lit., four-cornered).

103. It should be an open hall (navaraṅga) furnished with verandahs (alinda), and one hundred and eight pillars.

104. The surrounding verandahs should be made of one part on the outside.

105. On the four sides the porticos (bhadra) should be made of five parts (each), and the projection (nirgama) of one part,

106. Four doors should be opened on the four sides, and there should be sixty-four small vestibules (alpa, i.e., kṣudra-nāsikā).

107. It should be furnished with nine pinnacles (kūṭa) at the top, and decorated with all ornaments.

108-109. Similarly it (the eighth type) should be four-cornered (i.e., a rectangle); its dimensions are stated here: the breadth should be made of throe parts and the length of six parts.

110. The doors should be opened at the back and front (lit., bottom and top); but they should not be constructed on the sides.

111. As an alternative, the entrance (door) should be made at (the either side of) the middle of the length off a part (i.e., measure) more or less.

112. The surrounding verandahs (alindaka) should be made of one part, and the rest should be made as stated above.

113. Again (in the ninth typo) if the breadth be four parts, the length should be eight parts.

114. In the interior of it there should be (another) pavilion of two by six parts as its breadth and length,

115. The surrounding verandah is desired to be made on the outside with one part around.

116. The doors should be as many as necessary, and the rest should be made as said before.

117. Again (in the tenth type) the breadth should be five parts and the length ten parts.

118. Inside that (area) a (minor) pavilion of throe parts by eight parts as breadth and length should be constructed.

119. On the outside, the surrounding door (? verandah) should be made of one part.

120. The rest should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

121. Again (in the eleventh type) the breadth should be six parts, and twice that the length.

122. The central theatre (or open hall, madhyaraṅga)^[7] should be of two parts, and the surrounding pavilion of two parts around.

123. The rest should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

124. Again (i.e., in the twelfth typo) the breadth should be eight parts and the length sixteen parts.

125. Inside that (area) a pavilion should be made of four by twelve parts.

126. The verandah should be made of two parts around, and the rest should be made as before.

127. Again (i.e., in the thirteenth type) the breadth should be nine parts and the length eighteen parts.

128. The central theatre (madhayaraṅga) should be made of three by twelve parts.

129. On the outside the verandah should be made of one part, and the surrounding pavilion of two parts.

130. As an alternative, the (surrounding) verandahs may be made of one part (both) at the inside and the outside.

131. There should be made four dwelling-houses on the four corners (karṇa) with walls spreading on the desired directions.

132. The doors should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all kinds of ornaments.

133. Again (i.e., in the fourteenth typo) the breadth should be ten parts and the length twenty parts.

134-135. The surrounding verandah should be made of one part; and in the centre with length as twice the breadth, that is, with three parts as breadth and bwioe of that as length, a pavilion should be made.

136. Beyond that, the surrounding verandah should be made of one part.

137-138. In the interior another pavilion-like structure should be made with breadth of two parts and the length of twelve parts, and the rest should be made as before.

139. Again (i.e., in the fifteenth type) the breadth should be eleven parts, and the length twice the breadth (i.e., twenty-two parts).

140-141. Within that (area) with the breadth of three parts and the length of fourteen parts a pavilion should be made, and beyond that every thing else should be made as before.

142. Again (i.e., in the sixteenth type) the breadth should be eleven parts, and the length twice the breadth.

143. Suitably within that (area) should be made the yard (aṅgana) with five parts as width.

144. A pavilion should be made of one part around, and the surrounding verandah should be made of two parts.

145. Again (i.e., in the seventeenth type,) the breadth should be seven parts, and the length round the corner eighteen parts.

146. Beyond that (area), a pavilion should be made of two parts around.

147. In the same way there may be two or three (more) pavilions with their length increased by one part as before.

148. Each one of the hall (sabhā), the pinnacle (kūṭa), and the pavilion (maṇḍapa) should be made of five parts.

149. Therein, may, otherwise, be built something like the pavilion (only) if that suits (better).

150. Four doors should be made on the four sides decorated with porticos (bhadra).

151. Thus are described the pavilions; their (various) names will be stated below.

152-155. The first is (called) the Himaja, the next (i.e., the second) should be the Niṣadaja; the third is (called) the Vindhyaja, the fourth the Mālyaja; the fifth is (called) the Pāriyātra, the sixth the Gandha-mādana; and the seventh should be the Hemahūṭa: these axe the seven names of the pavilion.^[8]

156. All those should be constructed in front of the edifice; all other (features of those) will be described here (below).

167-160. (When) it is a rectangle of eleven by four parts, the surrounding verandah (vāra) should be of one part and there should be four doors on the four sides, and the porticos (bhadra) should be of one part, and it should be decorated with all ornaments: such a pavilion is called the Meruja; it is utilized as a library (lit., a place for collection of books).

161-162. (When) it is a rectangle of two by four parts and its porticos (bhadra) are surrounded by a verandah, it is called the Vijaya; and it is used as the wedding pavilion (lit., the place where the wedding ceremonies are performed).

163-164. The pavilion named Vijaya above, is also constructed there (i.e., in convenient quarters) for the free distribution of drinking water, and ia dedicated to a god.

165. It should be a three part square, and furnished with four doors.

166. There should be one hundred and ninety-two (two-eight-twelve) pillars, it is called the Siddha-yoga pavilion.

167. It (the pavilion) should be (again) a four parts square, but its middle pillars should be omitted.

168. The courtyard should be constructed in the interior, and a pavilion should be built with one part around.

169. There should be constructed, according to one’s desire, one, two, three, or four doors.

170. With one part surrounding the doors a verandah (vāra) should be made on the side.

173. The breadth of the projection (nirgama) and the portico (bhadra) attached thereto should be one and two parts (respectively).

172. In front of it (the pavilion) or on the side should be constructed the staircases.

173. Thus is described the Padmaka pavilion; and it is used as the refectory (lit., kitchen) of the gods.

174. The pavilion called the Sica is also used as the kitchen.

175-180. Its breadth should be four parts, and the length five parts;

the courtyard in the middle should be two by three parts, and the surrounding pavilion should be of one part; beyond that the surrounding verandah is desired to be made of one part; the breadth of its porticos (bhadra) should be three parts, and the projection (nirgama) should be made of one part; it should be furnished with windows, and there should be constructed one door; a shed (prapā) should be erected in the courtyard: it is called the Puṣpa, and is used as the flower pavilion (i.e., where flowers are collected for worship).

181-184. (When) it is a square of five parts, the courtyard should be of five parts; beyond that the surrounding pavilion should be made of one part around; the porticos (bhadra) should be furnished with windows, and the rest should be as before: this pavilion is called the Bhadra; it is used as the water -storing house (lit., house to be filled with water).

185-190. The same (area) with the length one or two parts more, (and) the same (pavilon) with two or three parts breadth and five parts length; (but) this pavilion should be constructed breadthwise with walls made in some desirable directions; an entrance door should be opened in the front, and it should be furnished with a symmetrical courtyard; beyond that the expert (architect) should construct doors with one part surrounding the outside; this pavilion should be furnished with porticos; it is suitable as the store-house for grain (i.e., granary).

191-196. (When) its breadth is six parts, the length should be eight parts, and the breadth of the courtyard should be four parts and its length six parts; beyond that the surrounding pavilion should be made of (one) part around; the entrance door should be constructed on the left side of the middle (lino) of the length; the pinnacled roof should be in continuation of the pavilion, or a covering (pracchādana) should be constructed (over it); this pavilion is called the śiva, it is used as the house where corn is unhusked.

197-204. The breadth should be five or seven parts, and the length two parts more than those parts, the pavilion should be made square or rectangular; the courtyard inside should be one-third of that, and the pavilion inside one by two parts; it should be furnished with windows and doors in some convenient directions; in the middle should be erected a covering (pracchādana) or a shed-yard (prapāṅga); beyond that a verandah should be constructed with one part surrounding the outside; and the remaining members (lit., parts) should be constructed with the same measurement as said before; this is called the Nṛtta pavilion: it is fit for (accommodating people to) listening to a musical performance.

205-206. The same with dwelling-houses in convenient quarters is called the Jālaka; this is suitable to be a treasury to keep in clothes, ornaments, religious books, jewels, and other valuables.

207-203. Its breadth should be seven parts and the length desirably proportionate to that; it should be made a quadrangle with equal or unequal sides; this is called the Āsthāna (assembly) pavilion.

209-210. Its length should be twice or thrice the breadth, or it may be a seven parts square, and the middle theatre (or open hall, madhyaraṅga) should be a three-parts square.

211. A pavilion should be made around with one or two parts.

212. Pillars should be erected on the back, middle of two sides, and in the front.

213. On the back of the two sides should be doors, or (only) entablature (prastara).

214. On the side should be one door furnished with suitable staircases.

215-216. The breadth of the porticos (bhadra) and the projection (nirgama) on the four sides should be two and one part (respectively); as an alternative the projection should be made for the front porch (mukhabhadra) of two parts.

217. At the front or the side, it should be decorated with staircases.

218. In its centre, as well as inside the theatre (raṅga), the shed should be decorated with pearls^[9].

219. The altar (lit. seat), etc., covering one part inside that, should be furnished with the (decorative) arch (toraṇa) and the ornamental tree (kalpavṛkṣa)^[10].

220. Their measurement should be made as said before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

221. Inside the pavilion should be made two cars (serving as seat of gods, vimāna), of one or two storeys high.^[11]

222. In front of the pavilion should be the shed (prapāṅga) with a convenient length.

223-224. Inside that (shed) should be built a theatre (nāṭaka) with breadth as three parts and length as said before, and a roof should cover the upper most (lit., last) part of the shed (prapā).

225. In the front or at the corner of the shed (prapā) the ploughshaped wall (lāṅgala-bhitti) should be erected with one by two parts.

226. In front of that the three parts should be the breadth of the portico (bhadra), and the projection (nirgama) should be one part.

227. As an alternative, staircases should be made at the front and the two sides (of the porticos) with width equal to the breadth of the portico.

228. The rest should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments: (this is called the Deva pavilion).

229. Or the pavilion (thus) called the Deva should be (a rectangle) two by three parts as before.

230. Or in this pavilion the shed (prapā) in front may be made on the outside.

231. The surrounding verandah is desired to be of one or two parts around.

232. The rest should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

233. As an alternative, the pavilion may be a seven parts square and elephant-shaped.

234. The breadth and length of the central theatres (madhyaraṅga) should be three and five parts (respectively).

235. Beyond that the surrounding pavilion should be made of one part around.

236. In front of it should be made a portico (bhadra) of two by three parts, and the rest should be as before.

237. As an. alternative, the shed (prapā) in front of the pavilion should be made on the outside.

238. The surrounding verandah is desired to be one or two parts around.

239. The rest should be made as before, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

240. This pavilion should be furnished with one hundred to one thousands pillars.

241-242. The assembly hall of the gods and the kings should be discreetly constructed inside that (pavilion) with proportionate length and breadth.

243-244. The one (pavilion) suitable to the kings should be a [an?] eight or nine parts square.

245. The aforesaid pavilion may (also) be made for the festival of the gods.

246-247. (Thus) should be the śālā pavilion and the Kṛta pavilion; the wise (architect) should build the theatre underneath the pinnacle a ten parts square with an inner enclosure of six parts square.

248. It should be furnished with a pinnacle (kūṭa) at the top, and the surrounding pavilion should be made of two parts around.

249. The door at the middle should be of two parts, and that in front of twelve (lit., two by six) parts.

250. With two of those (twelve) parts platforms (velika) should be made on the (two) sides of the (front) door.

251. Around that should be made of one part (each) the verandah, the front porch, and the door (to the latter).

252. As an alternative, there may be a side porch (netrabhadra), and the rest should be discreetly made.

253. This is called the Darbha pavilion; this is used as the stable for elephants.

254. The breadth should be eleven parts, and the length twenty parts.

255. The surrounding pavilion should be made of one or two parts around that (area).

256. I he remainder should be for the inner courtyard, and the doors should be opened towards the desirable directions.

267. The stable for horses should be made of eight by ten parts each.

258. This is called the Kauśika pavilion, the remaining parts of which should be discreetly constructed as before.

259. The breadth should be twelve parts, and the length twice the breadth.

260. The courtyard in the middle should be of eight parts, and the surrounding pavilion should be made of two parts around.

261. The doors should be constructed in desirable directions against the desirable walls.

262. This is called the Kūladhāraṇa; it is suitable as a cow-shed.

263-264. The breadth should be thirteen parts, and it may be square or rectangular, and the length thereof should be made accordingly proportionate to the breadth.

265. The courtyard inside should be made with width of seven parts.

266-267. The plinth (masūraka) should be constructed beyond its surrounding part with length twice the breadth; and the rest should be discreetly made.

268. Beyond that the surrounding pavilion should be made of two parts around.

269. There should be four doors on the four sides, against the walls erected on the desirable directions.

270. A verandah of uniform width should be made of the (one) part surrounding the outside of that.

271. The projection (nirgama) and the portico (bhadra) should be made of width of five and two parts (respectively).

279. This is called the Sukhāṅga (pavilion); this is fit for a guest house (satra).

273-274. The breadth should be fourteen parts and the length greater by those parts (i.e., twice): but the length should be fourteen parts on the south or west.

276. Of those (parts) the surrounding verandah should be made of one part, and the pavilion in the middle should be made of three parts.

276. There should be a middle column in all cases, and the doors should be discreetly constructed.

277. In front of it the door should be opened surrounding two parts around, and the remainder should be for the courtyard.

278. Beyond that the surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

279. This is called the Saukhyaka (pavilion), the rest being made as stated before.

280. It should be built on the bank of a river, lake, or sea.

281. This is said to be suitable as a holy place for pilgrimage (of worshippers) of all gods.

282-283. The breadth should be fifteen parts and the length thirty-one parts; or it may be a square; it should be furnished with four doors.

284. In the middle should be a courtyard five by seven parts.

285. Beyond that the verandah should be made of the (one) part surrounding the inside.

286. Beyond that should be the surrounding parlour (khalūrikā), and the pavilion made of three parts each.

287. Outside that the verandah should be made of one part around.

288. Beyond that (another) surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

289. The projection (nirgama) and the portico (bhadra) should be made of breadth of five and two parts (respectively).

290. Surrounding the outside of the pavilion should be constructed a shed (prapā).

291. On the top of the pavilion should be fitted the pinnacle (kūṭa), which should be shaped like the garland (mālikā)^[12].

292. It should be furnished with those (aforesaid) doors and also with windows.

293. There should be one portico at each of the corners consolidated with kankar, and they should be constructed in their proper place.^[13]

294. It should be decorated with all ornaments; it is called the Mālikā pavilion.^[14]

295. The middle of its corner (karṇa) should be filled with water (reservoir), and the water should be adorned with flowers.

296. Such a pavilion is fit for the spring residence of the gods, the kings (lit., Kṣatriyas), and others.

297. The breadth should be sixteen parts, and the length thirty-two parts.

298. It should be as before quadrangular, but the middle columns should be omitted.

299. The courtyard in the middle should be of six parts, and the rest should be made as before.

300. Of those sixteen parts (of breadth) the courtyard should be of six parts.

301. The surrounding verandah is desired to be made of one part round the outside of that.

302. Beyond that the pavilion should be made of three parts around.

303. The expert (architect) should make the verandah outside that with one part around.

304. In front of it and at the back and sides should be the surrounding verandah of one part around.

305. At the region of its four corners (karṇa) should be made eight porticos (bhadra) consolidated with kankar (gravel).

306. It should be furnished with the pinnacle (kūṭa) at the top, and also with the door porticos (bhadraka).

307. It should be furnished with porticos (bhadraka) attached to the doors at the entrance, front, aṇd sides.

308-309, Of those the two porticos at the corner and the fourth one, as well as the porticos attached along the width of the pavilion should be consolidated with kankar.

310. The projection of the porticos consolidated with kankar should be one, two, or three parts.

311-312. The breadth of the portico in the middle should be five or six parts, and its projection should be equal to it, or two, three, or four parts.

313. In the front and sides of the porticos (bhadra) should be constructed doors of that length (as mentioned before).

314. The pinnacle (kūṭaka) should be made over the top of the pavilion, and be made one, two, or three-storey high.

315-316. This is what is called the shape of the garland; the rest should be made as before; it should be decorated with all ornaments; it is called the Mālyākṛti.^[15]

817. This should be a pavilion for the God of gods, and is fit for the place to see the God in.

318. Thus are stated the pavilions fit for the gods, the Brahmans, and the kings.

319-320. The breadth of all the pavilions mentioned above, should be increased by one part, and the desired length should be ascertained (according to the proportion of one, one-and-one-quarter, one-and-a half, one-and three-quarters, and twice).

321. The breadth should be two parts, and the length greater by one part.

322. In the centre there should be a dwelling-house of one part, and the pavilions should be made in front and at the sides.

323. In the house of the Brahmans, it (the pavilion) is stated to be for personal use in performing sacrificial rites.

324. Of the same with twice the length the central theatre (or open hall, madhyaraṅga) should be made of two parts.

325. The expert (architect) should make the dwelling-house on its sides with one part.

326. In front of that the verandah should be of one part; as an alternative, the pavilion may be without; any dwelling-house.

327. As another alternative, the dwelling-house may be built of one or two parts at the bottom of the rafter (vaṃśa).

328. This is fit for the Brahmans; it is called the Dhanada (wealth producing) pavilion.

329. The breadth should be three parts, and the length one part more (i. e., four parts).

330. A half of that should be the pavilion, and the high plinth (lit., elevated seat) should be of two parts.

331. The wall (kuḍya) should be made at the back and two sides, and the pillars should be erected in the front.

332. In front of it, the projection (nirgama) should be of two parts, and the plinth (lit., seat) of three parts.

333. The plough-shaped walls should be ereoted at the corners (karṇa), being surrounded by the verandah on the outside.

334. It should be furnished with pillars of one part, and with porticos (bhadraka) on the front and at the sides.

335. This is called the Dhanādhipa (lord of wealth) pavilion; it is fit for the gods and Brahmans.

336. The same with a courtyard in the centre is used as the shaving pavilion of the twice-born and the kings.

337-338. The same with length greater by one part, and with walls erected in some desirable directions is suitable for a treasury of jewels belonging to the Kṣatriyas (lit., kings) and the Vaiśyas.

339. The same with twice that length should have the courtyard in the middle.

340. The dwelling house should be built of one part around, and the walls should be erected in some desirable directions.

341. The (entrances) door should be opened on the left of the middle line across the length.

342. There should be one portico consolidated with kankar at the corner (karṇa), and the surrounding verandah should be made of one part as before.

343. This is said to be fit for the śūdras; its name is Dhānyāgāra (granary).

344. The breadth should be four parts, and the length one part more (i.e., five parts).

345. The pavilion should be constructed of five by two parts.

346. In front of that, the (breadth of the) projection (nirganta) should be one part, and the breadth of the portico (bhadra) three parts.

347. In front of that or at the two sides, the shed (prapā) should be made of one part.

348. The wall (kuḍya) should be extended to the end of the portico, and the pavilions should be constructed at the two sides and at the back.

349. This is used as the place of silence for the gods (i.e., the place, silently to meditate on gods); this is called the Bhūṣaṇa pavilon.

350. The same length should be increased by one, and the breadth should be as before.

351. Of those parts the pavilion should be made of breadth of two parts.

352. The courtyard in the east (? as before) should be made of two by three parts, and the parlour (khalūraka) should be made of one part.

353. The expert (architect) should open doors (everywhere) except along the length of the pavilion.

364. This is called the Bhūṣaṇa pavilion; it is used as the place for the puṃsavana ceremony of the Brahmans.^[16]

355. The same length should be increased by one part, and the breadth should be as before.

356. The pavilion with breadth and length as three and four (parts) should be made around.

357. This is called the Subhūṣaṇa pavilion; the rest should be made as said before.

358. This is suitable as the place for the upanayana (putting on the sacred thread) and other rites of the three higher castes, consisting of the Brahmans and others (i.e, the Kṣatriyas, and the Vaiśyas).

359. The pavilion should be made with breadth of four parts, and the length eight parts.

360. The joints (sandhi) at the top and bottom of the bamboo prop (vaṃśa) should be made of two by four parts.

361. Between the first and the second dwelling-house one courtyard should be made of two by four parts.

362. One or two small doors on its sides should be made of four parts.

363. The entrance door should be constructed on the left of the middle line across the length.

364-365. As an alternative, at the middle of it (the length) the diameter (i.e., thickness) of the wall being divided, a door of the horse pattern (kulābha) should be made, and the rest should be discreetly constructed.

366. This is called (again) the Bhūṣaṇa pavilion; it is used as the kitchen of the śūdras.

367. The breadth being of the same number of parts, the length should be twice that (breadth).

368. The door thereof should be made of five by two parts as before.

369. There should be one or two dwelling-houses, and the courtyard in the centre should be a three parts square.

370. The (entrance) door should be constructed on the side with one by three parts.

371. Beyond that the surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

372. The wise (architect) should make the (entrance) door at the middle of the length.

373. The projection (nirgama) and the breadth of the portico (bhadra) should be made of one and of two by three parts.

374-375. Such a pavilion is called the Harmya (edifice); this is said to be used as the kitchen of the gods, the Brahmans, and the kings; this should be furnished with doors of various storeys.^[17]

376. The length should be greater than that by two parts, and the breadth should be as before.

377. The courtyard should be made of one part inside that, and the pavilion of two parts around.

378. At the end of that, the parlour (khalūrikā) should be made of one part around.

379. The (entrance) door should be constructed on the left of the middle line across the length.

380. The rest should be made as before; such a pavilion is called (again) the Harmya (edifice).

381. Such a pavilion is fit as the place of seeing for the first time the newly-born baby of all castes.

382. The breadth should be six parts and the length seven parts.

383. Of these parts, the central theatre-like courtyard (madhyaraṅga) should be made of two by three parts.

384. The middle pillars should be omitted, and the pavilion should be made of two parts around.

385. Beyond that the surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

386. Pour doors should be opened on four sides, and the ploughshaped wall should be made at the comer (karṇa).

387. Porticos (bhadra) of one, two, or three parts should be made on the four sides.

388. This is called the Śṛṅgāra pavilion; it is used as the bed chamber (lit., place of delightful enjoyment) of the gods.

889. The length should be eight parts, and the breadth as before.

390. Of those parts, the courtyard in the middle should be made of two by four parts.

391. Beyond that the verandah should be made of one part around.

392. Beyond the latter the surrounding pavilion should be made of two parts around.

393. At the four corners (karṇa) should be built four dwelling-houses as two parts squares.

394. Beyond that the surrounding verandah (vāra) is desired to be of one part around.

395. The (entrance) door should be constructed as before on the left of the middle line across the length.

396. All the eye (shaped openings)^[18] between the bottom and top of the rafter (vaṃśa) should be consolidated with kankar.

397. The breadth of the projection and the portico attached thereto should be one and two parts (respectively).

398. (This is called) the Sugata pavilion; it is fit for all castes and in all provinces.

399. The length should be four parts more, and the breadth as before.

400. The breadth of the tower on the forehead (lalāṭa)^[19] should be two parts and its length six parts.

401. The verandah should be made of one part in the front, at the back, and the sides.

402. The dwelling-house should be made at the bottom of the rafter (vaṃśa), with two by three parts.

403. All the remaining (members) should be discreetly made as said before in the same places.

404-405. In the front should be built a pavilion, as said before, of four parts square; but according to some the breadth and length should be made of six and eight parts.

406. At the forehead (lalāṭa) a tower should be built of two parts in breadth and six parts in length.

407. In front of that the verandah should be made of one part, and the courtyard (inside) of two by three parts.

408. The large (entrance) doors should be constructed at its front the two sides, and at the end (i.e. back).

409. At the forehead should be built a tower with breadth and length of two parts each.

410. This is called the Prāgata pavilion; this is comfortable for all purposes (lit., kinds of work).

411. The breadth in order should be seven parts, and the length nine parts.

412. The breadth and the length of the courtyard should be three parts and five parts respectively.

413. Beyond that the pavilion should be made of two pans around.

414. As an alternative, out of those parts (of the area) a tower should be made at the forehead with three parts.

415. Id this compound (lib., house) the courtyard in the middle should be discreetly made of two parts.

416. The verandah should be made of one part at the front, and on the two sides.

417. Beyond that the surrounding verandah of the pavilion should be made of one part around.

418. The door should be constructed in the middle of the breadth if it be (a temple) of the gods.

419. The breadth of the projection (nirgama) and the portico (bhadra) should be two and three parts (respectively).

420. There may be one, two, or three (main) doors,

421. Beyond that (door) the surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

422. It should be decorated with all ornaments, and furnished with the corner towers (karṇa-harmya), etc.

423. This is said to be the Droṇa pavilion; it is used as the pleasure pavilion of the gods.

424. As an alternative, it may be used for personal use and for sacrificial purposes of the kings.

425. This may be also used as the place of auspicious rites, such as the sandhyā (daily chanting of the Vedic hymn) of the Brahmans.

426. Or this may be the hermitage or the theatre-like gallery (nāṭaka) of the ascetics.

427. The length should be greater by one part, and the breadth as before.

428. The courtyard in the middle should be of six by three parts, and the pavilion of two parts around.

429. On the forehead should be two towers as before, and the verandah should be made of one part.

430. This should be (specially) made for the king’s palace, and used as the wrestling pavilion.

431. The length should be greater than the former by two parts, and the breadth seven parts.

432. The courtyard inside that should be of five by eleven parts.

433. Beyond that the surrounding platform (vedikā) should be made of one part around.

434. This is (also) called the Droṇa pavilion; it is used as the place for practising archery (lit., weapon) by the kings.

435. The length should be fifteen parts (and the breadth as before); and the pavilion should be made of two by three parts.

436. In front of that the verandah should be made of one part, and the attached courtyard of nine parts.

437. On the sides and in front of that the parade (khalūrikā) should be of two parts.

438. This is (also) called the Droṇa pavilion; it is used as the place of ram-fighting.

439. The length and breadth should be made of eight parts each.

440. The surrounding courtyard inside that should be made of two parts on each side (i.e., two parts square).

441. A parlour (dining) hall (khalūrikā) should be constructed on the (? one) part surrounding the outside of that.

442. Beyond that should be likewise constructed the surrounding pavilion of two parts around.

443. At the corners should be built four dwellings with two parts each.

444. Beyond that the verandah of the portico should be made of the (?one) part surrounding the outside of that.

445. The expert (architect) should make the (entrance) door on the left of the middle line (across the length).

446. Beyond that a parlour (khalūrikā) should be made on the surrounding part.

447. At the four corners (karṇa) should be made eight eye-like gable windows (netra), and it should be furnished with the porticos (bhadra) consolidated with kankar.

448. As an alternative, the middle compartment (koṣṭha) should be made a four parts square..

449. The passage (gutter) for water extending downwards should be made of one part surrounding the outside of that (the compartment).

450. Beyond that one parlour (khalūrika) should be made of the part surrounding the outside of that (the compartment gutter).

451. The pavilion should be built inside that, and the plough-shaped wall should be erected at the corners (karṇa).

452. It is preferable to omit the middle pillars or the pillars at the sides.

453. It should be furnished with the pinnacle (kūṭa) at the top, and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

454. On the surrounding part outside that should be made the shed with the yard (prapāṅgaka) of some desirable measure.

455. This is called the Kharvaṭa pavilion; it is suitable as the dining ball of the kings.

456. Of the same parts (i.e., measure) the central theatre-like open yard is desired to be of one by four parts.

457. The outside of that is desired to be surrounded by a pavilion of two parts.

458. Beyond that the surrounding verandah should be made of one part around.

459. The columns on the four sides as well as in the middle (i.e., centre) and the top should be omitted.

460-461. The breadth of the eye (netra) should be two parts, the projection one part, and the breadth of the middle portico (bhadra) attached at the middle should be twice (lit., two parts of) the projection.

462. There should be four doors on the four sides, and the corners should be consolidated with kankar.

463. It should be furnished with the top pinnacle (kūṭa), and it should be decorated with all ornaments.

464-465. In front of that (i.e., the courtyard) (there should be left some space) of equal breadth and length; and the breadth and length of the courtyard of the pavilion should be four and six parts (respectively).

466. In the front and at the two sides should be (built) the front pavilion (mukha-maṇḍapa) of two parts.

467. There should be the (entrance) door (as usual), and in front of it should be the front portico, and the corners should be consolidated with kankar.

468. The (special) rule regarding the courtyard inside the pavilion is that it should have many faces.

469. It should be furnished with windows, and decorated with all ornaments.

470. This is (also) called the Kharvaṭa pavilion; it is suitable as the coronation hall.

471. The breadth should be nine parts, and equal to that should be the length in the front side.

472. The central theatre-like yard (madhyraṅga) should be of three parts, and the surrounding verandah should be of one part.

473. Beyond that the surrounding pavilion should be made of two parts around.

474. Out of that, the theatre proper (raṅgaka) should be of three by six parts.

476. The learned architects should build the front (mukha) pavilion in the middle.

476. The verandah should be made of one part in front of that as well as at the two sides.

477. Beyond that and proportionate to it a pavilion should be made of two parts out of that (area).

478. The rest should be made as before; this is called the Śrīrūpa pavilion.

479. This is built in the temple of gods; this is (also) suitable for the coronation of the kings.

480. The breadth should be ten parts, and the length twenty parts.

481. The central theatre-like open yard (madhyaraṅga) should be of four parts, and the middle pillars should be omitted.

482. Beyond that, the surrounding verandah should be of one part, and the pavilion of two parts.

483. The reservoir of water should be built at the top of the surrounding part outside that (pavilion).

484. In front of that the theatre proper (raṅga) should be of two by six parts out of that (area).

485. Something like a pavilion should be constructed in the front and two sides of that.

486. This is called the Mangala pavilion, the rest being made as before.

487. This should be built in the royal palace; it is suitable for balancing of the king (tulābhāra).^[20]

488. The assembly halls (i.e., council rooms) of the kings together with their proper situation will be described in order.

489-491. The breadth and length of the pavilion at the bottom (mūla) should be eleven parts each; at the forepart (lit, face, mukha) the breadth should be of equal parts as before, but the length should be one, two, or three parts (more); the breadth (at the bottom and forepart) should, however, be in a line: thus should be measured the council room.

492. The theatre (raṅga) should be a five parts square inside the main pavilion.

493. Beyond that a surrounding pavilion should be made of two by three parts around.

494. There should be four doors constructed on the four sides, and the plough-shaped walls should be erected at the corners.

495. Beyond that the surrounding verandah should be made of two or three parts around.

496. The portico (bhadra) and the door should be attached to the four sides with two and three parts (respectively).

497. The staircase should be made on the sides, and be decorated with the trunk of the elephant.

498. This should be furnished with the base with pedestal, pillars, etc., and entablatures.

499. The peculiarity of the entablature is that it is adorned with a tower (cūliharmya) at the top.

500. The central theatre should be furnished with the top pinnacle (kūṭa) of one, two, or three storeys.

501. The central theatre in the jewel-palace (in particular) should be ornamented as stated above,

502. Ashed (prapā) should be made in front of it with proportionate dimension.

503. The dimension of the theatre (nāṭaka) should be five parts each way.

504. Many pillars should be erected of the three parts on the side.

505. The shed with yard (prapā) should be furnished with pillars together with pedestals and entablatures.

506. In the front should be made the portico (bhadra) and staircases, and the plough-shaped walls should be erected at the corners (karṇa).

507. These should be made with stone, wood, or mixed materials.

508. The remainder should be for the chapel (lit., temple of the gods), which should be in conformity with the pavilion.

509. This is suitable as an assembly hall, and it should be made such as to make every sound (svara) and letter (akṣara) audible.

510. The breadth should be made four parts, and the length six parts.

511. The pavilion should be made of breadth and length as three

and four parts (respectively).

512. A dwelling-house should be made at the bottom (i.e., under) the rafter (vaṃśa), with breadth two parts and length twice that.

613. In front of that the wall (kuḍya) and the pillar (pāda) should be made of two and three parts (respectively).

514. Beyond that the surrounding verandah (vāra) should be made of one part; this is called the Kānta pavilion.

515. This pavilion is suitable as the sport-seeing place (līlālokana) of the crown prince.

516. This should be furnished with a pinnacle (kūṭa) at the top and be decorated with all ornaments.

517. The pavilion should be built of breadth and length of six parts, and eight parts (respectively).

518-519. The dwelling-house should be built of two by three parts, and the pavilion of three by four parts; the dwelling-house should be made between the top and bottom of the rafter (vaṃśa), and the pavilion inside that (dwelling).

520. In front of that the verandah should be made of one part, and the walls (bhittika) should be made in some desirable directions.

621. In front of it the front verandah (door, vāra) should be made with dimensions of eight parts by two parts.

522-523. The dwelling-house should be constructed at the top and bottom (of the rafter) of two by three parts; or it should be made of two by three parts of the main dwelling house.

524. The main pavilion, should be made of breadth and length of two parts and four parts (respectively).

525. In front of it as well as on the side the verandahs should be made of one part each.

526. The walls (kuḍya) should be erected around, and outside that should be the verandah (vāra).

527. Out of that should extend the projection, and the breadth of the portico (bhadra), both being made of two parts.

528. The width of the portico (bhadra) of the pavilion between the bottom and the top of the rafter (vaṃśa) should be three parts.

529. The projection (nirgama) should be of two parts, and the verandah (vāraka) should be (made) surrounding the portico (bhadra).

530. The pinnacle (kūṭa) should be at the top of the pavilion, and it should be shaped like a hall (śālā).

531. It should be furnished with eight faces (i.e., outlets), and the corners should be consolidated with kankar.

532. The expert (architect) should make the door on the left of the middle line (across the length).

533 This is called the Śrīviśāla; this pavilion is suitable as the residence for the queen.

534. The pavilion should be made of breadth and length of four and six parts (respectively).

585. The courtyard inside that should be a two parts square.

536. The breadth of the dwelling room is said to be two parts and the length four parts.

537. In front and at the back of it should be (left some apace) one by two parts.

538. Beyond that the (surrounding) verandah should be made of one part, and a structure like the pinnacle (kūṭa) around.

539. The dwelling room should be made between the bottom and the top of the rafter (vaṃśa), and its door at its middle.

540. The door should be made on the left of the middle line across the length of the pavilion.

541. The name of this pavilion is the Somārka (the moon and the sun); it is used as the kitchen of the Brahmans.

542-543. The same breadth and length being increased by two parts (each) to four parts, the pavilion built should be fit (as the kitchen) for the Kṣatriyas and all others.

544-545. The breadth being increased by two parts to twice, the pavilion (thus built) would be suitable as the refectory (i.e., kitchen) for the Vaiśyas and the Śūdras.

546. The walls may be made in all the eight quarters according to one’s liking.

547-551. The pavilions of the gods and the Brahmans should be built in the Jāti style; the pavilions of the kings (including the Kṣatriyas) are said to be built in the Chanda style; those of all the Vaiśyas are said to be built in the Vikalpa style; and all the pavilions of the Śūdras are designated as of the Ābhāsa style; the styles (of the pavilions) have been distinguished by the ancient (authorities) in accordance with a certain number of porches (they are supplied with).^[21]

552. The pavilion with two faces is called the Daṇḍaka, and those with three faces the Svastika.

553. The three-faced pavilions are shaped like the plough (lāṅgala); and the Nandyāvarta, pavilions should be four-faced.

554-555. The six-faced pavilions are called the Maulika, and the pavilions may be furnished with eight faces (also): such pavilions are called the Sarvatobhadra; they (all the pavilions) should be decorated with all ornaments.

556. The pavilions for all (kinds of) villages will be (now) fully described according to rules.

557. They should be either square or rectangular, and they should be covered with even or odd number of walls.

558. Their roofing should be of the pent-roof type, or by the continuation of the entablature, or the towered (i.e., pinnacled) roof.^[22]

559. When all the parts (of the roof) consist of the pent-roof, it (the pavilion) is called the Sabhā (assembly).

560-561. When the roof consists of the entablature all round and the pinnacle at the top (extending) over the central portion, it is called the Maṇḍapa pavilion; it is also called the Maṇḍapa when the whole roof forms the continuation of the entablature all over.

562. The pavilion of Maṇḍapa or the abhā (type) whichever befits the village should be so built in a convenient quarter.

563. They (the pavilions) in the nagara (cities) should correspond to their (of cities) plan^[23]; and the length should be twice or one-and-a-half times (of the breadth).

564. In the pattana (ports) the length (of the pavilion) should be twice or one-and-three-fourths (the breadth).

565. In the kharvaṭa (small town) of the Śūdras the length (of the pavilion) should be twice the breadth.

566. The base and all other ornaments should be constructed as said before.

587-568. The wise (architect) should build pavilions by all the road (sides) where there passes a large traffic; sheds with yards, or pavilions, whichever suits better should be discreetly built (on the road-sides).

569-572. Those pavilions (which are) said to be suitable to the Brahmans, the Kṣatriyas, the Vaiśyas, and the Śūdras should be also partly or wholly suitable to the gods; those suitable to the Śūdras, Vaiśyas, and the Kṣatriyas should be also partly or wholly suitable to the Brahmans; those fit for the Vaiśyas and the Śūdras should be also partly or wholly suitable to the Kṣatriyas; and those fit for the Śūdras should be also partly or wholly suitable to the Vaiśyas.

673-576. The pavilions recommended for the Śūdras should be made fit (by alterations and additions) for the Śūdras and the castes other than those (Śūdras, i.e., Vaiśyas, Kṣatriyas, Brahmans); but if that (alteration) be made (in the buildings) recommended for the Brahmans and others (in order to suit the inferior castes) the architect and the master would suffer loss.

Thus in the Mānasāra, the science of architecture, the thirty-fourth chapter, entitled: “The description of the pavilions.”

Footnotes and references:

[1]:

As stated in line 3, one of the five main items is the dimension of the wall, which consists in its thickness, height, and length. The thickness is specified in the fifteen van ties given undur lines 5-6; the height is given under lines 7-9 in proportion to what is called breadth, really length, of the walls lengthwise and breadthwise of the pavilion. Bub the measures apparently specified under lines 11-12 would be too small even for the length of the smaller side-walls. This confasion may be due to the loss of a line of which, however, there is no indication in any of the texts.

[2]:

A kind of pavilion where certain ceremonies used to be performed in connexion with the obsolete practice of burning alive a devoted wife with her dead husband.

[3]:

According to the Kāmikāgama, stūpikā, ghaṭa, kīla, śalaka, stūpi, śikhā are synonyms of cūlikā (see the writer’s Dictionary, page 197, also page 198).

[4]:

According to the Matsya-purāṇa (chapter 270, verse 16) pavilions may be three-cornered, four-cornered, eight-cornered, sixteen-cornered, crescent-shaped, and circular (see the writers Dictionary, page 472).

[5]:

See line 240 where one hundred to one thousand pillared pavilion is described. In the Matsya-purāṇa (chapter 270, 1-15) pavilions are divided into twenty-seven types bearing technical names according to the number of columns varying in decreasing order as 64, 62, 60, 58 and so on. (See further details in the writer’s Dictionary, pages 471-472.)

[6]:

For details, see the writer’s Dictionary, pages 298, 299.

[7]:

See chapter XLVII; compare lines 128, 94, 103 (navaraṅga), and the writer’s Dictionary, pages 494-495.

[8]:

All these names are the designations of the seven well-known mountains which, perhaps, these pavilions are intended to resemble.

[9]:

Compare the inscription at Tirumalavadi, no. 79, lines 14-23, qouted in the writer’s Dictionary, page 126.

[10]:

Compare chapters XLVI, XLVIII; see the writer’s Dictionary, pp, 125-127.

[11]:

See the writer’s Dictionary, page 551, and compare the inscription at Tirumalavadi, no. 79, quoted in the writer’s Dictionary, p, 126.

[12]:

See line 315 and the note thereunder.

[13]:

Compare line 305.

[14]:

For farther details see note under line 315.

[15]:

In the Suprabhedāgama (XXX, 123) it is stated that some pavilions should be shaped like mālā (garland) and others like gopura (gate-house):

kecidvai mālikākārā kecidvai gopurākṛtiḥ ||

In the Kāmikāgama there is a chapter (XLI) named, mālikā-lakṣaṇa. The pavilion is called (XXXV, 6) mālikā because it is made like the garland:

tā (śālā) eva mālikāḥ proktā mālāvat kiyate yataḥ ||

The peculiarity appears to be that a hall should be built inside another:

śālāyāmapi śālāṅgā niṣkāntānanaśobhitā |
tā śālā mālikā jñeyā śāstre'smin[?] kāmikāgame ||

For further details see the writer’s Dictionary, pages 505-506.

[16]:

This ceremony is performed on a woman’s perceiving the first sign of conception, with a view to the birth of a son.

[17]:

Obviously additional gable-windows and skylights are furnished to let out the kitchen smoke and supply extra light.

[18]:

See line 252.

[19]:

Compare lines 406, 409, 414, and 499 where the reading is cūli-harmya, and see the writer’s Dictionary, pages 198, 509.

[20]:

Literally balancing the weight against some money; where the king weighs himself against some gold to be distributed as charity to deserving people.

[21]:

Several other architectural (and sculptural) objects also are classified under these four technical names; but in each case they have different distinguishing features (see details in the writer’s Dictionary under those entries).

[22]:

That is, the roof should be of the type of pent-roof, flat roof, or sperical roof.

[23]:

See Chapter X, also IX.