Sama, Śama, Sāmā, Sāma, Shama, Samā, Shā mǎ, Sha ma: 72 definitions
Introduction:
Sama means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Christianity, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Śama can be transliterated into English as Sama or Shama, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Saam.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
1a) Sama (सम, “level”) refers to a specific gesture (āṅgika) made with the eyelids (puṭa), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. These gestures (āṅgika) of the eyelids (puṭa) are supposed to follow the corresponding movements of the eyeballs (tārā). Instructions: “eyelids in a natural position”. Uses: “in love (śṛṅgāra)”. Gestures form a part of the histrionic representation (abhinaya).
1b) Sama.—A type of glance (dṛṣṭi), defined in the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. Accordingly, the instructions for this glance are: “the eyeballs are in a level position and at rest”.
1c) Sama.—A specific gesture (āṅgika) made with the cheeks (kapola or gaṇḍa), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. Instructions: “as (cheeks are) by nature”. Uses: “in the remaining conditions”.
1d) Sama.—A specific gesture (āṅgika) made with the chin (cibuka), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. Instructions: “when (the two lips) slightly parted from each other”. Uses: “in a natural position”.
1e) Sama (“natural”).—A specific gesture (āṅgika) made with the breast (uras), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 10. The breast is one of the six major limbs (aṅga) used to perform certain gestures (āṅgika). Instructions: “all the limbs being in the Caturasra and with Sauṣṭhuva the breast will be called sama (natural)”.
1f) Sama (“natural”).—A specific ‘movement of the feet’ (pāda), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 10. The feet are one of the six major limbs (aṅga) used to perform certain gestures (āṅgika). Instructions: “feet naturally placed on an even ground. It relates to representing a natural posture”. Uses: “it should be kept still in representing the natural position of the body in connexion with the various Karaṇas, but in the Recaka movement of the feet it should be moved”.
1g) Sama.—A type of lying-down posture (śayana); it is a Sanskrit technical term defined in the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 12. Instructions: “lying down with the face upwards and the hands free and turning downwards is called the sama posture. It is the posture in deep sleep”.
1h) Sama (“even”) refers to a class syllabic metres (vṛtta), of which all the pādas (‘feet’) are similair according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 15.
1i) Sama refers to one of the thirty-three alaṃkāras (embellishments), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 29. These alaṃkāras, or, ‘embellishments of song’, depend upon the four types of varṇas, which refers to a specific order of musical notes (svara). They are attached to the songs of seven forms, although not generally used in the dhruvās.
According to the Nāṭyaśāstra, “sama is that in which a note repeats itself in the same pitch and is equal in all parts”.
1j) Sama refers to one of the twenty prakāras: rules used in the playing of drums (puṣkara) [with reference to Mṛdaṅga, Paṇava and Dardura] according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 33. Accordingly, “Dardara, paṇava and mṛdaṅga are played with various karaṇas, and this playing combined with tāla, limbs and flutes is called Sama”.
2a) Samā (समा, “natural”) refers to a specific gesture (āṅgika) made with the neck (grīvā), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 8. These ‘gestures (āṅgika) of the neck (grīvā)’ should follow the gestures made with the head (śiras). Instructions: “the natural neck”. Uses: “in meditation, natural pose, and muttering of mantras”.
2b) Samā or Samāyati refers to a one of the three yatis: rules used in the playing of drums (puṣkara) [with reference to Mṛdaṅga, Paṇava and Dardura] according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 33. Accordingly, “when in a performance the yati is samā, the tempo (laya) is quick and there is upari-pāṇi, then it is the rāddha playing (lit. rule). Similarly when the playing of instruments is given prominence and there is upari-pāṇi, samā-yati and the medium tempo, then it is called the rāddha playing (vādya)”.
3) Sāma (साम, “conciliation”) refers to one of the twenty-one sandhyantara, or “distinct characteristics of segments (sandhi)” according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 21. The segments are divisions of the plot (itivṛtta or vastu) of a dramatic play (nāṭaka) and consist of sixty-four limbs, known collectively as the sandhyaṅga.
4) Śama (शम) refers to ‘deliverance’ from all misery or misfortune. Śama represents one of the fourteen nirvahaṇasandhi, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 21. This element is also known as Samaya. Nirvahaṇasandhi refers to the “segments (sandhi) of the concluding part (nirvahaṇa)” and represents one of the five segments of the plot (itivṛtta or vastu) of a dramatic composition (nāṭaka).
1) Sama (level): gazing without winking, like a woman of the gods. Usage: beginning a dance, scales, thinking of some other matter, surprise, the image of a god.
2) One of the Nine Movements of the Head. Sama (level): not moving, not bent, nor raised. Usage: at the beginning of dancing, prayer, authoritative speech, satisfaction, anger, indifference, or inaction.
3) One of the Twenty-four Heads. Sama: natural pose of the head. Usage: expressing normal circumstances.
4) A type of glance (or facial expression): Sama: looks like those of the women of the gods (not winking,etc.). Usage: normal circumstances.
Sama means to “stamp at the same level” and represents one of five actions of the foot used in kūttu (dance) as defined in the first book of the Pañcamarapu (‘five-fold traditional usage’) which deals with niruttam (dance, one of the sixty–four arts) and represents an important piece of Tamil literature.—The Pañcamarapu (“five-fold traditional usage”) refers to a book on five established literary usages (five-fold traditional usages) defines terms such as Sama. It was composed by Cerai Aṟivanār in the 9th century AD during the time of Pandyan Tirumaran of the last Caṅkam Period.
1) Sama (सम) refers to one of the “seven movements of the chest” (in Sanskrit Dramas), as conveyed through Āṅgikābhinaya: one of the four divisions of Abhinaya or “ways to convey or represent one’s emotion to others”, according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—The āṅgikābhinaya includes the histrionic representation of the limbs which is simply known as physical gestures. There are five kinds of chest movements accepted by the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa as well as the Nāṭyaśāstra. Again when the chest is kept in a normal position with elegant posture it is called sama.
2) Sama (सम) also refers to one of the nine kinds of śayyāsthāna or “lying down postures”.—In the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, nine kinds of upaveśana i.e., sitting postures are accepted for Drama. Some particular postures are recommended in the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa as śayyāsthāna, which are adopted by the actors at time of lying down in a Drama. When a person is relaxing on a bed with up warding face and loose hands, that posture is called sama.
1) Sama (सम) refers to one of ten “breathing techniques” (māruta) [=evaṃ daśavidhaḥ prokto mārutaḥ], as mentioned in the Saṅgītaratnākara of Śārṅgadeva (1953: Vol. IV: p.162) and the Mahārāṇa Kumbha’s Saṅgītarāja (Nṛtyaratnakośa: 1968: Vol. I: pp.94-95). The commentary of Siṃhabhūpāla (on the Saṅgītaratnākara) says that the ten-fold classification of breathing techniques [e.g., sama] are the opinion of Kohala. However, the Saṅgītaratnākara, Saṅgītarāja and Nṛtyādhyāya uniformly attribute the nine-fold classification of breathing techniques (=anila) to Kohala and the ten-fold classification to another school (apara).
2) Samā (समा) refers to a variety of Yati, as discussed while dealing with the Mārga type of Tāla (“measurement of time”), according to the Dattilakohalīyam, one of the works ascribed to Kohala—a celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Yāṣṭika, Śārdūla, Kāśyapa etc.— If one laya is operating throughout the tāla, it is called samā-yati. If laya is proceeding in the same mārga throughout, it is samā-yati. [...] The author of Caturasabhāvilāsam mentions six varieties of yati namely, śrotovahā, gopucchā, samā, yavamadhyā (mṛdaṅgā-yati), vedimadhyā (pipīlikā-yati), and viṣamā-yati. He also lists out some other yatis as given by Śārṅgadeva. [...]
3) Sama (सम) or Samaghraha refers to one of the five kinds of Graha, according to the Tālalakṣaṇam, a work ascribed to Kohala—a celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Yāṣṭika, Śārdūla, Kāśyapa etc. The Tālalakṣaṇa mentions the names of the three grahas along with their definitions—sama, atīta and anāgata. When the music and tāla commence at the same time, it is said to be sama-graha. If the tāla starts before the gīta, then he calls it atīta-graha. And, if the gīta starts before the tāla, he calls it anāgata-graha. [...]
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Samā (प्रभा):—One of the twelve guṇas associated with Randhra, the first seat of the Svādhiṣṭhāna-chakra. According to tantric sources such as the Śrīmatottara-tantra and the Gorakṣasaṃhitā (Kādiprakaraṇa), these twelve guṇas are represented as female deities. According to the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā however, they are explained as particular syllables. They (e.g. Samā) only seem to play an minor role with regard to the interpretation of the Devīcakra (first of five chakras, as taught in the Kubjikāmata-tantra).
She is also known by the name Prabhā, according to the Śrīmatottaratantra.
Sama (सम) refers to (1) “(one who is) looking impartially (on mud, stones and gold)” or (2) “one who is calm”, according to the Kiraṇatantra chapter 49 (dealing with vratacaryā).—Accordingly, “Garuḍa spoke: ‘You have taught me, O great Lord, the activities of the Neophyte, the Putraka and the Ācārya. Tell me those of the Sādhaka’. The Lord spoke: ‘The excellent Sādhaka [should be] full of sattva, firm, capable of endurance, his mind fixed on [his] mantra, unassailable, of great wisdom, looking impartially (sama) on mud (loṣṭa), stones (aśma) and gold (kāñcana) engaged, regular in [the performance of] oblations, always devoted to recitation and meditation, dexterous in the dispelling of obstacles, firm in [the practice of his] religious observance, calm (sama), pure. [...]’”.
Sama (सम) refers to “smooth (earth)” (used for drawing an eight petaled lotus), according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 2.17-19]—“The pure-souled Ācārya should draw an eight petaled lotus, in smooth (sama), pure earth [that is] smeared with sandal and aloe wood [and] scented [with] fragrant camphor and strong saffron. After he has drawn [the lotus] with a great undertaking, [the Ācarya,] decorated and adorned with a crown, smeared with sandalwood, [writes] the mātṛkā. Having placed oṃ in the middle [on the pericarp of the lotus], he should draw [the phonemes of the mātṛkā on the petals] starting in the East”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Sama (सम) refers to “balanced” (i.e., those elephants whose nature is even—whose three bodily humors are balanced), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 11, “41. With honey (-colored) eyes and tusks, regular and well-formed limbs, heroic, not lean, of abundant must-fluid, of regular (digestive) fire, of conformable sensitivity, with well-arched backbone, this elephant is even (balanced, as to the three bodily humors, i.e., healthy) in nature (sama) [samaḥ prakṛtyā bhavati dvipo'yam]”.
Agriculture (Krishi) and Vrikshayurveda (study of Plant life)
1) Sama (सम) or Samadala refers to “equal-sized corolla lobes”; representing a type of the Corolla (dala) part of a Puṣpa (“flower”); and representing a technical term related to the morphology branch of “plant science”, which ultimately involves the study of life history of plants, including its origin and development, their external and internal structures and the relation of the members of the plant body with one another.— The different parts of puṣpa (flower) are, e.g., puṣpa-dala (Corolla):—The outermost whorl which covers the floral bud is called jālaka. Enclosed within it is the puṣpadala, the Corolla. The Corolla encloses the keśara. Within it lies the bījadhāra; on the top of it, the varāṭaka or the Style is placed, being encircled by the staminal whorl. [...] In some flowers the petals or the corolla lobes are equal in size. They are called sama-dala. In some other flowers the petals or corolla lobes are unequal. They are called viṣama-dala.
2) Sama (सम) or Samakeśara refers to “stamens that are of equal length”; representing a classification of the Keśara (stamen) part of a Puṣpa (“flower”). The outermost whorl which covers the floral bud is called jālaka. Enclosed within it is the puṣpadala, the Corolla. The Corolla encloses the keśara (stamen). Within it lies the bījadhāra; on the top of it, the varāṭaka or the Style is placed, being encircled by the staminal whorl. The Style is the seat of seed formation. The Stamens (keśara) may be again divided into two types, sama-keśara, viṣama-keśara. If they are of different length they are called viṣama-keśara.
3) Sama (सम) or Samagaṇīya refers to “those flowers having an equal number of petals and stamens”; it is a type of Puṣpa (“flower”).—The word ‘puṣpa’ denotes the blossomed stage when the parts of the flower such as petals, stamens etc. are opened and manifested. Flowers may be classified into sama-gaṇīya or viṣama-gaṇīya. When in a flower there are equal number of petals and stamens, it is called sama-gaṇīya (Isomerous). When the number is unequal it is called viṣama-gaṇīya (Heteromerous).
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Sama (सम) is a Sanskrit technical term translating to “well-maintained” or “regular”, reffering to a particular state. The term is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Suśruta-saṃhitā and the Caraka-saṃhitā.
Sama (सम) refers to one who is “balanced”, as mentioned in verse 4.35 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] (by) always keeping to wholesome nourishment and deportment, acting upon mature consideration, being indifferent to worldly objects, generous, balanced [viz., sama], intent on truth, (and) full of patience, and keeping to the great: one becomes free from disease”.
Unripened (sāma) inflammatory swelling (śopha) is small, hard and immovable, has a little heat and pain, keeps the same color of the original region.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Arthashastra (politics and welfare)
Sāma (साम) should be known to be of five types—
- following the rival,
- mutually obliging,
- appreciating his virtues,
- acknowledging kinship
- and surrendering of the self.
Knowing this to be fivefold in brief, one becomes happy. (see the Nītiprakāśikā 8.74-75)
Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्र, arthaśāstra) literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
1) Śama (शम).—Son of the Vasu called Aaḥ. Aaḥ had, besides Śama, three sons called Jyoti, Śānta and Muni. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 66, Verse 28).
2) Śama (शम).—One of the three sons of Dharmadeva, the other two being called Kāma and Harṣa. Śama’s wife was Prāpti. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 66, Verse 32).
3) Śāma (शाम).—A dog which followed Yama. It was one of the two offsprings of Saramā. (Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa 3.7.312).
4) Sama (सम).—One of the hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He was killed in the Bhārata-battle, by Bhīmasena. (Mahābhārata Karṇa Parva. Chapter 51, Verse 7).
5) Samā (समा).—A populous centre in front of the Puṣkara island (Puṣkaradvīpa). In Purāṇic days there were thirtythree regions in this centre. Devas such as Vāmana, Airāvata, Supratīka, Añjana and so on dwell here. The people of this place live by inhaling the breath coming from the noses of these gods. (Mahābhārata Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 12, Verse 32).
6) Sāma (साम).—One of the Caturupāyas (four tactics). (See under Caturupāya).
Sama (सम) refers to those Rudrākṣas which are “of even size” and thus considered as superior, according to the Śivapurāṇa 1.25, while explaining the greatness of Rudrākṣa:—“[...] O Parameśvarī, no other necklace or garland is observed in the world to be so auspicious and fruitful as the Rudrākṣa. O Goddess, Rudrākṣas of even size [viz., Sama], glossy, firm, thick and having many thornlike protrusions yield desires and bestow worldly pleasures and salvation for ever”.
1a) Śama (शम).—A son of Dharmasūtra and father of Dyumatsena.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 22. 48.
1b) A son of Kriyā.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 9. 60.
1c) A son of Āyu.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 3. 24.
1d) A Sukha god.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 19.
1e) The regulation of senses on one's own account and on account of others.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 59. 47.
1f) A son of Āpa.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 66. 23.
1g) A mukhya gaṇa.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 100. 18.
2a) Sama (सम).—One of the 20 Amitābha gods.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 17: Vāyu-purāṇa 100. 17.
2b) The eyes of the personified Veda.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 104. 82.
3) Sāma (साम).—One of the political expedients used by Ṛṣabha;1 two fold, the real and the unreal; the first to be applied to the sādhus (good men); by this the righteous are brought under control;2 there is no use applying it to the unrighteous. One of the four limbs of nīti, the others being bheda, dāna (uppradāna, Viṣṇu-purāṇa) and daṇḍa (daṇḍa pāta, vāyu-purāṇa.).3
- 1) Bhāgavata-purāṇa V. 4. 16.
- 2) Matsya-purāṇa 222. 1-10.
- 3) Ib. 148. 65-77; Viṣṇu-purāṇa V. 22. 17; 33. 40.
Sama (सम) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.108.2) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Sama) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
Śama also refers to the name of a Lady mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.60.31).
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Gitashastra (science of music)
Sama (सम, “even”) refers to one of the ten good qualities (guṇa) of a song (gīta), according to the Saṅgītaśiromaṇi 14.75-76, where they are commonly known as the gītaguṇa. The Saṅgītaśiromaṇi (“crest-jewel of music”) is a 15th-century Sanskrit work on Indian musicology (gāndharvaśāstra). Accordingly, “even (sama) means that there is no unevenness in the melodic lines (varṇa), the registers (sthāna) and in the speeds (laya)”.
Sama (सम) refers to the “first mātra (time units) of an āvarta (recurring cycle of time-lengths)” according to the North-Indian music system.—The first mātra of an āvarta is referred as sama which is mandatorily stressed.
Sama (सम) refers to one of the three types of Gītaka [i.e., sama, ardhasama and viṣama].—[Cf. Saṅgītanārāyaṇa, Vol. I, p.310]—When all four pādas have equal number if mātras, it is known as sama. When the first and third pādas are equal and the second and fourth are equal, it is ardhasama, and when the four pādas have different number if mātras it is viṣama-gītaka.
Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, gītaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Sama (सम).—Equal in number to something given; cf. यथासंख्यमनुदेशः समानाम् (yathāsaṃkhyamanudeśaḥ samānām) cf. Kas. on P. I. 3.10.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
1) Śama (शम) refers to the “vanishing” (of evil effects), according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 5), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “If there should be both lunar and solar eclipses in one month, princes will suffer both from dissensions among their own army and from wars. [...] These evil effects, resulting from planetary look at eclipsed disc, apply as well to the time of termination of the eclipse as to its commencement. If Jupiter, a beneficent planet, should also see the eclipsed disc, the evils described will vanish [i.e., śama] in just the same way as the flame of fire dies out when water is poured over it”.
2) Sama (सम) refers to a “fair” [?] (condition of the world), according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 9).—Accordingly, “If Venus (śukra) should either disappear or reappear in a northern Vīthi there will be prosperity and happiness in the land; if in a central Vīthi there will not be much of either; and if in a southern Vīthi mankind will be afflicted with miseries. If Venus should disappear or reappear in the several Vīthis beginning from the northernmost one, the condition of the world will respectively be—1. Very excellent, 2. Excellent, 3. Good. 4. Fair [i.e., sama], 5. Moderate, 6. Tolerable, 7. Poor, 8. Very poor, 9. Miserable”.
Sama (सम).—North point of the horizon. Note: Sama is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Kavyashastra (science of poetry)
Sama (सम) refers to one of the 93 alaṃkāras (“figures of speech”) mentioned by Cirañjīva Bhaṭṭācārya (fl. 17th century) in his Kāvyavilāsa and is listed as one of the 89 arthālaṃkāras (figure of speech determined by the sense, as opposed to sound).—Sama has been admitted by Mammaṭa (X/193), Viśvanātha, (X/92), Jayadeva (V/81).
The figure sama has been treated by Cirañjīva due to the fact that this figure is actually the opposite of the figure viṣama. Cirañjīva has defined it thus—“anyonyaṃ vastusambandhe samamaucityavarṇane”.—“When the mutual connection between the two objects is depicted as proper and right, it is called the figure sama”. Jayadeva (C.L.V/81) has defined it in the same line. The shortest definition of sama has been given by Jagannātha (R.G.P. 604).
Example of the sama-alaṃkāra:—
ucitaṃ yatkṛtāṃ dante tṛṇaṃ bhavadarātibhiḥ |
idṛśeṣu vidhāneṣu tṛṇāmevā’mṛtāyat ||“It is proper that grass is taken by teeth by your enemies. In these cases grass appears to be nectar”.
Notes: Here the redation between the grass and teeth is proper. So this is an example of samālaṃkāra.
Kavyashastra (काव्यशास्त्र, kāvyaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian tradition of poetry (kavya). Canonical literature (shastra) of the includes encyclopedic manuals dealing with prosody, rhetoric and various other guidelines serving to teach the poet how to compose literature.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Sama (सम, “equal”) refers to one of the four characteristic features of the Śāmbhava (state), according to the Ciñcinīmatasārasamuccaya verse 4.57-58.—Accordingly, “Next I will explain something else namely, the characteristic feature of the Śāmbhava (state). Equal (sama), Gone Away (gata), Merger (laya) and Awakening (avabodha) as the fourth—(thus) Śāmbhava is said to be of four kinds”.
Samā (समा) is the name of a Mātṛkā-Śakti created by Mahārudra in order to control the plague of demons created by Andhakāsura.—Accordingly, Andhaka-Asura tried to kidnap Umā (Devī Pārvatī), and was fiercely attacked by Mahārudra who shot arrows at him from his mahāpināka. when the arrows pierced the body of Andhakāsura, drops of blood fell to earth and from those drops, thousands of Andhakas arose. To control this plague of demons, Mahārudra created Mātṛkā-Śaktis [viz., Samā] and ordered them to drink the blood of the demons and drain them dry.
Samā (समा) refers to one of the various Mātṛkā-Śaktis created by Rudra in order to destroy the clones that spawned from Andhaka’s body.—Accordingly, [...] Andhakāsura attempted to abduct Girājanandinī (Pārvatī) and thus ensued a fierce battle between Andhakāsura and the great Rudra, the Lord of Umā. Like raktabīja, every drop of blood that fell from the body of Andhaka created another Asura like him and in no time, the entire world was filled with Andhakas. To destroy the growing number of Andhakas, Rudra created innumerable Mātṛkā-Śaktis [viz., Samā]. These Śaktis of immense power at once began to drink every drop of blood that flowed from the body of Andhaka, but they could still not effectively contain the emergence of more and more demons.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Vastushastra (architecture)
1) Sama (सम) refers to a “levelled” (construction), according to the Devyāmata (chapter 105).—Accordingly, [trees for the surrounding gardens]—“[...] As before, the surrounding wall should be made straight, well erected and level (sama—prākāraḥ sucayas samaḥ). My dear, having established the subsidiary shrines beyond the wall, everything should be made thus, complete, and in due sequence. [...]”.
2) sama (वेश्मन्) or Samagṛha refers to a “levelled (house)”, according to the Devyāmata (in the section śalyoddhāra-paṭala or “excavation of extraneous substances”).—Accordingly, “[...] Since a levelled house (sama—samaṃ śriyānvitaṃ gṛham) brings every comfort and prosperity [to the residents], one should divide the site properly with cords and examine extraneous substances beneath the site. [...]”.
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Sama (सम) refers to 1) “equiangular” or “equilateral” (triangle), 2) “square” (quadrangel), 3) Sama-vṛtta (exact circle), as described in the Kṣetragaṇitaśāstra, as mentioned in A. Rahman’s Science and Technology in Medievel India: A bibliography of source materials in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian.—Ancient and medieval India produced a wide range of scientific manuscripts and major contributions lie in the field of medicine, astronomy and mathematics, besides covering encyclopedic glossaries and technical dictionaries.—The Kṣetragaṇita-śāstra is a Sanskrit mathematical treatise dealing with the art of measuring lands, containing well-defined and established technical terms [e.g., Sama] wanted for practical use in the Tamil language.
Sama (सम) refers to “equation”, according to the principles of Bījagaṇita (“algebra” or ‘science of calculation’), according to Gaṇita-śāstra, ancient Indian mathematics and astronomy.—The equation is called by Brahmagupta (628) in the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta samakaraṇa or samīkaraṇa (making equal) or more simply sama (equation). Pṛthūdakasvāmī (860) in his commentary on the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta employs also the term sāmya (equality or equation); and Śrīpati (1039) in the Siddhāntaśekhara uses sadṛśīkaraṇa (making similar). Nārāyaṇa (1350) in the Bījagaṇita uses the terms samīkaraṇa, sāmya and samatva (equality). An equation has always two pakṣa (side). This term occurs in the works of Śrīdhara, Padmanābha and others.
Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Sama (सम) refers to “evenly (expanding one’s chest)”, according to the Parākhyatantra verse 14.8-9.—Accordingly, while discussing preliminary practices to make the Yogin ready to undertake the six auxiliaries of Śaiva yoga: “He should adopt one of these [four poses], placing his hands with the palms arranged [facing upwards] in his own lap, expanding his chest evenly (sama). Slightly closing his two eyes, he should focus on the tip of his nose. Remaining thus he is fit for yoga and he should then begin its sequence”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Shyanika-shastra (the science of Hawking and Hunting)
1) Samā (समा) refers to the “plains” (i.e., plain land suitable for hunting), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the outlines of hawking]: “[...] In plains (samā) [samāyāṃ bhuvi], horsemen should go, in undulated lands foot soldiers, and on the tops of hills, dogs should search for the game. [...]”.
2) Sama (सम) refers to the “horizontal attack” (of the Vāja Hawks), according to the Śyainika-śāstra.—Accordingly, [while discussing the outlines of hawking]: “[...] Attacks are of three kinds, upwards, horizontal (sama-ākrānti) and downwards. All three attacks are very enjoyable when the Vājas attack the Varajas. [...] Horizontal attack (sama-ākrānti) means pursuing the quarry in sight or out of sight, in the same plane, and striking it like a club. [...]”.
Shyanika-shastra (श्यैनिकशास्त्र, śyainikaśāstra) deals with ancient Indian skill of hawking/falconry (one of the ways of hunting) which were laid down in a systematic manner in various Sanskrit treatises. It also explains the philosophy behind how the pleasures derived from sense-experience could lead the way to liberation.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Samā (समा) appears originally to have denoted ‘summer’, a sense which may be seen in a few passages of the Atharvaveda. Hence it also denotes more generally ‘season’, a rare use. More commonly it is simply ‘year’; but in one place the Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa (vi. 2. 1. 25) interprets it in the Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā as meaning ‘month’, a doubtful sense.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
1. Sama. The king of Benares (J.ii.98) in the Giridanta Jataka.
2. Sama. One of the hounds of the Lokantaraniraya. J.vi.247.
3. Sama. The Bodhisatta born as a hunters son. He was also called Suvannasama. For his story see the Sama Jataka. He is given as an example of one who was conceived by umbilical attrition. E.g., Mil.123.
4. Sama. The Milinda, refers to a Jataka story where Devadatta was a man named Sama, and the Bodhisatta a king of deer, named Ruru. The reference is evidently to the Rurumiga Jataka, but there the man is called Mahadhanaka. J.iv.255 ff.; but see Cyp.ii.6.
-- or --
1. Sama. The chief woman disciple of Kakusandha Buddha. Bu.xxiii.21; J.i.42.
2. Sama. One of the chief lay women disciples of Konagamana Buddha. Bu.xxiv.24.
3. Sama. A courtesan of Benares; for her story see the Kanavera Jataka. J.iii.59ff.
4. Sama Theri. She belonged to an eminent family of Kosambi, and when her friend Samavati died she left the world in distress of mind. Unable to subdue her grief, she could not grasp the Ariyan way. One day, while listening to Anandas preaching, she won insight, and, on the seventh day from then became an arahant. Thig.vs.37 8; ThigA.44.
5. Sama Theri. She belonged to a family of Kosambi and left the world in distress on the loss of her friend, Samavati. For twenty five years she was unable to gain self mastery, till, in her old age, she heard a sermon and won arahantship.
Ninety one kappas ago she was a kinnari on the banks of the Candabhaga. One day, while amusing herself in company of her friends, she saw Vipassi Buddha and worshipped him with salala flowers (Thig.39 41; ThigA.45f). She is evidently identical with Salalapupphika of the Apadana. Ap.ii.524.
6. Sama. The original name of Samavati.
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Sāmā (सामा) (or Śyāmā) is the name of a Ḍākinī who, together with the Vīra (hero) named Sāma forms one of the 36 pairs situated in the Vāyucakra, according to the 10th century Ḍākārṇava chapter 15. Accordingly, the vāyucakra refers to one of the three divisions of the dharma-puṭa (‘dharma layer’), situated in the Herukamaṇḍala. The 36 pairs of Ḍākinīs [viz., Sāmā] and Vīras are dark blue in color; they each have one face and four arms; they hold a skull bowl, a skull staff, a small drum, and a knife.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Śama (शम) [?] (in Chinese: Chö-mo) is the name of an ancient kingdom associated with Citrā or Citrānakṣatra, as mentioned in chapter 18 of the Candragarbha: the 55th section of the Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, a large compilation of Sūtras (texts) in Mahāyāna Buddhism partly available in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese.—Chapter 18 deals with geographical astrology and, in conversation with Brahmarāja and others, Buddha explains how he entrusts the Nakṣatras [e.g., Citrā] with a group of kingdoms [e.g., Śama] for the sake of protection and prosperity.
Śama (शम) [?] (in Chinese: Chö-mo) is also the name of an ancient kingdom associated with Svāti or Svātinakṣatra.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
Jain philosophy
Śama (शम) refers to “refraining even from thinking of doing harm even to an offender”, as mentioned in the Anekāntajayapatākā-prakaraṇa, a Śvetāmbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra Sūri.—[Cf. Vol. II, P. 218, l. 12]—‘Saṃvega’ means earnest desire for salvation and ‘śama’ refraining even from thinking of doing harm even to an offender. These are two characteristics of saṃyaktva out of five. See The Jaina Religion and Literature (Ch XXI)
-
General definition (in Jainism)
Sama (सम).— The samas are a group of celestial beings living in the lower regions of adholoka (lower world) according to Jaina cosmology. Adholoka is made up of seven regions and offers residence to the infernal beings existing within these lands.
Śama (शम, “tranquility”) refers to an aspect of samyaktva (right belief) classified under the liṅga, while its synonym upaśama falls under the guṇa heading, according to various Jain authors (e.g., Cāmuṇḍarāya, Amitagati and Vasunandin). Hemacandra, in his 12th century Yogaśāstra verse 2.15 takes śama or upaśama to imply the stilling of the kaṣāyas.
Sāma (साम) is a Prakrit name referring to “beings of a light-black complexion” and is mentioned as an example name for deriving personal names mentioned in the Aṅgavijjā chapter 26. This chapter includes general rules to follow when deriving proper names. The Aṅgavijjā (mentioning sāma) is an ancient treatise from the 3rd century CE dealing with physiognomic readings, bodily gestures and predictions and was written by a Jain ascetic in 9000 Prakrit stanzas.
Śama (शम) participated in the war between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in Svayambhūdeva’s Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or Rāmāyaṇapurāṇa) chapter 57ff. Svayambhū or Svayambhūdeva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular Rāma story as known from the older work Rāmāyaṇa (written by Vālmīki). Various chapters [mentioning Śama] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as akṣauhiṇīs) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.
1) Śama (शम, “tranquillity”) or Śamalakṣaṇa refers to one of the five Lakṣaṇas (“characteristics”), according to chapter 1.1 [ādīśvara-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.—Accordingly, “[...] Vajranābha acquired strong Tirthakṛt-body-making and family-karma by the twenty sthānakas as follows:—[...] The ninth [sthānaka] is right-belief, free from the faults of doubt, etc., adorned with the qualities of firmness, etc., characterized by tranquillity, etc. [viz., śama-lakṣaṇa] [...]”.
Note: The characteristics (lakṣaṇa) are: tranquillity (śama); desire for emancipation (saṃvega); disgust with the world (nirveda); compassion (anukampa); faith in the principles of truth (āstikya).—(cf. Yogaśāstra 2.15.)
Saṃvega (“desire for emancipation”) as one of the five characteristics of Saṃyagdarśana (“right-belief”), is also mentioned in chapter 1.3 in Ṛṣabha’s sermon:—
“[...] mokṣa is attained by those who practice unceasingly the brilliant triad of knowledge, faith, and conduct. Attachment to the principles told by the scriptures is called ‘right-belief’ (saṃyakśraddhāna or saṃyagdarśana), and is produced by intuition or instruction of a Guru. [...] Right-belief is marked by five characteristics: equanimity, desire for emancipation, disgust with existence, compassion, belief in principles of truth. Equanimity (śama) is the non-rising of the worst degree of passions, either by nature or from the sight of the results of passions”.
2) Śama (शम, “tranquillity”) refers to a “perfectly symmetrical body” and represents the first of the six caturasra-susaṃsthana (“symmetrical bodies”), according to chapter 1.2.—(cf. Samavāyāṅgasūtra 155, p. 150. Sthānāṅgasūtra 495, pp. 357-8.
Sama (सम) refers to “similar [akṣaras]”, as taught in the Paṇhavāgaraṇa (Sanskrit: Praśnavyākaraṇa): the tenth Anga of the Jain canon which deals with the prophetic explanation of queries regarding divination.—The Praśnavyākaraṇa deals with the praśnavidyā in a rather complex way. It is divided into at least 33 short chapters [e.g., sama-viṣama-prakaraṇa], some of which are further divided into sub-chapters. Some contents of the text, mainly those related with articulation and pronunciation can have significance far beyond the scope of the praśnavidyā.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Sama.—cf. sam-ālindakam (LP), ‘with a terrace in front of the door.’ Note: sama is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
Shama [शामा] in the Hindi language is the name of a plant identified with Echinochloa colona (L.) Link from the Poaceae (Grass) family. For the possible medicinal usage of shama, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
1) Sa-ma in India is the name of a plant defined with Desmos dumosus in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Unona dumosa Roxb. (among others).
2) Sa-ma in Tibet is also identified with Prosopis cineraria It has the synonym Adenanthera aculeata (Roxb.) W. Hunter (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Mantissa Plantarum (1767)
· Systema Naturae, ed. 12 (1767)
· Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (1919)
· Regnum Vegetabile, or ‘a Series of Handbooks for the Use of Plant Taxonomists and Plant Geographers’ (1993)
· Australian Journal of Botany (1997)
· Systema Naturae, ed. 10
If you are looking for specific details regarding Sa-ma, for example pregnancy safety, extract dosage, side effects, chemical composition, health benefits, diet and recipes, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
sama : (adj.) even; equal; level; similar. (m.), calmness; tranquillity. || samā (f.) a year. sāma (adj.) black; dark. (m.) 1. peace. sāmā (f.) a kind of medical plant; a woman of dark complexion.
1) Sāma, 2 (nt.) (perhaps=Vedic sāman) song, sacred song, devotion, worship, propitiation D. II, 288. (Page 704)
2) Sāma, 1 (cp. Vedic śyāma black & śyāva brown; Av. syāva; Ags. h&amacremacr; ven blue (=E. heaven); Gr. skoiόs, skiά (shadow)=Sk. chāyā; Goth. skeinan=shine, etc. ) 1. black, dark (something like deep brown) Vin. IV, 120 (kāḷasāma dark blue (?)); D. I, 193; M. I, 246 (different from kāḷa); J. VI, 187 (°aṃ mukhaṃ dark, i.e. on account of bad spirits); Vism. 422 (opp. to odāta in colour of skin).—2. yellow, of a golden colour, beautiful J. II, 44, 45 (migī); V, 215 (suvaṇṇa-sāmā), 366 (suvaṇṇa-vaṇṇa).—f. sāmā, q. v.—See sabala. (Page 704)
3) Sāmā, (f) (Sk. śyāmā Halāyudha 2, 38; see sāma1, sāmalatā, and sāmāka) a medicinal plant J. IV, 92 (bhisasāmā, C. bhisāni ca sāmākā ca); the Priyangu creeper J. I, 500; V, 405. (Page 704)
4) Sama, 3 (adj.) (Vedic sama, fr. sa2; see etym. under saṃ°) 1. even, level J. I, 315; III, 172; Mhvs 23, 51. samaṃ karoti to level Dh. 178; SnA 66. Opp. visama.—2. like, equal, the same D. I, 123, 174; S. I, 12; Sn. 90, 226, 799, 842; It. 17, 64; Dh. 306; Miln. 4. The compared noun is put in the Instr.; or precedes as first part of cpd. ‹-› 3. impartial, upright, of even mind, just A. I, 74, 293 sq.; Sn. 215, 468, 952.—4. sama°, foll. by numerals, means “altogether, ”. e.g. °tiṃsa thirty altogether Bu 18, 18.—5. Cases as adv. : Instr. samena with justice, impartially (=dhammena K. S. I. 321) Dh. 257; J. I, 180; Acc. samaṃ equally D. II, 166; together with, at, D. II, 288; Mhvs 11, 12.
5) Sama, 2 (fr. śram: see sammati2) fatigue J. VI, 565. (Page 681)
6) Sama, 1 (fr. śam: see sammati1) calmness, tranquillity, mental quiet Sn. 896. samaṃ carati to become calm, quiescent J. IV, 172. Cp. °cariyā & °cārin. (Page 681)
7) Samā, (f.) (Vedic samā) 1. a year Dh. 106; Mhvs 7, 78. ‹-› 2. in agginisamā a pyre Sn. 668, 670. (Page 684)
Sama (in Pali) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 寂靜 [jì jìng]: “calm abiding”; “quiescence”.
2) Sāma (in Pali) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 商莫迦 [shāng mò jiā]: “Śāmaka” [name of a Bodhisattva].
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
1) Śama (शम).—m (S) Stilling, subduing, reducing to nullity or into inoperativeness (of the passions and affections): also stilledness or stillness, subdued state (of the mind and passions); stoicism, apathy, indifference, quietism. This conquest of the mind is one of the six duties incumbent upon the vēdāntī. The other five duties are dama Government of the senses and animal appetites; tapa Practice of mortification and austerities; titikṣā Patience, sufferance, endurance of the good and evil of mortal life; śraddhā Reverential faith in the Vedas and Shastras; samādhāna Restraining of the mind from external objects and fixing of it stedfastly in contemplation. 2 Stilling, tranquilizing, calming, composing generally: also stillness, tranquillity, quiet and unruffled state generally. 3 Final happiness; emancipation from mundane existence. śamadama or śamadamādi The duties comprehensively of the Vedantist,--śama and so forth. śamadamādi- sādhanasaṃyukta Provided with the measures (towards ultimate beatitude) of conquest of the mind and subjugation of the senses and appetites.
2a) śāma (शाम).—m S A country, Siam.
2b) śāma (शाम).—Corruptions of śyāma, śyāmakarṇa &c.
3a) sama (सम).—a (S) Equal, like, similar, identical. Useful compounds are numerous; as samakāla, samadēśa, sama-gati-kānti-guṇa -gōtra -jāti -sukha -dhana -vibhāga -śīla- svabhāva -bala -parākrama -rāśi -vēśa -dārḍhya, samāhāra & samā- hārī, samōdyōgī, and others in order. 2 Even, level, smooth: also direct or straight: also uniform. 3 Even;--as a number. 4 Equal, alike, indifferent to; not having partiality or preference. 5 Neutral or indifferent; neither hostile nor friendly; having neither of two natures or qualities specified.
3b) sama (सम).—n S A figure of rhetoric,--identity of objects compared. 2 A point at which a vertical circle cuts the horizon. 3 In geometry. A mean.
4a) samā (समा).—m C A demon or fiend of a particular order. 2 High tide. 3 fig. The height, meridian, zenith, spring, prime; the season of greatest abundance or prevalence. 4 Unanimity, concert, concurrence.
4b) sāma (साम).—n (S) The Sama Veda, the third of the four Vedas. It consists of hymns or formulӔ of praise to the various deities, and it is always chanted or sung. 2 A formula or verse of this Veda, any distinct portion. 3 Conciliating, appeasing, soothing, softening. 4 One of the four modes of overcoming an enemy or means of success against an opponent,--adulatory or suppliant speech and deportment. These four are sāma, dāna, daṇḍa, bhēda Conciliating; Making of presents; Beating or fighting; Dividing or fomenting dissension.
4c) sāma (साम).—a S (sa & āma) A term of medicine. Having connection with crudities, i. e. proceeding from indigestion;--a disorder. Opp. to nirāma.
1) Śama (शम).—m Subduing. Stilling. Final happi- ness. Restraining one's sense.
2) sama (सम).—a Equal, like. Even, level, smooth. Even. as a number. Alike, not having partiality or preference. Neutral.
3) samā (समा).—m High tide. Fig. The height. Concert.
4) sāma (साम).—n The third of the four Vedas. Con- ciliating.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Śama (शम).—[śam-ghañ]
1) Quiet, tranquillity, calmness; धृतिं न विन्दामि शमं च विष्णो (dhṛtiṃ na vindāmi śamaṃ ca viṣṇo) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 11.24.
2) Rest, calm, repose, cessation.
3) Absence or restraint of passions, mental quietness, quietism; शमरतेऽमरतेजसि पार्थिवे (śamarate'maratejasi pārthive) R.9.4; Kirātārjunīya 1.1;16.48; Śiśupālavadha 2.94; Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 1.4.
4) Allayment, mitigation, alleviation, satisfaction, pacification (of grief, thirst, hunger &c.); शममुपयातु ममापि चित्तदाहः (śamamupayātu mamāpi cittadāhaḥ) Uttararāmacarita 6.8; शम- मेष्यति मम शोकः कथं नु वत्से (śama- meṣyati mama śokaḥ kathaṃ nu vatse) Ś.4.21.
5) Peace; as in अस्माकं शमकामा वै त्वं च पुत्रो ममेत्यथ (asmākaṃ śamakāmā vai tvaṃ ca putro mametyatha) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.1.27; शमोपन्यास (śamopanyāsa) Ve.5.
6) Final emancipation (from all worldly illusions and attachments).
7) The hand.
8) Cure of disease, convalescence.
9) Indifference, apathy.
Derivable forms: śamaḥ (शमः).
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—a.
1) Same, identical.
2) Equal, as in समलोष्टकाञ्चनः (samaloṣṭakāñcanaḥ) R.8.21; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 2.7; सुखदुःखे समे कृत्वा लाभालाभौ जयाजयौ (sukhaduḥkhe same kṛtvā lābhālābhau jayājayau) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.38; समः शत्रौ च मित्रे च तथा मानापमानयोः । शीतोष्णसुख- दुःखेषु समः संगविवर्जितः (samaḥ śatrau ca mitre ca tathā mānāpamānayoḥ | śītoṣṇasukha- duḥkheṣu samaḥ saṃgavivarjitaḥ) || 12.18.
3) Like, similar, resembling; with instr. or gen. or in comp. गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रोऽपि नेश्वरैरगुणैः समः (guṇayukto daridro'pi neśvarairaguṇaiḥ samaḥ) Subhāṣ.; Kumārasambhava 3.13.
4) Even, level, plain; समवेशवर्तिनस्ते न दुरासदो भविष्यति (samaveśavartinaste na durāsado bhaviṣyati) Ś.1.
5) Even (as number).
6) Impartial, fair; शुनि चैव श्वपाके च पण्डिताः समदर्शिनः (śuni caiva śvapāke ca paṇḍitāḥ samadarśinaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 5.18.
7) Just, honest, upright.
8) Good, virtuous.
9) Ordinary, common.
1) Mean, middling.
11) Straight.
12) Suitable, convenient.
13) Indifferent, unmoved, unaffected by passion.
14) All, every one.
15) All, whole, entire, complete.
16) Being a pair.
17) Regular, normal.
18) Middling.
19) Easy, convenient.
-maḥ 1 Name of certain zodiacal signs (vṛṣa, karkaṭa, kanyā, vṛścika, makara, and mīna).
2) A mode of measuring time in music.
3) The point of intersection of the horizon and the meridian line.
4) A kind of straight line placed over a numerical figure to mark the process of extracting the square root.
-mam 1 A level plain, flat country; संनिपत्य शनकैरिव निम्नादन्धकारमुदवाप समानि (saṃnipatya śanakairiva nimnādandhakāramudavāpa samāni) Kirātārjunīya 9. 11.
2) (In rhet.) Name of a figure of speech.
3) (In geometry) A mean proportional segment.
4) Equanimity.
5) Similarity.
6) Settlement; compensation; कर्मणापि समं कुर्याद्धनिकायाधमर्णिकः (karmaṇāpi samaṃ kuryāddhanikāyādhamarṇikaḥ) Manusmṛti 8.177.
7) Good circumstances; Mk.
-sam ind.
1) With, together with, in company with, accompanied by; (with instr.); आहां निवत्स्यति समं हरिणाङ्गनाभिः (āhāṃ nivatsyati samaṃ hariṇāṅganābhiḥ) Ś.1.26; R.2.25;8.63; 16.72.
2) Equally; समं सर्वेषु भूतेषु (samaṃ sarveṣu bhūteṣu) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 13.27.28; यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् (yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayate samam) Manusmṛti 9.311.
3) Like, similarly, in the same manner; यत्र स्वामी निर्विशेषं समं मृत्येषु वर्तते (yatra svāmī nirviśeṣaṃ samaṃ mṛtyeṣu vartate) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.78.
4) Entirely.
5) Simultaneously, all at once, at the same time, together; नवं पयो यत्र धनैर्मया च त्वद्विप्रयोगाश्रु समं विसृष्टम् (navaṃ payo yatra dhanairmayā ca tvadviprayogāśru samaṃ visṛṣṭam) R.13.26;4.4;1.59;14.1.
6) Honestly, fairly.
--- OR ---
Samā (समा).—(generally in pl., but used by Pāṇini in sing. also, e. g. samāṃ samām P.V.2.12.) A year; तेनाष्टौ परिगमिताः समाः कथंचित् (tenāṣṭau parigamitāḥ samāḥ kathaṃcit) R.8.92; तयोश्चतुर्दशैकेन रामं प्राव्राजयत् समाः (tayoścaturdaśaikena rāmaṃ prāvrājayat samāḥ) 12.6; 19.4; Mv.4.41. -ind. With, together with.
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम).—a. Undigested, crude; Charaka.
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम).—Likeness, similarity.
Derivable forms: sāmam (सामम्).
Śama (शम).—cubit? see śama-sāmantakam.
--- OR ---
Śāma (शाम).—also sāma, q.v., semi-MIndic for Sanskrit śyāma, dark; in kāḍi-śāma, and ms. for śyāma-śavala, qq.v.
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम).—(= Pali id.; see also śāma) = Sanskrit śyāma, dark: iha…vitarka-sāmo (em.; most mss. °samo, un- metrical(ly); 2 mss. sabhūmau, probably intending sadhūmo, see Foucaux, Notes, 194; sadhūma would be barely possible metrically; Tibetan according to Foucaux obscured by smoke) mahā- madanavahniḥ Lalitavistara 373.15 (verse), here the great fire of passion, dark with ratiocination (as with smoke)…
Śama (शम).—m.
(-maḥ) 1. Quiet of mind, stoicism, indifference, the absence of passion, as one of the qualities of the Vedanti or follower of the Vedanta doctrine; it is defined to be the exclusion of every idea not derived from the precepts of that philosophy, and is so far synonomous with abstract meditation on Brahma, or God. 2. Quiet, tranquillity, rest, calm, (in general.) 3. Final happiness, emancipation from human existence. 4. Cure, convalescence, alleviation of pain or disease. 5. Abuse, imprecation, malediction. 6. The hand. E. śam to be pacified or calm, aff. ghañ, and the vowel not made long.
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—mfn. Pron.
(-maḥ-mā-maṃ) 1. All, whole, entire. (Adj.) 1. Like, similar. 2. Good, virtuous. 3. Full, complete. 4. Same, even, equal. 5. Indifferent, impartial. 6. Mean. f.
(-mā) 1. A year. 2. Even, plain, level. 3. Same. 4. Equal. 5. Convenient. 6. Straight. 7. Indifferent, impartial, fair. 8. Common. 9. Like, similar. 10. Free from emotion. 11. Good, virtuous. 12. Honest, just. 13. Full, complete, &c.: see samā: n.
(-maṃ) 1. A figure of rhetoric, identity or sameness of objects compared to one another. 2. (In geometry), A mean; a fourth proportional to the two perpendiculars and the link or segment. E. sam to be confused or unconfused, aff. ac .
--- OR ---
Samā (समा).—f.
(-mā) Year; (according to Amara'S lexicon this word is always used in the plural: Panini however, uses it in the singular.) Ind. With, together with. E. sama + ac—ṭāp .
Śama (शम).—[śam + a], m. 1. Rest, quiet, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] [distich] 96; tranquillity. 2. Disregarding the objects of sense, [Vedāntasāra, (in my Chrestomathy.)] in
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—[sa + ma], I. adj. 1. Even, plain, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] 5, 14; [Pañcatantra] ii. [distich] 188. 2. Same, [Hitopadeśa] 116, 18. 3. Equal, Mahābhārata 10, 622; samaṃ kṛ, To balaṇce, to pay, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 177. 4. Convenient, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 1880; [Nalodya, (ed. Benary.)] 4, 8 (voice, neither too low nor too loud). 5. Straight, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] [distich] 9. 6. Looking on unmoved, (with gen. and loc.), Mahābhārata 1, 1061; 1942. 7. Impartial, indifferent, [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 6, 16. 8. Mean, common, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 7, 85; [Hitopadeśa] pr. [distich] 42, M.M. (not pre-eminent). 9. Like, similar,
Śama (शम).—1. [adjective] tame, domestic.
--- OR ---
Śama (शम).—2. [masculine] peace of mind.
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—1. [pronoun] any, every.
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—2. [adjective] even, smooth, parallel; like, equal to ([instrumental], [genetive], or —°) or in ([instrumental], tas, [locative], or —°); (always) the same, unaltered; common, mediocre; indifferent, neutral; harmless, good, honest, fair, convenient, easy. [neuter] & °— [adverb] equally, like, along, together, precisely, exactly, fairly; [neuter] as subst. plain, evenness, balance, compensation, right measure or proportion, indifference, equanimity.
--- OR ---
Sama (सम).—3. [neuter] (—°) = samā year.
--- OR ---
Samā (समा).—[feminine] half-year, season, year.
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम).—[neuter] equality.
--- OR ---
Samā (समा).—measure, make equal to or compare with ([instrumental]), apportion, distribute, grant, bestow. — Cf. anumita, upamita ([additions]), ni/rmita, pa/rimita, pratimita, pramita, sa/ṃmita.
Samā is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms sa and mā (मा).
1) Śama (शम):—[from śam] m. tranquillity, calmness, rest, equanimity, quietude or quietism, absence of passion, abstraction from eternal objects through intense meditation (śamaṃ √kṛ, ‘to calm one’s self’, ‘be tranquil’), [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] peace, peace with (sārdham), [Mahābhārata]
3) [v.s. ...] Quietism or Tranquillity (personified as a son of Dharma and husband of Prāpti), [Mahābhārata]
4) [v.s. ...] tranquillization, pacification, allayment, alleviation, cessation, extinction, [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
5) [v.s. ...] absence of sexual passion or excitement, impotence, [Tāṇḍya-brāhmaṇa]
6) [v.s. ...] alleviation or cure of disease, convalescence, [Horace H. Wilson]
7) [v.s. ...] final happiness, emancipation from all the illusions of existence, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) [v.s. ...] indifference, apathy, [Rājataraṅgiṇī]
9) [v.s. ...] the hand (cf. śaya), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
10) [v.s. ...] imprecation, malediction ([wrong reading] for śapa), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
11) [v.s. ...] Name of a king of the Nandi-vegas, [Mahābhārata]
12) [v.s. ...] of a son of Andhaka, [Harivaṃśa]
13) [v.s. ...] of a son of Dharma-sūtra, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
14) Śamā (शमा):—[from śama > śam] f. Name of a divine female, [Pāraskara-gṛhya-sūtra]
15) Śama (शम):—[from śam] mfn. tame, domestic, [Ṛg-veda i, 32, 15; 33, 15.]
16) Śāma (शाम):—mfn. (√1. śam) appeasing, curing, having curative properties, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
17) Śāmā (शामा):—f. ([probably]) a kind of plant (used for curing leprosy), [Atharva-veda i, 24, 4] (Paipp. śyāmā).
18) Sama (सम):—1 mfn. (connected with 7. sa and with 2. sama and samāna; cf. samaha, used as [pronoun]: declined like sarva e.g. samasmai, [Ṛg-veda vi, 51, 6]) any, every, [Ṛg-veda]
19) cf. [Greek] ἁμός, ἀμός; [Gothic] suma; [Anglo-Saxon] sum; [English] some.
20) 2. sama mf(ā)n. ([probably] originally identical with [preceding]; cf. samāna) even, smooth, flat, plain, level, parallel (karṇa-s, ‘on a level with the ear’; bhūmior bhūmeḥ samaṃ-√kṛ, ‘to make level with the earth’), [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.
21) same, equal, similar, like, equivalent, like to or identical or homogeneous with ([instrumental case] e.g. mayā sama, ‘like to me’; or [genitive case], rarely [ablative]), like in or with regard to anything ([instrumental case] [genitive case] [locative case], or -tas, or [compound]; samaṃ-√kṛ, ‘to make equal, balance’), [ib.]
22) always the same, constant, unchanged, fair, impartial towards ([locative case] or [genitive case]), [ib.]
23) even (not ‘odd’), a pair, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā]
24) having the right measure, regular, normal, right, straight (samaṃ-√kṛ, ‘to put right or in order’), [Aitareya-brāhmaṇa] etc. etc.
25) equable, neutral, indifferent, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā]
26) equally distant from extremes, ordinary, common, middling, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
27) just, upright, good, straight, honest, [ib.]
28) easy, convenient, [Pañcatantra]
29) full, complete, whole, entire, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
30) m. peace (perhaps [wrong reading] for śama), [Rāmāyaṇa; Kāmandakīya-nītisāra]
31) the point of intersection of the horizon and the meridian line, [Golādhyāya]
32) Name of [particular] zodiacal signs ([especially] Vṛṣa, Karkaṭa, Kanyā, Vṛścika, Makara, and Mina), [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
33) a kind of straight line placed over a numerical figure to mark the process of extracting the square root, [ib.]
34) (in music) a kind of time, [Saṃgīta-sārasaṃgraha]
35) a grass-conflagration, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
36) a Jina, [Demetrius Galanos’s Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes]
37) Name of a son of Dharma, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
38) of a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, [Mahābhārata]
39) of a king of the Nandi-vegas ([varia lectio] śama), [ib.]
40) Samā (समा):—[from sama] a f. a year See samā p.1153
41) Sama (सम):—n. level ground, a plain (same bhūmyāḥ, ‘on level ground’), [Atharva-veda; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa]
42) equability, equanimity, imperturbability, [Mahābhārata]
43) likeness, similarity, equality (ena, ‘equally, in the same manner’), [Kāśikā-vṛtti on Pāṇini 2-3, 18]
44) right measure or proportion (ena, ‘exactly, precisely’), [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa]
45) settlement, compensation, [Manu-smṛti viii, 177]
46) good circumstances, [Mṛcchakaṭikā]
47) (in [rhetoric]) a [particular] figure, sameness of objects compared to one another, [Pratāparudrīya; Kuvalayānanda]
48) (in [geometry]) a mean proportional segment (described as a fourth proportional to the two perpendiculars and the link or segment, and used for solving problems in a trapezium), [Colebrooke]
49) = samā f. a year (See pāpa-s, puṇya-s, and su-ṣama)
50) cf. [Greek] ἅμα, ὁμός, ὁμαλός; [Latin] similis; [German] same, -sam; [English] same.
51) Samā (समा):—[from sama] b f. (of 2. sama above) a year, [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc. (also sama n. in pāpa-sama, puṇya-s, su-ṣama)
52) [v.s. ...] a half-year, [Atharva-veda]
53) [v.s. ...] season, weather, [Aitareya-brāhmaṇa; Kauśika-sūtra; Nirukta, by Yāska]
54) [v.s. ...] a day, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
55) Sama (सम):—[=sa-ma] 3. sa-ma mfn. ([from] 7. sa+mā) ‘together with Lakṣmi’, happy, prosperous, [Nalôd.]
56) Samā (समा):—c See p. 1153, col. 2.
57) Sāma (साम):—1. sāma n. ([from] 1. sama, of which it is also the Vṛddhi form in [compound]) likeness, similarity, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
58) 2. sāma mfn. undigested, crude, not sufficiently prepared or matured (a morbid state of the humours), [Caraka; Bhāvaprakāśa]
59) [from sāman] 3. sāma in [compound] for 2. sāman.
60) [from sāman] 4. sāma in [compound] for 3. sāman.
61) [from sāman] 5. sāma (ifc.) = sāman3 (See anu-ava-s).
1) Śama (शम):—(maḥ) 1. m. Quiet of mind; stoicism; final bliss, rest; respit; hand; abuse.
2) Sama (सम):—[(maḥ-mā-maṃ) a.] Whole, all, complete; good; same, equal, like; impartial; mean. 1. f. A year. n. A figure in rhetoric; identity.
3) Sāma (साम):—(ka) sāmayati 10. a. To conciliate; to tranquillize.
Śama (शम):—(von 2. śam) m. gaṇa vṛṣādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 1, 203. Scholiast] zu [7, 3, 34.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 26, 170.] = śānti, śamatha [Amarakoṣa 3, 3, 3.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 2, 9.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 304.]
1) Gemüthsruhe, Seelenruhe: śamo nirīhāvasthāyāmātmaviśrāmajaṃ sukham [Sāhityadarpana 76, 6.] śamaḥ śravaṇādivyatiriktaviṣayebhyo manaso nigrahaḥ [Vedāntasāra] (Allah.) [No. 12.] [Oxforder Handschriften 223], b, [No. 544.] [Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1, 2, 13.] [TAITT. Upakośā 1, 9.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 20. 2, 95. 214.] śame syādyatnavān [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 92.] [Bhagavadgītā 6, 3. 10, 4.] [Mahābhārata 3, 2248.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 21, 39. 33, 12. 95, 13.] [Kirātārjunīya 10, 10.] muktirnāpi śamaṃ vinā [Spr. (II) 3520.] dhātuṣu kṣīyamāṇeṣu śamaḥ kasya na jāyate [?4180. (I) 2197 (pl.) 3019. Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 381. 390. Oxforder Handschriften 208], b, [29.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 76.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 9, 26. 31, 33. 4, 8, 35.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 156, 6. fgg. 157, 3. 169, 11.] sukhamanantam [Spr. (II) 668. 855.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 297.] saukhya [Spr. (II) 2605.] sudhā [(I) 2045.] pradhāneṣu tapodhaneṣu [5062.] śamaparāśca narāḥ [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 15, 21.] śamātmaka [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 1, 77, 7.] śame niviṣṭaḥ [Mahābhārata 13, 3401.] śamamāsthitaḥ [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 1, 77, 26.] svayamāgācchamam [Mahābhārata 1, 506.] indraḥ śamaṃ yayau [Kathāsaritsāgara 49, 196.] śamaṃ kuru beruhige dich [37, 236.] śamaṃ cakre [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 56, 22.] śama eveha kāryaḥ [Spr. (II) 3937.] śamaṃ na lebhe [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 85, 19.] śamamāpa [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 1, 57, 21.] śamaṃ vātmani saṃdhayet [KĀM. NĪTIS. 17, 28.] kriyatāṃ pāṇḍavaiḥ sārdhaṃ śamaḥ so v. a. es werde Friede gemacht [Mahābhārata 6, 2933.] als sthāyibhāva [Sāhityadarpana 238.] [Halāyudha 1, 91.] vyasanin Apathie [Rājataraṅgiṇī 2, 143.] nīcameḍhra [Pañcaviṃśabrāhmaṇa] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 34], N. ewige Ruhe so v. a. Erlösung [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 1, 1, 133.] —
2) Ruhe, Beruhigung überh. (z. B. des Meeres), Beschwichtigung, Besänftigung, das Aufhören, Nachlassen, Erlöschen: kṣubhyatprakopāveśasāgaraḥ śamamanīyata [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 511.] aśubhaṃ śamamupayāti [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 5, 62. 46, 51.] śamamupaiti [5. 6.] gatvā roṣasya vai śamam [Mahābhārata 4, 785.] śamameṣyati mama śokaḥ kathaṃ nu [ŚAK. 96.] sākaṃ bhūpālaśokena durbhikṣaṃ ca śamaṃ yayau [Rājataraṅgiṇī 2, 54.] pratibhaya [Spr. 5152.] meghaunmukhya [2691.] śrama [Śiśupālavadha 4, 62.] aśeṣasaṃkleśa [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 7, 14.] nītaḥ pradīpaḥ śamam [Spr. (II) 990.] yathāgnirna śamaṃ vrajet [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 99, 14.] śamamupayātu mamāpi cittadāhaḥ [UTTARAR. 106, 13 (144, 13).] —
3) Hand (vgl. śaya) [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 591.] —
4) die personif. Gemüthsruhe ist ein Sohn des Tages [Mahābhārata 1, 2587.] des Dharma und Gatte der Prāpti [2596. fg.] —
5) Nomen proprium eines Sohnes des Andhaka [Harivaṃśa 2015] (śami die neuere Ausg.). des Dharmasūtra [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 9, 22, 46.] — Vgl. niḥ .
--- OR ---
Śāmā (शामा):—f. wohl Name einer Pflanze, die gegen Aussatz dient, [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 1, 24, 4.]
--- OR ---
Sama (सम):—1. enklitisches Pron. [Śāntanācārya’s Phiṭsūtrāṇi 4, 10.] samasmai, smāt, smin, same m. pl. gaṇa sarvādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 27.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 3, 9.] jeder, irgend einer [das 4, 2.] [Yāska’s Nirukta 5, 22. 10, 5.] [Amarakoṣa 3, 2, 14.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1433.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 340.] [Medinīkoṣa Manu’s Gesetzbuch 35.] [Ṛgveda 1, 176, 4. 5, 24, 3. 6, 27, 3. 42, 4. 51, 6.] tayā samasya.hṛdaya.ā rikha [53, 8. 8, 21, 8.] a.ya.e same [39, 1. 64, 9.] sva.ātsamasya.kasya cit [9, 29, 5. 61, 30. 10, 29, 4. 54, 3.] namaḥ samasmātpūrvasmai [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 3, 37,] [Śloka 1.] — Vgl. samaha .
--- OR ---
Sama (सम):—2.
1) adj. (f. ā). Verhalten eines fem. vor samā in einem comp. gaṇa priyādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 34.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 6, 13.] a) eben, planus, in gleicher Lage befindlich; parallel [Ṛgveda 5, 83, 7.] kālaḥ samaviṣamakaraḥ [Spr. (II) 1693] samaṃ ca viṣamaṃ caiva na prājñāyata (so ed. Bomb.) kiṃ ca na [Mahābhārata 6, 5644.] die Erde, Gegend, Boden, Platz [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 6, 35.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 3, 1, 1, 2.] [Mahābhārata 13, 1436. 14, 1542.] [Harivaṃśa 358. 360.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 5, 9. 2, 55, 33. 56, 11. 80, 9. 91, 29. 3, 21, 18. 29, 2. 4, 44, 85.] [KĀM. NĪTIS. 14, 32. 36. 15, 6.] [Śākuntala 5, 14.] [Amarakoṣa 3,4, 7, 34.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 9, 24. 28, 10. 48, 17. 53, 88.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 18, 91.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 17, 4. 18, 11. 29. 5, 9, 12. 7, 15, 31.] tīrtha [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 2, 7.] śilātala [Mahābhārata 1, 7716.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 96, 6.] Weg [Mahābhārata 5, 5203. 6049.] [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 86, 17.] [Spr. (II) 5481. 6119. 6662. 7463.] jihvā susamā [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 68, 53.] piṇḍa glatt [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 105.] yadā devaveśma bhaviṣyati samaṃ bhūmeḥ der Erde gleich werden [Kathāsaritsāgara 121, 147.] devakulaṃ bhūmisamaṃ kuru [180.] devagṛhaṃ bhūmisamaṃ vyadhāt [182.] vediśroṇyā pārṣṇī samāṃ nidhāya [Aśvalāyana’s Śrautasūtrāni 1, 1, 23.] bhrūsamena sūtreṇa [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 58, 7.] gamane (einer Person) karṇasamaścet wenn (eine Krähe) in der Höhe des Ohres (vorbeifliegt) [95, 25.] jaṭharaśiras adj. Bauch und Kopf in gleicher Höhe haltend [morgenländischen Gesellschaft 27, 26.] — b) gleich (ähnlich) [Amarakoṣa 2, 10, 37. 3, 4, 14, 80.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1461.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 340.] [Medinīkoṣa Manu’s Gesetzbuch 35.] [Halāyudha 4, 9.] [Ṛgveda 8, 1, 6.] sa.au ci.dhastau.na sa.aṃ viviṣṭaḥ [10, 117, 9.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 2, 11, 1.] [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 4, 19.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 6, 2, 1, 19. 9, 5, 2, 9. 12, 2, 2, 3.] [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 2, 3, 31.] [ĀŚV. GṚHY. 2, 8, 3.] keśāntāḥ [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 1, 5.] [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 17, 23.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā] [Prātiśākhya 17, 2.] vṛtta gleichartig d. i. aus gleichen Theilen (Pāda) bestehend [Weber’s Indische Studien 8, 326. 468.] mauñjī trivṛtsamā (mekhalā) so v. a. mit gleich langen Fäden [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 42. 3, 49. 4, 224.] mā kṛḍhvaṃ viṣamaṃ samam [225. 8, 73. 177.] kanyā von gleichem Range [366.] na samau nāsamau [10, 73.] aṃśāḥ [9, 116.] vibhāga [120. 134.] sākṣiṇaḥ von beiden Seiten gleich an Zahl und Beschaffenheit [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 87] (allesammt [STENZLER]; dann müsste aber same, nicht samāḥ stehen). samodaka adj. gleich viel Wasser enthaltend [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 409.] samākṣaraiścaturbhiḥ pādaiḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 2, 43. 45.] daśanāḥ [3, 52, 27. 5, 14, 17.] [Spr. (II) 3216. 4536. 5941. 6868.] [Śākuntala 57.] vayorūparamaṇīya [13, 10.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 47, 17. 66, 1. 68, 4.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 115. 32, 45.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 204.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 2, 3, 6. 3, 32, 24. 4, 20, 13.] yaḥ strīmukhaṃ ca śaśinaṃ ca samaṃ karoti einander gleichstellen [Spr. (II) 3149.] sukhaduḥkhe same kṛtvā [Bhagavadgītā 2, 38] (vgl. samasukhaduḥkha). majjataḥ in Bezug auf [LĀṬY. 2, 6, 1.] akṣara desgl. [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 2, 21.] diksama der Richtung nach gleich, in derselben Richtung gelegen [Sūryasiddhānta 4, 25.] mit instr. oder gen. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 72.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 5, 10. 23.] sa.o de.airu.a śri.ā (in Bezug auf) [Ṛgveda 6, 48, 19.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 14, 4, 1, 24.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 131. 172. 4, 184. 5, 142. 9, 130.] [Mahābhārata 5, 6001.] na samā mama vīryasya śatāṃśenāpi piṇḍitāḥ [10, 622.] [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 8, 38. 7, 17, 24.] [Raghuvaṃśa 2, 9.] [Spr. (II) 329. 5572. 7504.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 5, 392.] guṇayukto daridro pi neśvarairaguṇaiḥ samaḥ so v. a. mehr werth [Spr. (II) 2157.] śakrasya samaprabhāvaḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 955.] na samāstasya mānuṣāḥ [2098.] buddhyā samo yasya naro na vidyate [15711.] na saubhāgye u. s. w. samo loke tava [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 24, 15. 5, 2, 9. 10.] [Spr. (II) 2930.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 27.] ātmanaḥ samaṃ kar sich selbst gleich stellen [18, 79.] in comp. mit der Ergänzung [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 1, 31.] udātta [Taittirīyasaṃhitā] [Prātiśākhya 1, 42. 45. fg.] [ŚVETĀŚV. Upakośā 6, 8.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 9. 2, 188. 4, 85. 8, 191. fg. 10, 94. 103. 11, 41.] [Mahābhārata 1, 5924. 6133. 5, 6048.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 6.] kṣamayā pṛthivīsamaḥ [?19. 2, 26, 32. Raghuvaṃśa 3, 13. 23. Śākuntala 136. 187. Spr. (II) 2024. 3053. 3772. 4287. Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 53, 30. Vetālapañcaviṃśati in Lassen’s Anthologie (III) 1, 12. Brahmapurāṇa ebend. 50, 14.] vāyuvegasama = vāyusamavega [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 40, 17.] hiraṇmaya = hiraṇya [4, 44, 17.] der Bedeutung nach gleich [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 1, 53. 2, 24.] khaṭvayā [2, 6, 3, 39.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 1, 1, 124. fg.] am Ende eines comp. [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 5.] homogen (Laut) [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 1, 4.] dviḥ doppelt so gross: doṣa [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 285.] — c) sich gleich bleibend, nach wie vor —, unter verschiedenen Verhältnissen derselbe, unverändert: sa vairadeya.itsa.aḥ [Ṛgveda 5, 61, 8.] sa.o di.ā dadṛśe.rocamānaḥ [7, 62, 1.] [Chāndogyopaniṣad 2, 9, 1.] mukharāga [Raghuvaṃśa 12, 8.] vṛtti [14, 21.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 25, 16. 4, 30, 42. 5, 4,13. 6, 17, 22.] samaṃ mano dhatsva [7, 8, 10.] ṣaṭsaṃjñakāstriṣu samāḥ [Amarakoṣa 3, 6, 8, 46.] gleich verfahrend gegen (loc. oder gen.): sarveṣu bhūteṣu [Spr. (II) 2922.] [Mahābhārata 1, 1942.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 16, 6.] śatrau ca mitre ca [Spr. (II) 2691. 5136, v. l.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 78, 29. 108, 17.] sarvasya lokasya [Mahābhārata 1, 1061. 13, 4017.] tasya ca tasya ca [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 53.] — d) gerade (von Zahlen), paar [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 50, 20.] [BṚH. 4, 14.] [LAGHUJ. 1, 9.] — e) das richtige Maass u. s. w. habend, normal [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 3, 7.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 13.] [Suśruta 1, 130, 16.] Wunde [15, 10.] Verband [66, 14.] Verdauung [128, 4.] [Hindu System of Medicine 327.] dhātavaḥ [Śārṅgadhara SAṂH. 1, 5, 33.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā] [Prātiśākhya 23, 20.] samaṃ kāyaśirogrīvaṃ dhārayannacalaṃ sthiraḥ [Bhagavadgītā 6, 13] (vgl. [Weber’s Indische Studien 2, 10]). prāṇāpānau samau kṛtvā [5, 27.] aṅgāni [Mahābhārata 3, 10689.] ein Tact [13, 1398.] [Harivaṃśa 10054.] [Rāmāyaṇa 7, 71, 15.] yama [UVAṬA] zu [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 13, 17.] vacas [Mahābhārata 1, 7954. 5, 25.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 7, 49. 19, 22.] śabda [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 91, 27.] sādhuvādāḥ [Kathāsaritsāgara 20, 226.] gati [Sūryasiddhānta 2, 12.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 23, 14.] samaṃ kuruṣvaitacchakaṭaṃ me so v. a. in Ordnung bringen [Kathāsaritsāgara 61, 326. fgg.] ardharātre sthite same so v. a. gerade um Mitternacht [Mahābhārata 3, 418.] madhyāni samāni padānām [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 53, 57.] — f) das gewöhnliche Maass u. s. w. habend, mittelmässig: vṛṣṭi [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 8, 25. 31.] phala [38. 42. 20, 9. 53, 92.] pravarasamanyūnaparimāṇa [58, 30. 68, 105.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 107.] samamabrāhmaṇe dānaṃ dviguṇaṃ brāhmaṇabruve [7, 85.] Menschen [3, 107.] [Spr. (II) 5768. 7405.] — g) neutral, nicht Freund und nicht Feind [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka 2, 16. fg. 21 (19), 4.] [LAGHUJ. 2, 10.] — h) harmlos, gut; = sādhu [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] Menschen [Spr. (II) 52.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 7, 1, 1.] samaviṣamamatīnām [6, 9, 36.] ehrlich zu Werke gehend [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 287.] — i) worüber man leicht hinweg kommt, bequem, leicht (ein Auftrag) [Spr. (II) 7349.] —
2) m. a) Friede: samo vidhīyatām [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 1, 46.] samārthin [1, 4, 97] wohl fehlerhaft für śama; eben so samamīyivān [KĀM. NĪTIS. 17, 19.] — b) (sc. yoga) Durchschnittspunkt des Horizonts und der Mittagslinie [GOL. GRAHAṆAV. 45. fgg.] — c) Strohfeuer (tṛṇāgni) [Hārāvalī 200.] — d) Nomen proprium α) eines Sohnes des Dhṛtarāṣṭra [Mahābhārata 1, 2731. 4541. 6, 2838. 8, 2455.] — β) eines Fürsten der Nandivega [Mahābhārata 5, 2733.] śama ed. Bomb. —
3) f. ā Nomen proprium einer Welt: tataḥ paraṃ samā nāma dṛśyate lokasaṃsthitiḥ (so ed. Bomb.) [Mahābhārata 6, 473.] —
4) n. a) Ebene: parvateṣu sa.eṣu ca [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 8, 7, 17. 12, 1, 2.] a.o.ā.yaṃ sa.e jīvanam [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 6, 1, 9, 4.] sa.e bhūmyāḥ auf ebenem Boden [3, 3, 5.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 14, 9, 2, 3.] samāni viṣamāṇi ca [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 24.] [Mahābhārata 1, 4650.] [Spr. (II) 2177. 6867.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 79, 13.] yatra yatra samaṃ tvasyā bhūmerāsīttadā [Harivaṃśa 365.] same [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 192.] [KĀM. NĪTIS. 12, 30.] same, asame [15, 12.] — b) Ausgleichung, Abrechnung: karmaṇāpi samaṃ kuryāddhanikāyādhamarṇikaḥ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 177.] — c) Gleichmässigkeit, Gleichmuth: samena varteta sadā dhīraḥ [Spr. (II) 2833.] — d) ein richtiges Maass: samena so v. a. genau, präcis [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 12, 3, 2, 7. 8.] — c) d) vgl. samena im gaṇa prakṛtyādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 18, Vārttika von Kātyāyana.] — e) gute Verhältnisse: saṃsthita (Gegens. viṣamastha) [Mṛcchakaṭikā 159, 20]; vgl. samastha . — f) in der Rhetorik das Zusammentreffen zweier ähnlicher Objecte [PRATĀPAR. 92,a,9.] [KUVALAY. 105],b. — g) mean; a fourth proportional to the two perpendiculars and the link or segment [Algebra 85.] —
5) samam adv. gaṇa svarādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 37.] = saha [Amarakoṣa 3, 5, 4.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1527.] [Halāyudha 5, 91.] a) ohne Ergänzung: α) auf gleiche Weise, gleich: sa.au ci.dhastau.na sa.aṃ viviṣṭaḥ [Ṛgveda 10, 117, 9.] [Praśnopaniṣad 3, 9.] vi bhaj [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 2, 4, 34. 5, 15. 3, 5, 15.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 104. 192. 212.] yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayate samam [311. 12, 91.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch.2, 117.] putreṣu samamācara [Mahābhārata 5, 1531. 12, 13219.] [Rāmāyaṇa] [Gorresio 2, 58, 24.] [Spr. (II) 858. 3769. 4185. 4752. 6069.] [Śiśupālavadha 9, 44.] [VARĀH.] [YOGAY. 2, 16.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 8, 28. 4, 11, 20. 8, 5, 30.] [Vedānta lecture. No. 68.] am Anfange eines comp.: samavibhaktāṅga [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 13.] samarañjita [Harivaṃśa 11960. 11997. 12180] [?(nach Nīlakaṇṭha] = sarvatra). tulita [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 26, 1.] — β) zugleich, gleichzeitig [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 13, 2, 7, 6.] [Mahābhārata 1, 5369. 6, 262.] [Harivaṃśa 12795.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 106, 32 (114, 36 Gorresio). 3, 31, 23. 4, 19, 9. 52, 24.] [Suśruta 2, 343, 14.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 13, 16. 76, 6.] [Raghuvaṃśa 4, 4. 10, 60. 12, 47. 13, 26. 14, 1.] [Vikramorvaśī 88, 17.] [Spr. (II) 2666. 4288. 4686.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 6, 5. 11, 51. 12, 35. 64. 16, 15. 24, 102. 47, 83. 48, 58. 89. 50, 87. 65, 138.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 5, 87.] [Prabodhacandrodaja 98, 15.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 9, 15, 33.] — γ) gerade, präcis: dvikaṃ trikaṃ catuṣkaṃ ca pañcakaṃ ca śataṃ samam . māsasya vṛddhiṃ gṛhṇīyāt [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 142.] uttareṇa nördlich [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 25, 4.] am Anfange eines comp. samadikstha [56, 10.] dakṣiṇena [87, 6.] vartula ganz rund [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 16, 5.] am Ende eines comp.: ākarṇasamacoditaiḥ (bāṇaiḥ) [Mahābhārata 7, 1869.] — δ) auf eine ehrliche Weise: hata (Gegens. vyājahata) [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 20, 9.] — b) mit einer Ergänzung: α) mit instr. zugleich mit, mit [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 19, Scholiast] vidyayaiva samaṃ kāmaṃ martavyaṃ brahmavādinā [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 113.] nājñātena samaṃ gacchet [4, 140. 5, 65.] [Mahābhārata 5, 3548.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 69, 17. 4, 54, 12.] [Meghadūta 96.] [Raghuvaṃśa 2, 25. 8, 63. 10, 79. 16, 72. 17, 34.] [Śākuntala 26. 51.] [Mālavikāgnimitra 13.] [Spr. (II) 1345. 1841.] durjanena samaṃ sakhyaṃ prītiṃ cāpi na kārayet [2859. 4312. 5816. 5939. 6187.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 78, 15.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 4, 19] (avasaṃ st. avaśaṃ zu lesen; vgl. [Upakośā 17.). 18, 127. 276. 288. 378. 405. 46, 198.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 1, 148. 2, 3. 5, 157. 216. 335.] [Pañcatantra II, 200. 25, 14. 130, 17.] samatsarā grollend mit [Rājataraṅgiṇī 6, 179.] — β) im comp. nachfolgend: ātma in Uebereinstimmung mit den eigenen Kräften, nicht mehr als die eigenen Kräfte es gestatten [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 18, 23.] artha zugleich mit [KĀM. NĪTIS. 5, 91.] tatsamam [74, 240. 116, 8.] vāksamam [Pañcatantra 221, 8.] — samaṃ ebend. [63, 1] wohl fehlerhaft für sa; in der ed. Bomb. fehlt es ganz. — Vgl. a (nicht seines Gleichen habend auch [Spr. (II) 1356.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 44, 178)], catuḥ, duḥ, niṣamam, niḥ, pratisama, bhāṣā, vayaḥ, viṣama, sāmya .
--- OR ---
Sama (सम):—3. n. = samā Jahr in pāpa, puṇya, suṣama .
--- OR ---
Sama (सम):—4. (2. sa + mā) adj. = saśrīka, salakṣmīka [NALOD. 2, 23. 4, 8.]
--- OR ---
Samā (समा):—f. [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 5, 1.]
1) ursprünglich wohl Sommer (vgl. im Zend hama); Halbjahr [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 1, 35, 4. 2, 6, 1.] samāḥ saṃvatsa.ānmāsān [3, 10, 9.] — —
2) Jahreszeit überh., Wetter: dāruṇā [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 93. 102.] kalyāṇīha samā bhavati [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 4, 25.] sasyaṃ ca samā ca [Yāska’s Nirukta 9, 41.] —
3) Jahr [Yāska’s Nirukta 11, 5.] [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 3, 20.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 159.] [Hārāvalī 28.] [Halāyudha 1, 116.] [Ṛgveda 4, 57, 7. 10, 85, 5. 124, 4.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 5, 8, 8. 6, 75, 2.] [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 14, 19. 19, 46. 38, 28. 40, 8.] [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 2, 1.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 2, 3, 11, 5. 6, 1, 10, 4.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 1, 8, 1, 4. 5. 14, 8, 12, 1.] [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 9, 41.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 40. 5, 53. 9, 76. 11, 25. 72.] [Mahābhārata 1, 5945. 7651. 12, 9202.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 2, 18. 64, 20. 2, 34, 43. 90, 12 (99, 15 Gorresio).] [Raghuvaṃśa 12, 6.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 8, 21. 69, 30.] [BṚH. 7, 5. 8, 8. 9.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 1, 273. 3, 272. 4, 123. 392.] samāṃ samām Jahr für Jahr [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 2, 12.] samānte [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4, 26.] nicaya adj. [6, 18.] trisamāḥ drei Jahre lang [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 254.] divya [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 7, 3, 19.] sahasrasama adj. [1, 1, 4.] — Vgl. pāpasama, puṇya .
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम):—1. (von 2. sama) n. Gleichheit [LĀṬY. 6, 6, 2.]
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम):—2. = 2. sāman am Ende eines comp. nach anu, ava und prati [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 4, 75.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 6, 76.] — Vgl. auch trisāmā und brahmasāma .
--- OR ---
Sāma (साम):—3. (2. sa + āma) adj. mit Verdauungsstörung verbunden [CARAKA 1, 13.]
--- OR ---
Śama (शम):—adj. gezähmt, domesticus [Ṛgveda 1, 32, 15.] —
1) alaṃ vivādena samo vidhīyatām Frieden [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 1, 46.] —
5) ein Fürst der Nandivega [Mahābhārata 5, 2733] nach der Lesart der neueren Ausg., sama ed. Calc.
Śama (शम) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Sama, Samaya, Samā.
Sama (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 依 [yī]: “support”.
2) 同共 [tóng gòng]: “all together”.
Note: sama can be alternatively written as: sama-; samaṃ.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Śama (शम) [Also spelled sham]:—(nm) calmness; tranquillity of mind.
2) Śamā (शमा):—(nf) a candle, lamp; ~[dāna] a candle-base, sconce; -[paravānā] the lamp and the moth.
3) Śāma (शाम) [Also spelled sham]:—(nf) evening, dusk; —[kī subaha karanā] to keep awake the whole night; -[subaha karanā] to evade, to shirk, to dilly-dally.
4) Sama (सम) [Also spelled sam]:—(a) even; equal; homogeneous; regular pro-; (nm) even number; first accented beat in a rhythmic cycle; ~[karaṇa] equalisation; ~[kulapati] Pro-Vice-Chancellor (of a University); ~[kulādhipati] Pro-Chancellor; ~[nāma] homonym; homonymous; ~[nāmatā] homonymy; ~[pakṣīya] homolateral; ~[prarūpī] homotypical; ~[prasāra] relay; ~[rekhaṇa] alignment; ~[liṃgarati] homosexuality; ~[śabda] analogue; ~[sāmājikatā] homosociability; ~[svana] homophone.
5) Sāma (साम) [Also spelled saam]:—(nm) one of the four Vedas; tranquillizing, calming; gentle words intended to win over an adversary; conciliation; ~[kārī] tranquillizing, calming; conciliatory; -[dāma-daṃḍa-bheda] the four methods of dealing with people in general and enemies in particular as specified in the Indian diplomatic tradition; -[nīti] policy of conciliation (one of the four traditionally prescribed means used against an enemy).
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Sama (सम) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Śam.
2) Sama (सम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śama.
3) Sama (सम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śrama.
4) Sama (सम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śama.
5) Sama (सम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Sama.
6) Samā (समा) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Samā.
7) Sāma (साम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Sāman.
8) Sāma (साम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śyāma.
9) Sāma (साम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śyāmā.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Śama (ಶಮ):—
1) [noun] the quality or state of being tranquil; calmness; serenity; tranquility.
2) [noun] the sentiment of expressing this quality.
3) [noun] absence of passion.
4) [noun] abstraction from eternal objects through intense meditation.
--- OR ---
Sama (ಸಮ):—
1) [noun] the soft and flexible external covering or integument of an animal body; the skin.
2) [noun] the skin of an animal, with the hair removed, prepared for use by tanning or a similar process designed to preserve it against decay and make it pliable or supple when dry; leather.
--- OR ---
Sama (ಸಮ):—[noun] a period of twelve months; a year.
--- OR ---
Sama (ಸಮ):—
1) [adjective] horizontally level and even; flat.
2) [adjective] at par with; equal.
3) [adjective] similar; resembling.
4) [adjective] not moving; stable; stationary.
5) [adjective] not biased; impartial.
6) [adjective] proper; fit; appropriate.
7) [adjective] being in accordance with social or any other recognised standard of propriety, good taste, etc.; decent.
8) [adjective] of, for or applying to all (not of, for or applying to a particular section of) people.
9) [adjective] entire; whole.
--- OR ---
Sama (ಸಮ):—
1) [noun] the state or quality of being similar; resemblance or likeness; similarity.
2) [noun] general happiness, prosperity.
3) [noun] the cardinal number two; 2.
4) [noun] any cardinal number which is a multiple of two; an even number.
5) [noun] (rhet.) a style in composition characterised by the use of decent, non-vulgar language.
6) [noun] (pros.) any verse having four lines, which are of the same prosodic length.
7) [noun] (dance.) a position in which the neck is kept erect in its normal position.
8) [noun] (dance.) a reclining posture in which the hands are let loose with the face turned up.
9) [noun] (dance.) the natural way of glancing.
--- OR ---
Sāma (ಸಾಮ):—
1) [noun] black colour.
2) [noun] dark green colour.
--- OR ---
Sāma (ಸಾಮ):—
1) [noun] physical exercise for the development of a muscular body.
2) [noun] a training in sword fighting.
--- OR ---
Sāma (ಸಾಮ):—
1) [noun] the act of alleviating or lessening the grief, sorrow or disappointment of; a giving of solace or comfort.
2) [noun] consoling, comforting words.
3) [noun] compromise, reconciliation, as one of the four expedients in political governance.
4) [noun] the state of being calm, quiet or the quality of being steadfast; calmness of the mind; steadfastness.
5) [noun] a hymn or hymns composed in meter.
6) [noun] Sāmavēda, one of the four vedas.
7) [noun] (mus.) in Karnāṭaka system, name of a rāga (musical mode) derived from the main mode Harikāmbhoji.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
1) Śama (शम):—n. 1. quiet; rest; 2. peace of mind; 3. restraint; absence of passion; 4. alleviation; cure;
2) Sama (सम):—adj. 1. equal; same; similar; 2. level; flat; 3. neutral; 4. even;
3) Sama (सम):—n. 1. adjustment; equilibrium; 2. Mus. the point where separate rhythms (of singer or instrumentalist) coincide;
4) Sāma (साम):—n. 1. one of the four Vedas: सामवेद [sāmaveda] ; 2. mantras (मन्त्र [mantra] ) recited in Veda (वेद [veda] ); 3. one of the four ways/paths of diplomacy sama (सम [sama] ), dama (दमा [damā] ), danda (डन्डा [ḍanḍā] ), bheda (भेदा [bhedā] ); 4. a sweet/polite speech;
5) Sāmā (सामा):—n. a particular kind of weed which grows among rice plants;
6) Sāmā (सामा):—n. the upper part of shoe; vamp;
7) Sāmā (सामा):—n. materials for worship;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
Chinese-English dictionary
1) 沙瑪 [shā mǎ] refers to: “gSar ma”.
沙瑪 is further associated with the following language/terms:
[Tibetan] gsar ma.
[Vietnamese] sa mã.
[Korean] 사마 / sama.
[Japanese] シャマ / shama.
2) 殺馬 [shā mǎ] refers to: “to kill horses”.
殺馬 is further associated with the following language/terms:
[Vietnamese] sát mã.
[Korean] 살마 / salma.
[Japanese] セツマ / setsuma.
Chinese language.
Vietnamese-English dictionary
Sa ma (in Vietnamese) can be associated with the following Chinese and English terms:
1) Sa ma with 娑磨 [suō mó]: “Sāmaveda” [Sanskrit text name].
2) Sa ma with 沙磨 [shā mó]: “Sāma-veda-saṃhitā”.
3) Sa mã with 沙瑪 [shā mǎ]: “gSar ma”..
Vietnamese language.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Sha, The, The, Ma, Ca, Te, Sama.
Starts with (+22): Sama bali, Sama Dosha, Sama Jataka, Sama labi, Sama mere, Sama nambo, Sama ndeku, Sama nere, Samabaddha, Samabahu, Samabamdha, Samabamdhu, Samabandh, Samabha, Samabhaga, Samabhajaka, Samabhajakarekhe, Samabhajakavritta, Samabhanga, Samabhash.
Full-text (+3023): Samam, Asama, Prashama, Upashama, Masha, Samaya, Vishama, Sushama, Samasama, Samaveda, Trisama, Samagama, Samamsamina, Samaja, Samata, Samash, Samani, Samastha, Shame, Nishama.
Relevant text
Search found 441 books and stories containing Sama, Sa mã, Sa-ma, Sa-mā, Saamaa, Śama, Sāmā, Sāma, Samā, Śāma, Śamā, Śāmā, Shā mǎ, Sha ma, Shama, Shāmǎ, The sama, 殺馬, 沙瑪; (plurals include: Samas, Sa mãs, mas, mās, Saamaas, Śamas, Sāmās, Sāmas, Samās, Śāmas, Śamās, Śāmās, Shā mǎs, Sha mas, Shamas, Shāmǎs, The samas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
108 Tirupathi Anthathi (English translation) (by Sri Varadachari Sadagopan)
Verse 27: Krishna Mangala Kshetram (or, Thirukannamangai Divya Desam)
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 2.16 < [Chapter 2 - Planets]
Verse 2.14 < [Chapter 2 - Planets]
Verse 8.9 < [Chapter 8 - Dashas and Antar Dashas]
Chandogya Upanishad (Shankara Bhashya) (by Ganganatha Jha)
Section 1.13 (thirteenth khaṇḍa) (four texts) < [Chapter 1 - First Adhyāya]
Section 2.11 (eleventh khaṇḍa) (two texts) < [Chapter 2 - Second Adhyāya]
Section 2.2 (second khaṇḍa) (three texts) < [Chapter 2 - Second Adhyāya]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 4.42 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
Text 10.200 [Sama] < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 5.13 < [Chapter 5 - Second-rate Poetry]
Krishna Sandarbha of Jiva Goswami (by Kusakratha Prabhu)
Indian Antiquary (a journal of oriental research) (by Jas Burgess)
The Veda in India < [Volume 3 (1874)]
Sword-worship in Kachar < [Volume 4 (1875)]
The Buddhist works in Chinese in the India office library < [Volume 4 (1875)]