Urdhva, Ūrdhva: 29 definitions
Introduction:
Urdhva means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Urdhv.
In Hinduism
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) is a Sanskrit word referring to “upwards”. It is used in Yoga.
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to “(traveling) upwards”, according to the Amṛtasiddhi, a 12th-century text belonging to the Haṭhayoga textual tradition.—Accordingly, “The sphere of the sun is at the base of the Central Channel, complete with twelve digits, shining with its rays. The lord of creatures (Prajāpati), of intense appearance, travels upwards (ūrdhva) on the right. Staying in the pathways in the spaces in the channels it pervades the entire body. The sun consumes the lunar secretion, wanders in the sphere of the wind and burns up all the bodily constituents in all bodies”.
1) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to the “upper (Kuṇḍalinī)”, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] There is no transition to the no-mind state because of piercing [Cakras, knots, etc.] with lower and upper (ūrdhva) Kuṇḍalinī [ūrdhvādhaḥkuṇḍalībhedād]. Simply by [constant] immersion [of the mind in the internal gaze of Śāmbhavī Mudrā], this yoga bestows the supernatural powers. [...]”.
2) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to “upwards”, according to the Parājapavidhi verse 29.—Accordingly: “Every day the Sādhaka should repeat the mantras as [many times as] he is able, drawing upwards (ūrdhva) the descending breath, correctly practising the Śāmbhavī [Mudrā]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) or Ūrdhvarekhā refers to an “upward-facing” line.—[...] Corresponding to two forms of Kuṇḍalinī, upper and lower, there are two such Triangles or Water Chestnuts, one above and another below. When Kuṇḍalinī rises from her lower seat she is represented as an upward-facing or moving line (ūrdhva-rekhā). Conversely, moving down from the upper Triangle into manifestation she is the “downward-facing” (adhomukhī) line. At both extremities she resumes her latent, potential state represented by her coiled form.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaiva philosophy
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to “(existing) after (being manifest)”, according to the Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī 2.132-133.—Accordingly, “Having explained that only phenomena are real entities because [only they are] established by a means of [valid] knowledge, [and] anticipating by himself the refutation of his own thesis, [Utpaladeva now] expounds [this refutation with the passage beginning with] ‘only …’ by empasizing the purity of his intentions, in order to state that [he] is free of bias. [According to him] this ‘could [still] be objected,’ [i.e.] it deserves the [following] objection. Which one? This is what [Utpaladeva says] in ‘[if these objects did not exist] after (ūrdhva) as well as before (pūrva) [their] being manifest …’”
Shaiva philosophy is a spritiual tradition within Hinduism that includes theories such as the relationship between the Atman (individual soul) and Siva, the nature of liberation (moksha), and the concepts of maya (illusion) and shakti (divine energy). Saiva philosophy teaches that union with Shiva can be achieved through knowledge, devotion, and spiritual practice. It encompasses major branches like Shaiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to “moving upwards” (to a particular cosmic level), according to the Svacchandatantra verse 4.141-145.—Accordingly, “[...] The other form [of bubhukṣu initiation] is the lokadharmiṇī, which destroys both past and future demerit. That lokadharmiṇī-dīkṣā is known to exclude the obligation to propitiate mantras [by means of purvasevā etc.]. However, when the current body breaks, [the candidate] experiences [the series of eight supernatural natural powers] starting with becoming very small. Having experienced [these] enjoyments he moves upwards (ūrdhva) to whichever [cosmic level] the Guru has joined him [by yojanikā]. Whether this is at the sakala or niṣkala level [of Śiva] depends on [the preference of] the candidate and Guru”.
1) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to a “rising” (horizon), according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 2.22cd-28ab]—“From this authority, the seventy-million mantras arise. The terminal letter shining with various light, [which is the] split belly of the moon [j], is placed upon a hook [u], and yoked with the last rising horizon (tiryaggānta-ūrdhva) [i.e., the wind or last labial nasalization] [ṃ]. That which is described is celebrated in the world as the supreme Amṛta [sa], this is the highest dwelling place. [...]”.
2) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to the “tips (of the horns of the cow)”.—Accordingly, [verse 19.117-120, while describing the protection of the kingdom’s animals]—“The Mantrin should honor [Amṛteśa] in the middle of the cows, from this the herd should increase. He applies vermillion or red chalk infused with the mantra to the tips of the horns of the cow (śṛṅga-ūrdhva) for [their] protection. He should perform the same rite to protect the horses. After he infuses the water jug with the mantra, he should pour it over their heads. [...]”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) [=Ūrddhva] refers to the “upwards attack” (of the Vāja Hawks), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the outlines of hawking]: “[...] Attacks are of three kinds, upwards (ūrddhva-ākrānti), horizontal and downwards. All three attacks are very enjoyable when the Vājas attack the Varajas. [...] Hiding itself like a shadow below the quarry when it is flying above, and then suddenly flying up and striking it like an arrow, is called the upward attack (ūrddhva-ākrānti). [...]”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Vastushastra (architecture)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to one of the sections found in “three-storied temples”, as discussed in chapter 6 of the Viṣṇutilakasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising 3500 Sanskrit verses covering the typically “agamic” subjects which are being narrated by Brahmā to a number of sages.—Description of the chapter [mandira-nirmāṇa]: In undertaking to construct a temple, the first thing to do is to select a properly qualified Ācārya-director (3-10). [...] There are various typologies of temples, according to materials used, according to numbers of storeys, etc. (176-205). In a three-storey temple, some or all of these sections will be found [e.g., ūrdhva] [...] (188-1912). The details of building are to be drawn from the Śilpaśāstras. [...]
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) or Ūrdhvamudrā refers to one of the 37 Mudrās (hand-gestures) described in chapter 7 of the Viṣṇusaṃhitā: a Sanskrit text written in 2600 verses which covers typical Pāñcarātra topics through a narrative dialogue between Aupagāyana and Siddha Sumati.—[Cf. the chapter mudrā-lakṣaṇa].
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to the “surface” (of an elephants’ body), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 5, “on marks of the stages of life”]: “16. The places where there are wrinkles (begin to) crack open on the surface (ūrdhva); his sense faculties, bodily humors, and spirit are somewhat diminished ; hair grows on his tusk sheaths, lip, ears, etc., and the roots of his tusks have fallen out ; then he has entered the sixth stage”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) refers to one of the twenty-four Vartanās (“movements of the arm”), discussed in Kallinātha’s commentary on Saṅgistaratnākara of Śārṅgadeva (1953: Vol. IV: p.105).—Kallinātha says that in spite of Śārṅgadeva not having mentioned these, he will describe the vartanās which have been expounded by Kohala. He proceeds to give a quotation of Kohala from the work Saṅgītameru which gives the definitions of twenty four kara-vartanās. [For example, Ūrdhva] [...] Kohala says that in the case of these vartanās, their names themselves make their lakṣaṇa clear and therefore he has mentioned only their names.
Kohala describes the ūrdhva-vartana thus: The hands which are in the udvṛtta-hasta are raised and placed at the top. Mandakranta Bose also gives the same definition of ūrdhva-vartanā. Vartanā refers to movements of the arm. There are twenty five vartanās of which the above-mentioned ūrdhva-vartanā is the eighth. The earlier reference of vartanā in Kalānidhi mentions ūrdhva-vartanā as the seventh variety of vartanās. Though the numbering/order in these works (Kalānidhi and Nṛtyādhyāya) is different, the definitions are essentially the same.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व, “zenith”) represents one of the “two directions above and below” (paṭidisā in Pali), itself part of the “ten directions” (diś in Sanskrit or disā in Pali) according to an appendix included in the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XIV). Ūrdhva, Upariṣṭāt or Upariṣṭhā is a Sanskrit word which is known in Pali as uddhaṃ or uparimā, in Tibetan as steṅ and in Chinese as chang.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
Jain philosophy
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) [=ūrdhvam] refers to “hereafter”, as occurring in the Anekāntajayapatākā-prakaraṇa, a Śvetāmbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra Sūri.—[Cf. Vol. II, P. 48, l. 25]
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General definition (in Jainism)
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व, “upwards”) or Ūrdhvavyatikrama refers to “exceeding the limits for movement set in the upwards directions”, representing one of the five transgressions (aticara) of the “vow of directional limits” (digvirati): one of the seven supplementary vows (śīlavrata), according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 28.—What is meant by exceeding the limit of upwards direction (ūrdhva-vyatikrama)? To go on hills or fly above the limits set for upwards movements is exceeding the limits of upwards directions.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Ūrdhva.—cf. s-ādha-ūrdhva (IE 8-5), ‘[what is] above the surface of the ground’; same as uddeśa. Cf. ūrdhva-dina-pāṭikāyām (LP), ‘for the series of days afterwards.’ Note: ūrdhva is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—ad (S) Above, up, on high, in the heavens.
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ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—m (S) Gasping or heaving. 2 By eminence. The gasping of the dying hour. 3 The zenith.
ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—ad Above. m Gasping. The zenith. The gasping of the dying hour.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—a. Erect, upright, above; °केश (keśa) &c.; rising or tending upwards.
2) Raised, elevated, erected; हस्तः, °पादः (hastaḥ, °pādaḥ) &c.
3) High, superior, upper.
4) Not sitting (opp. āsīna).
5) Torn (as hair).
6) Thrown up.
-rdhvam Elevation, height.
-rdhvam -ind.
1) Upwards, aloft, above. अधश्चोर्ध्वं च प्रसृतम् (adhaścordhvaṃ ca prasṛtam) Muṇḍ. Up.2.2.11; अधश्चोर्ध्वं प्रसृतास्तस्य शाखाः (adhaścordhvaṃ prasṛtāstasya śākhāḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 15.1.
2) In the sequel (= upariṣṭāt).
3) In a high tone, aloud.
4) Afterwards, subsequent to (with abl.); शरीरभेदादूर्ध्वमुत्क्रम्य पुनः (śarīrabhedādūrdhvamutkramya punaḥ) Ait. Up.4.6. ते त्र्यहादूर्ध्वमाख्याय (te tryahādūrdhvamākhyāya) Kumārasambhava 6.93; ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् (ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt) Manusmṛti 9.77; Y.1.53; R.14.66; Bhaṭṭikāvya 18.36; पितुरूर्ध्वम् (piturūrdhvam) Manusmṛti 9.14 after the father's death; अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam) hence forward, hereafter.
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—(?) , adj. (in fig. sense), exalted, lofty, great, of power: Mahāvastu i.116.3 adhivāsanaṃ viditvā rājāsya durjayor- dhva- (mss. °yorddha-, or °yoddha-, see prec.) bala (mss. balam) eva. Senart's note suggests em. durjayarddhi-bala. For this meaning of ūrdhva may be compared Pali uddhehi vatthehi Jātaka (Pali) iv.154.15, in rich, lofty clothes ([Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary], doubtfully); but Dutoit's translation(s) understands with up- lifted garments (presumably to wipe his eyes; the person is weeping).
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—i. e. ṛdh + va, adj., f. vā. 1. Erect, [Hiḍimbavadha] 3, 2. 2. Raised (as dust), [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 11, 110. 3. Upper, Mahābhārata 1, 1034. 4. The name of a kind of flying, [Pañcatantra] ii. [distich] 57. vam, adv. 1. Upwards, [Rāmāyaṇa] 4, 8, 5. 2. Above, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 1, 92. 3. After, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 53, 4; after death, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 104.
— Cf. ; [Latin] arduus.
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व).—[adjective] going upwards, raised, elevated, upright, erect, high (mostly °—).
— [neuter] eminence, height; as [adverb] & [preposition] upwards, aloft, in(to) heaven ([with] gam die), above ([ablative]); in the sequel, afterwards, later; beyond, from, since, after ([ablative]); later than i.e. after the death of ([genetive]); in a high tone, aloud. — Cf. atas & itas.
1) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व):—mf(ā)n. (√vṛdh, [Boehtlingk & Roth’s Sanskrit-Woerterbuch]; perhaps [from] √ṛ), rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above, [Ṛg-veda; Atharva-veda; Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Aitareya-brāhmaṇa] etc. (in class. Sanskṛt occurring generally in compounds)
2) n. height, elevation, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) anything placed above or higher (with [ablative]), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) Ūrdhvā (ऊर्ध्वा):—[from ūrdhva] also f. the upper region (zenith), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व):—cf. [Greek] ὀρθός; [Latin] arduus; Gaël. ard.
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व):—
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Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व):—, ūrdhvam adv.
2) ūrdhvaṃ dehāt nach dem Körper so v. a. nach dem Tode [Mahābhārata 1, 3606.] Vgl. ūrdhvadeha, aurdhvadeha fgg. —
3) aufwärts so v. a. niedrig anfangend und hoch schliessend (eine Recitation) [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 11, 4, 2, 8.]
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व):——
1) Adj. (f. ā) — a) aufwärts gehend , nach oben gerichtet , aufrecht , erhoben , oben befindlich. — b) aufgerichtet , so v.a. in Gang gebracht [Ṛgveda (roth). 7,2,7.8,45,12.] —
2) ūrdhvam , ūrdhva Adv. — a) aufwärts , nach oben , oben , oberhalb (mit Abl.) Mit gam s. v.a. sterben. aśuṇi saṃhar so v.a. die Thränen unterdrücken [298,27.] — b) in der Folge , weiterhin , hinter , über — hinaus , von — an , nach (mit Abl. ata ūrdhvam von da an , von nun an , hierauf ita ūrghvam von nun an (in einem Buche) [221,7.226,25.] dehāt so v.a. nach dem Tode. — c) nach dem Tode , — von (Gen.) — d) ansteigend , crescendo [Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 12,2,3,8.] — e) laut. —
3) n. Höhe , ein oberhalb gelegener Theil ; mit Abl.
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Uḍḍha, Uddhāa, Ubbha.
Ūrdhva (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 一向 [yī xiàng]: “entirely”.
2) 上 [shàng]: “above”.
3) 上去 [shàng qù]: “to go up”.
4) 上界 [shàng jiè]: “upper realms”.
5) 以上 [yǐ shàng]: “and above”.
6) 以後 [yǐ hòu]: “afterwards”.
7) 仰 [yǎng]: “look up”.
8) 向 [xiàng]: “tend toward”.
9) 向上 [xiàng shàng]: “upwards”.
10) 在上地 [zài shàng de]: “at higher [more advanced] stages [of practice”.
11) 已上 [yǐ shàng]: “and above”.
12) 已後 [yǐ hòu]: “after [this”.
13) 後 [hòu]: “after”.
14) 於上 [yú shàng]: “upward”.
15) 過 [guò]: “go past”.
Note: ūrdhva can be alternatively written as: ūrdhvam.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Ūrdhva (ऊर्ध्व) [Also spelled urdhv]:—(a) vertical; upward; —[gati] vertical/upward movement; emancipation, salvation; ~[gāmī] moving vertically; attaining salvation; ~[dṛṣṭi] ambitious; looking beyond the world; ~[loka] the heaven, other world; —[biṃdu] the zenith.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Ūrdhva (ಊರ್ಧ್ವ):—
1) [adjective] raised; elevated; being or placed at a higher place.
2) [adjective] in a higher position, condition or region or world.
3) [adjective] tending or directed toward a position that is higher or is regarded as being higher.
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Ūrdhva (ಊರ್ಧ್ವ):—
1) [noun] the upper portion, region or world.
2) [noun] (dance.) a hand gesture in which hands are thrown up.
3) [noun] a lung disease.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+24): Urdhvabahu, Urdhvabarhis, Urdhvabhaga, Urdhvabhagika, Urdhvabhaj, Urdhvabhaktika, Urdhvabharam, Urdhvabhas, Urdhvabhasin, Urdhvabhava, Urdhvabhumi, Urdhvabrihati, Urdhvabudhna, Urdhvacarana, Urdhvacit, Urdhvacuda, Urdhvadandasana, Urdhvadeha, Urdhvadehika, Urdhvadeva.
Full-text (+404): Urdhvasrotas, Urdhvabahu, Urdhvaloka, Urdhvaga, Urdhvagati, Urdhvapundra, Urdhvakesha, Urdhvajanu, Urdhvaretas, Urdhvamukha, Urdhvabhaga, Urdhvadeha, Urdhvadrishti, Urdhvashayin, Urdhvadrish, Urdhvareta, Urdhvagamana, Urdhvavrita, Urdhvapatana, Urdhvabrihati.
Relevant text
Search found 165 books and stories containing Urdhva, Ūrdhva, Ūrdhvā; (plurals include: Urdhvas, Ūrdhvas, Ūrdhvās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika (by R. Balasubramanian)
Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation) (by Swami Lokeswarananda)
The body in early Hatha Yoga (by Ruth Westoby)
Appendix 3 - Vivekamārtaṇḍa (select verses)
Appendix 1 - Dattātreyayogaśāstra (select verses)
Bound by karma, kāma and kāla < [Chapter 1 - The matter of the body]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verses 4.11.3-4 < [Chapter 11 - The Story of the Gopīs that were Residents of...]
Verses 1.5.1-2 < [Chapter 5 - The Lord’s Appearance]
Verse 3.9.37 < [Chapter 9 - The Birth of Śrī Girirāja]
Chandogya Upanishad (Madhva commentary) (by Srisa Chandra Vasu)