Jalaka, Jala-ka, Jāḷagā, Jālagā, Jalaga, Jālaka, Jalākā: 28 definitions
Introduction:
Jalaka means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Jāḷagā can be transliterated into English as Jalaga or Jaliaga, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Nighantu (Synonyms and Characteristics of Drugs and technical terms)
Jālaka (जालक) refers to the “bud” of a flower, as mentioned in a list of four synonyms, according to the second chapter (dharaṇyādi-varga) of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rājanighaṇṭu (an Ayurvedic encyclopedia). The Dharaṇyādi-varga covers the lands, soil, mountains, jungles and vegetation’s relations between trees [viz., Jālaka] and plants and substances, with their various kinds.
Agriculture (Krishi) and Vrikshayurveda (study of Plant life)
1) Jālaka (जालक) refers to the “calyx” part of a Puṣpa (“flower”); and represents a technical term related to the morphology branch of “plant science”, which ultimately involves the study of life history of plants, including its origin and development, their external and internal structures and the relation of the members of the plant body with one another.—The vṛkṣāṅga-sūtrīya-adhyāya, i.e., the chapter of the bījotpatti-kāṇḍa of Parāśara’s Vṛkṣāyurveda deals with various parts of plants. [...] Puṣpa is so called as it promotes virtue by eliminating sins and ugliness and fulfils desires immensely. The different parts of puṣpa (flower) are, e.g., jālaka (Calyx):—The outermost whorl which covers the floral bud is called jālaka. Enclosed within it is the puṣpadala, the Corolla. The Corolla encloses the keśara. Within it lies the bījadhāra; on the top of it, the varāṭaka or the Style is placed, being encircled by the staminal whorl. The Style is the seat of seed formation.—The jālaka (calyx) has two other synonyms, viz. kṣāraka and vapra [also, bāhyadala is mentioned in the text].
The calyx (jālaka) may be of two types, viz.
- puṣpāntaka-jālaka (when the calyx withers away),
- sthira-jālaka (when the calyx does not wither away).
The calyx (jālaka) is again of two types, viz.
- yukta-jālaka (when the lobes are united),
- mukta-jālaka (when the lobs are free).
2) Jālaka (जालक) refers to the “calyx” part of the Phala (fruit). [...] The different parts of a fruit are—Vṛnta (Pedicel), Jālaka (Calyx), Valka (Fruit wall), Śalāṭu (unripe portion), Vartaka (Locule), Bījapuplika (Septum), Bījapuṣa (Placenta), Bīja (seed).
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vastushastra (architecture)
Jālaka (जालक) [or jāla] refers to “claustra §§ 2.1; 3.40; 4.22.”.—(For paragraphs cf. Les enseignements architecturaux de l'Ajitāgama et du Rauravāgama by Bruno Dagens)
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Jālaka (जालक) (i.e. Jālandhara, also: Karāla) is the name of a sacred place, according to the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā, an expansion of the Kubjikāmatatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjikā cult.—Accordingly, “(You) desire to hear (śrotukāmā) in (the place) called Oḍḍa. (You) desire to speak (vaktukāmā) in the one called Jālaka (i.e. Jālandhara). (You are in the place) called Pūrṇa (lit. ‘Full’) for (nourishing) fulfilment (puṣṭi) and (in the place) called Kāma (impelled) by the desire to see. The goddess abides (associated) with these places and (these) sacred seats burn splendidly with their own qualities. Without them living beings (would be) deaf, dumb, impotent and blind”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Kavya (poetry)
Jālaka (जालक) refers to “nets (of hair)”, according to Bāṇa’s Kādambarī (p. 225-226).—Accordingly, while describing the shire of the Goddess Caṇḍikā, “[Then follows the image of the Goddess Caṇḍikā, which matches the conception of Kālarātri in the passage from the Mahābhārata:] Her feet were never bereft of cloths [dyed with] red lac thrown upon the mound of her seat [on the altar] as if they were the lives of all creatures arrived there for shelter; she resembled an inhabitant of the Underworld because of the intense darkness obstructed [only] by the flashes from axes, spears, etc., weapons deadly for beings, that seemed to hold nets of hair (keśa-jālaka) stuck from decapitations because of the reflections of black yak-tail whisks cast [upon their surfaces]; [...]”.
Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Jālaka (जालक) refers to the “web (of conceptualization)”, according to the 10th-century Ḍākārṇava-tantra: one of the last Tibetan Tantric scriptures belonging to the Buddhist Saṃvara tradition consisting of 51 chapters.—Accordingly, “[...] (The meaning of the letter ru, i.e., being free from conceptual arrangement, etc.—) [Taught in connection with] the conceptual arrangement, the selflessness of person, the great, is [accompanied by] a web of conceptualization (kalpanā-jālaka). The letter ru [represents the principle that] myself is conditioned: That [letter ru refers to the state of] being free from the conceptual arrangement of ‘mine’. [...]”.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
India history and geography
Jalaka is the name of a building at Mahāvihāra in Anurādhapura. The Jalaka or Lañjakāsana hall was built by Lañjatissa (B.C. 119-110). Mahāvihāra, also called the Tissārāma, was a region in the Southern Area of the city of Anurādhapura, founded in B.C. 246 by Devānaṃpiya Tissa and presented to the great Thera, Mahinda. Its territory (including Jalaka) comprised the Jotivana (previously called Nandana) and Mahāmegha Parks, the area to south and south-east of the citadel.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
jālaka : (m.) a bud; a small net.
Jālaka, (nt.) (jāla1+ka) 1. a net J. VI, 536; Dāvs. V, 51. ‹-› 2. a bud A. IV, 117 sq. (°jāta in bud).—f. jālikā chain armour Miln. 199. (Page 283)
jālaka (ဇာလက) [(pu,na) (ပု၊န)]—
[jāla+ka．tholama．]
[ဇာလ+က။ ထောလမလည်းကြည့်။]
[Pali to Burmese]
jālaka—
(Burmese text): (၁) ကွန်ရက်၊ ကွန်ရက်ငယ်။ (၂) ပင့်ကူအိမ်။ (၃) အကင်း၊ ငုံကင်း၊ ပရစ်ဖူး (ထွက်ပြူစ အငုံ)။ ပတ္တဇာလက,ပုပ္ဖဇာလက-တို့လည်းကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Network, small network. (2) Pavilion house. (3) Shady area, neglected area, bright area (outdoor area). Also check Patthazala and Popphazala.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
jaḷakā (जळका).—a (jaḷaṇēṃ) Burned, scorched, singed, seared.
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jaḷakā (जळका).—m (Nashik &c. jaḷaṇēṃ) Burning or great heat (of body): also prickly or vehement itching. v suṭa, hō. 2 Gnawing (in the throat or stomach) from bile. 3 Angry envying at or swelling against. v yē.
jāḷagā (जाळगा).—a R (jāḷa) Stubborn, contumacious, refractory;--esp. used of a child.
jaḷakā (जळका).—a Burned, singed, scorched.
jāḷagā (जाळगा).—a Stubborn, refractory.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Jalaka (जलक).—A conch, shell.
Derivable forms: jalakam (जलकम्).
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Jalākā (जलाका).—A leech.
See also (synonyms): jalālukā, jalikā, jalukā, jalokā, jalokikā.
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Jālaka (जालक).—[jālamiva kāyati kai-ka]
1) A net.
2) A multitude, collection; बद्धं कर्णशिरीषरोधि वदने घर्माम्भसां जालकम् (baddhaṃ karṇaśirīṣarodhi vadane gharmāmbhasāṃ jālakam) Ś.1.3; R.9.68.
3) A lattice, window; जालकमुखोप गतान् (jālakamukhopa gatān) Śiśupālavadha 9.39; आननविलग्नजालकम् (ānanavilagnajālakam) R.9.68.
4) A bud, an unblown flower; अभिनवैर्जालकैर्मालतीनाम् (abhinavairjālakairmālatīnām) Meghadūta 98; so यूथिकाजालकानि (yūthikājālakāni) 26.
5) A kind of ornament (worn in the hair); तिलकजालकजालकमौक्तिकैः (tilakajālakajālakamauktikaiḥ) R.9.44 (ābharaṇaviśeṣaḥ).
6) A nest.
7) Illusion, deception.
8) A plantain or the fruit.
9) Pride.
1) A kind of tree; माधवीजालकादिभिः (mādhavījālakādibhiḥ) Bhāgavata 8.2.19.
-kaḥ 1 A window, lattice.
2) A fowler.
Derivable forms: jālakam (जालकम्).
Jālaka (जालक) or Jāla.—nt., probably bouquet of flowers (here withered ones, to be removed from caityas); so jālaka is used in Sanskrit; the only plausible alternative would be spider-web, which jāla also means in Sanskrit (compare Schmidt, Nachträge) and Pali. In any case it means something the removal of which from caityas is a work of merit: yo jālakāni apanaye (so read with v.l. for Senart upanaye) cetiyeṣu Mahāvastu ii.391.3; choretva jālaṃ jinacetiyeṣu 391.22, repeated in the sequel; parallel Śikṣāsamuccaya 306.2, 4 choritva jālaṃ; 6, 8, 10 apanīya (ed. em. upa°) jālaṃ. On the passage, misunderstood by Senart and Bendall, see s.v. chorayati. In the immediately following verses, Mahāvastu ii.392.21 ff., Śikṣāsamuccaya 306.11 ff., the meritorious removal of withered flowers is unambiguously mentioned.
Jalaka (जलक).—n.
(-kaṃ) A conch, a shell.
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Jalākā (जलाका).—f.
(-kā) A. leech. E. jala, and ak to go, ac aff. jale ākāyate prakā- śate ā-kai-ka .
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Jālaka (जालक).—n.
(-kaṃ) 1. A bud, a germ. 2. An unblown flower. 3. A nest. 4. A net. 5. Pride. 6. A plantain, the fruit. 7. Multitude, assemblage. m.
(-kaḥ) A window, a lattice, a loop or eyelet-hole. f.
(-likā) 1. Armour, chain armour. 2. A kind of cloth or raiment, woollen cloth. 3. A leech. 4. A window. 5. Iron. E. jāla, and kan added, or jal to enclose, vun aff.
Jālaka (जालक).—[jāla + ka], I. n. 1. A net, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 179. 2. (m?) A window, [Śiśupālavadha] 9, 39. 3. A bud, [Meghadūta, (ed. Gildemeister.)] 96. Ii. m. The name of a tree, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 8, 2, 18. Iii. f. likā. 1. A net. 2. A coat of mail, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 28, 26.
Jālaka (जालक).—[neuter] net, web, grate, grated window, bundle of beeds or flowers, collection, multitude i.[grammar]; [masculine] a kind of tree; [feminine] jālikā net, veil, armour; multitude.
1) Jalaka (जलक):—[from jala] n. a conch, [Horace H. Wilson]
2) Jālaka (जालक):—[from jāla] n. a net, woven texture, web (also [figuratively], ‘a multitude’, e. [gana] of tears running down the cheeks etc.), [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa xiv, 6, 11, 3; Rāmāyaṇa; Suśruta; Śakuntalā; Raghuvaṃśa; Ṛtusaṃhāra]
3) [v.s. ...] (ifc.), [Kathāsaritsāgara]
4) [v.s. ...] a lattice, eyelet, [Pañcatantra iii, 7, 40]
5) [v.s. ...] a lattice-window (m., [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]), [Śiśupāla-vadha ix, 39]
6) [v.s. ...] a bundle of buds, [Meghadūta; Mālavikāgnimitra v, 4]
7) [v.s. ...] ‘a kind of pearl-ornament’ See -mālin
8) [v.s. ...] a nest, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
9) [v.s. ...] a plantain, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
10) [v.s. ...] illusion, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
11) [v.s. ...] pride, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
12) [v.s. ...] m. Name of a tree, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa viii, 2, 18]
1) Jalaka (जलक):—(kaṃ) 1. n. A shell, a conch.
2) Jalākā (जलाका):—[jalā+kā] (kā) 1. f. A leech.
3) Jālaka (जालक):—[(kaḥ-likā)] 1. n. A bud; a net; a nest; a plantain; pride. m. A lattice. f. Armour; woollen cloth; a leech; window; iron.
Jalaka (जलक):—(von jala Wasser) n. Muschel [Wilson’s Wörterbuch]
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Jalākā (जलाका):—f. = jalaukā Blutegel [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma]
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Jālaka (जालक):—(von jāla)
1) n. a) Netz, Geflechte, Gewebe (eig. und uneig.) [Medinīkoṣa k. 91.] yadetadantarhṛdaye jālakam [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 14, 6, 11, 3.] makṣikānmaśakāṃkeśān jālakāni ca paśyati [Suśruta 2, 315, 18.] markaṭasya [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 5, 28.] alaka [Raghuvaṃśa 9, 43.] baddhaṃ karṇaśirīṣarodhi vadane gharmāmbhasāṃ jālakam [Śākuntala 29.] [Raghuvaṃśa 9, 68.] mañjarīṇām [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 15, 7.] mṛṇāla [Ṛtusaṃhāra 1, 20.] Menge [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] — b) Gitter [Pañcatantra III, 179.] — c) Gitterfenster [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1012] (ohne Angabe des Geschlechts, m. nach der v. l.) — d) Nest [Medinīkoṣa] — e) ein Bündel junger Knospen, = kṣāraka [Amarakoṣa 2, 4, 1, 16.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1125.] = koraka [Medinīkoṣa] abhinavairjālakairmālatīnām [Meghadūta 96.] yūthikā [27.] hīyamānasahakāra [Mālavikāgnimitra 79.] mālinī [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 20, 17] ([BURN.]: ornée d'un collier de perles en forme de réseau). — f) Banane [Medinīkoṣa] — g) Betrug (dambha) [Medinīkoṣa] —
2) m. Name eines Baumes [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 2, 18.] —
3) f. jālikā a) Netz, Fanggarn: s. mṛga . — b) Panzerhemd: tanutrāṇi vicitrāṇi kavacā jālikāstathā [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 28, 26.] = vastrabhid [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 23.] = vasanāntara [Medinīkoṣa] — c) Spinne. — d) Banane [Medinīkoṣa] — e) = komāsikā [Hārāvalī 126.] — f) Wittwe (vidhavā) [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 6, 4.] [Medinīkoṣa] Statt dessen window (Fenster) in beiden Ausgaben bei [Wilson’s Wörterbuch]; offenbar ein verlesenes widow. Wohl nach dem Haarnetz, welches die Wittwen viell. trugen, so benannt.
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Jālaka (जालक):—
1) a) Netz am Ende eines adj. comp. [Kathāsaritsāgara 57, 105.] — c) [Śiśupālavadha 9, 39] (Geschlecht nicht zu erkennen). —
3) a) [Kathāsaritsāgara 61, 131. 134.] — g) Schleier [Scholiast] zu [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 1, 14, 12.]
Jalaka (जलक):—n. Muschel.
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Jālaka (जालक):——
1) n. — a) Netz , Geflechte , Gewebe (eig. und übertr.). — b) Gitter. — c) Gitterfenster. Angeblich *m. — d) ein Bündel junger Knospen. — e) eine Art Perlenschmuck [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3,20,17.] — f) *Nest. — g) Menge [Śākuntala 29.] — h) *Banane. — i) *Betrug. —
2) m. ein best. Baum. —
3) f. jālikā — a) Netz , Fanggarn. — b) Schleier. — c) Panzerhemd. — d) *Spinne. — e) *Banane. — f) Menge [Kād. (1872) 161,11.] — g) *Wittwe. — h) * = komāsikā.
Jālaka (जालक) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Jālaga.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Jālaka (जालक):—(nm) a ploxus; lattice.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Jalaga (जलग) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Jvalaka.
2) Jālaga (जालग) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Jālaka.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Jalaka (ಜಲಕ):—[noun] a washing or dipping of a thing, esp. the body, in water or other liquid, steam, etc.; the act of bathing.
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Jalaga (ಜಲಗ):—[noun] = ಜಲಗಾರ [jalagara]1.
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Jaḷaka (ಜಳಕ):—[noun] a washing or dipping of a thing, esp. the body, in water or other liquid, steam, etc.; the act of bathing.
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Jālaka (ಜಾಲಕ):—
1) [noun] a framework or structure of crossed wood or metal strips; lattice.
2) [noun] an opening in the wall of a building for the admission of air or light or both; a window.
3) [noun] a thin, silken material spun by spiders; cobweb.
4) [noun] an unblown flower; a flower-bud.
5) [noun] a group or multitude.
6) [noun] the act or practice of deceiving; an instance of this; deception.
7) [noun] a young growth on a plant, as a stem or branch; a shoot; a sprout.
8) [noun] a person trapped by a net, scheme, plan etc.
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Jāḷaka (ಜಾಳಕ):—
1) [noun] a framework or structure of crossed wood or metal strips; lattice.
2) [noun] an opening in the wall of a building for the admission of air or light or both; a window.
3) [noun] a thin, silken material spun by spiders; cobweb.
4) [noun] an unblown flower; a flower-bud.
5) [noun] a group or multitude.
6) [noun] the act or practice of deceiving; an instance of this; deception.
7) [noun] a young growth on a plant, as a stem or branch; a shoot; a sprout.
8) [noun] a person trapped by a net, scheme, plan etc.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Ka, Jala.
Starts with (+13): Jalakabaddha, Jalakaddamamanupalitta, Jalakagardabha, Jalakajal, Jalakajata, Jalakaka, Jalakaki, Jalakakkha, Jalakakudya, Jalakalbhasha, Jalakalka, Jalakalmasha, Jalakam, Jalakamalin, Jalakambogisu, Jalakambogu, Jalakamgai, Jalakamksha, Jalakamkshin, Jalakamtamani.
Full-text (+147): Jalakamalin, Jatajalaka, Nijjalaka, Jalakagardabha, Muttajalaka, Madhujalaka, Bimbajalaka, Jalakabaddha, Jalakajata, Bindujalaka, Sharajalaka, Jalakarantram, Tvalaga, Jala, Vasujalaka, Pattajalaka, Jalakakudya, Pushpantakajalaka, Jrimbhajalaka, Jalakam.
Relevant text
Search found 37 books and stories containing Jalaka, Jala-ka, Jāla-ka, Jāḷagā, Jālagā, Jālaga, Jalaga, Jālaka, Jaḷakā, Jalakā, Jalākā, Jaḷaka, Jāḷaka, Jalakas; (plurals include: Jalakas, kas, Jāḷagās, Jālagās, Jālagas, Jalagas, Jālakas, Jaḷakās, Jalakās, Jalākās, Jaḷakas, Jāḷakas, Jalakases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Kashyapa Shilpa-shastra (study) (by K. Vidyuta)
5. Fourteen types of Āyatāśra (Rectangular) Maṇḍapas < [Chapter 4 - Maṇḍapa Lakṣaṇa]
8. Construction of Gate-houses < [Chapter 3 - Prākāra Lakṣaṇa]
2. Types of Maṇḍapas < [Chapter 4 - Maṇḍapa Lakṣaṇa]
Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (study) (by A. Yamuna Devi)
Flora (3): Parts of the Plants < [Chapter 5 - Aspects of Nature]
Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala (study) (by Shri N. M. Kansara)
3. Description of Temple architecture < [Chapter 12 - Cultural Data]
17. Description of the Ornaments of women < [Chapter 12 - Cultural Data]
Prayogamanjari and Saivagamanibandhana (Study) (by R. Suthashi)
Marking on the Stone (Shila) < [Chapter 3 - Shaiva iconography in Saivagamanibandhana]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 226 < [Tamil-English-Malayalam (1 volume)]
Page 124 < [Telugu-English-Malayalam (1 volume)]
Page 28 < [Gujarati-Hindi-English, Volume 1]
Manasara (English translation) (by Prasanna Kumar Acharya)