Samasa, Samāsa, Samasha: 23 definitions
Introduction:
Samasa means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Smas.
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Samāsa (समास) refers to “compound words” (in Sanskrit grammar) and forms part of the “verbal representation” (vācika), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 15. Vācika itself represents one of the four categories of representation (abhinaya).
Samāsa (समास, “compound words”).—The samāsa which combines many words to express a single meaning, and suppresses affixes, has been described by the experts to be of six kinds, such as Tatpuruṣa and the like.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Samāsa (समास).—The combination of two or more words so as to express a single composite sense.
Samāsa (समास).—Placing together of two or more words so as to express a composite sense ; compound composition; cf. पृथगर्थानामेकार्थीभावः समासः। (pṛthagarthānāmekārthībhāvaḥ samāsaḥ|) Although the word समास (samāsa) in its derivative sense is applicable to any wording which has a composite sense (वृत्ति (vṛtti)), still it is by convention applied to the समासवृत्ति (samāsavṛtti) only by virtue of the Adhikarasutra प्राक् कडारात् समासः (prāk kaḍārāt samāsaḥ) which enumerates in its province the compound words only. The Mahabhasyakara has mentioned only four principal kinds of these compounds and defined them; cf. पूर्वपदार्थ प्रधानोव्ययीभावः । उत्तरपदार्थप्रधानस्तत्पुरुषः । अन्यपदार्थप्रधानो बहुव्रीहिः । उभयपदार्थप्रधानो इन्द्वः । (pūrvapadārtha pradhānovyayībhāvaḥ | uttarapadārthapradhānastatpuruṣaḥ | anyapadārthapradhāno bahuvrīhiḥ | ubhayapadārthapradhāno indvaḥ |) M.Bh. on P.II.1.6; cf. also M.Bh. on P.II.1.20, II.1.49,II.2.6, II.4.26, V.1.9. Later grammarians have given many subdivisions of these compounds as for example द्विगु, कर्मधारय (dvigu, karmadhāraya) and तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣa) (with द्वितीयात-त्पुरुष, तृतीयातत्पुरुष (dvitīyāta-tpuruṣa, tṛtīyātatpuruṣa) etc.as also अवयवतत्पुरुष, उपपदतत्पुरुष (avayavatatpuruṣa, upapadatatpuruṣa) and so on) समानाधिकरणबहु-व्रीहि, व्यधिकरणबहुव्रीहि, संख्याबहुवीहि, समा-हारद्वन्द्व, इतरेतरद्वन्द्व (samānādhikaraṇabahu-vrīhi, vyadhikaraṇabahuvrīhi, saṃkhyābahuvīhi, samā-hāradvandva, itaretaradvandva) and so on.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Samāsa (समास) refers to a “brief explanation”, according to the Siddhayogeśvarīmata chapter 10.—Accordingly, “[The Goddess spoke]:—I have previously asked you about the Doctrine of the Yoginīs (Siddhayogeśvarīmata), O God, which helps to make mantras effective without any observances or worship. However, you have asserted, O God, that success depends on the ancillary mantras; therefore, tell me briefly (samāsa) about how to practise the observances associated with them. [...]”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Samāsa (समास) or Samāsabhāvanā refers to “addition lemma” or “additive composition” and represents one of two types of Bhāvanā (“demonstration”) or “proof” (meaning anything demonstrated or proved, hence theorem, lemma), according to the principles of Bījagaṇita (“algebra” or ‘science of calculation’), according to Gaṇita-śāstra, ancient Indian mathematics and astronomy.—The word bhāvanā also means composition or combination. Bhāvanā is further distinguished as: (1) samāsa-bhāvanā (Addition Lemma or Additive Composition) and (2) antarabhāvanā (Subtraction Lemma or Subtractive Composition).
Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
samāsa : (m.) compound; an abridgement.
Samāsa, (fr. saṃ+ās) 1. compound, combination Vism. 82; SnA 303; KhA 228. Cp. vyāsa.—2. an abridgment Mhvs 37, 244. (Page 686)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
samāsa (समास).—m (S) In grammar. Composition of words; formation of compound terms. 2 A compound word. 3 (Used ignorantly in the sense of vigraha) Explication of a compounded or derived word. 4 Margin (of a book or writing). 5 S Contraction or abridgment. 6 In arithmetic. Sum.
samāsa (समास).—m A compound word. Margin. Contraction.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Samāsa (समास).—
1) Aggregation, union, composition.
2) Composition of words, a compound; (the principal kinds of compounds are four :-dvandva, tatpuruṣa, bahuvrīhi, and avyayībhāva q. q. v. v.).
3) Reconciliation, composition of differences.
4) A collection, an assemblage; यद्वविज्ञात- मिवाभूदित्येतासामेव देवतानां समासः (yadvavijñāta- mivābhūdityetāsāmeva devatānāṃ samāsaḥ) Ch. Up.6.4.7.
5) Whole, totality.
6) Contraction, conciseness, brevity; एष समासः । सर्वथा प्रवेष्टव्यं कुन्तिभोजस्य कन्यापुरम् (eṣa samāsaḥ | sarvathā praveṣṭavyaṃ kuntibhojasya kanyāpuram) Avimārakam 2; एष समासः, अद्यास्मि महासेनः (eṣa samāsaḥ, adyāsmi mahāsenaḥ) Pratijñā.2.
7) Euphonic combination (saṃdhi).
8) Completion, end; L. D. B. (samāsena, samāsataḥ means 'in short', 'briefly', 'succinctly'; eṣā dharmasya vo yoniḥ samāsena prakīrtitā Manusmṛti 2.25;3.2; iti kṣetraṃ tathā jñānaṃ jñeyaṃ coktaṃ samāsataḥ Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 13.18; samāsataḥ śrūyatām V.2.)
Derivable forms: samāsaḥ (समासः).
Samāsa (समास).—(m.?), time, occasion, juncture: tasmin samāsi …Lalitavistara 415.21 (verse), certainly means on this occasion; so Tibetan de tshe; Foucaux would em. to samāyi, see samāya; it is curious that, according to [Paia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo] and [Ardha-Māgadhī Dictionary], AMg. samāsa = sāmāyika, a Jain religious exercise (see H.Māhārāṣṭrī Johnson, Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra I p. 81 n. 122), which appears to be derived from samāya = Sanskrit samaya.
Samāsa (समास).—m.
(-saḥ) 1. Contraction, abridgment, conciseness. 2. Composition of words, formation of compound terms, (in grammar.) 3. Composition of differences, reconciling quarrels. 4. Aggregation. assemblage, collection. 5. Whole. E. sam together, as to throw or direct, aff. ghañ .
Samāsa (समास).—i. e. sam- 2. as + a, m. 1. Aggregation. 2. Composition of words, [Pāṇini, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] ii. 1, 3. 3. Composition of differences. 4. Contraction, conciseness; ºsena, instr. Succinctly, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 25; [Lassen, Anthologia Sanskritica.] 2. ed. 49, 6.
Samāśa (समाश).—[masculine] common meal, repast.
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Samāsa (समास).—[masculine] putting together, conjunction, composition, a compound word; condensation, abridgment. Instr. on the whole, also = [ablative], samāsa++tas & °— summarily, succinctly.
1) Samāsa (समास):—[=sam-āsa] [from sam-as] 1. sam-āsa m. (for 2. See sam-√ās) throwing or putting together, aggregation, conjunction, combination, connection, union, totality (ena, ‘fully, wholly, summarily’), [Brāhmaṇa; ???; Manu-smṛti] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] succinctness, conciseness, condensation ([in the beginning of a compound] and -tas, ‘concisely, succinctly, briefly’), [Kauṣītaki-upaniṣad; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] (in gram.) composition of words, a compound word (of which there are [according to] to native grammarians, 6 kinds, viz. Dvaṃdva, Bahu-vrīhi, Karma-dhāraya, Tat-puruṣa, Dvigu, and Avyaya or Avyayī-bhāva [qq. vv.]; an improper compound is called asthāna-samāsa), [Prātiśākhya; Pāṇini] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] euphonic combination (= saṃdhi), [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā-prātiśākhya]
5) [v.s. ...] (in [astronomy]) a [particular] circle, [Sūryasiddhānta]
6) [v.s. ...] composition of differences, reconciliation (-samarthana), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] the part of a Śloka given for completion (= samasyā), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) Samāśa (समाश):—[=sam-āśa] m. (√aś2) a common meal
9) [v.s. ...] eating, a meal, [Pāṇini 6-2, 71 [Scholiast or Commentator]]
10) Samāsa (समास):—[=sam-āsa] [from sam-ās] 2. sam-āsa (for 1. See under sam-√as) m. abiding together, connection, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
Samāsa (समास):—(saḥ) 1. m. Contraction; formation of compound words; reconciling; collection; whole.
Samāśa (समाश):—(von 2. aś mit sam) m. das Essen, Geniessen [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 71, Scholiast]
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Samāsa (समास):—(von 2. as mit sam) m. am Ende eines adj. comp. f. ā .
1) Zusammenfassung, Zusammenfügung, Vereinigung, Verbindung: hemantaśiśirayoḥ [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 1, 1. 3, 41.] [Śāṅkhāyana’s Brāhmaṇa 5, 1.] sarva [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 12, 6, 15.] [LĀṬY. 2, 6, 4. 10, 12, 14.] [Chāndogyopaniṣad 6, 4, 7.] [Rāmāyaṇa 7, 94, 6.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 140, 22.] daṇḍasamāsā vīṇā [Śāṅkhāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 17, 3, 9.] samāsena insgesammt [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 202.] —
2) eine kurze —, gedrängte Darstellung; = saṃkṣepa [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1432.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 758.] [Medinīkoṣa s. 43.] [Halāyudha 4, 81.] [Mahābhārata 3, 10554.] [Suśruta 1, 2, 3.] samāsavyāsayogatas [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 9, 27.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 61, 1.] iti tatsamāsaḥ [68, 94.] kṛt [47, 2.] vistaraiśca samāsaiśca [Mahābhārata 1, 27.] vyāsasamāsābhyām [3, 67.] samāsena in Kürze, mit kurzen Worten [Kauṣītakyupaniṣad.2,15.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch.2,25.3,20.9,101. 12,39.] [Spr. (II) 5272.] [Bhagavadgītā 13,3. 18,50.] [Bharata] [NĀṬYAŚ. 18,40.] [Suśruta.1,112,13.2,146,6.] [Brahmapurāṇa] in [Lassen’s Anthologie (III) 49,6.] [Oxforder Handschriften 50,a,12.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa.2,7,50.] [PAÑCAR.2,3,46.] [Weber’s Indische Studien.1,13,3.] samāsāt dass. [Harivaṃśa 8367.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 12, Anf. 56, 31.] samāsatas dass. [1, 5. 8, 52. 60, 22. 68, 117.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 68. 89. 7, 156.] [Bhagavadgītā 13, 18.] [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 34, 7. 5, 56, 49.] [SĀṂKHYAK. 53.] [Suśruta 1, 124, 19.] [WEBER, Jyotiṣa 24.] [Vikramorvaśī 19, 10.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 25, 65.] [Sânkhya Philosophy 25.] vyāsasamāsatas [Mahābhārata 12, 1296.] am Anf. eines comp. ohne Flexionszeichen: samāsavyāsadhāraṇa [Mahābhārata 1, 51.] samāsavyāsakīrtana 85. phala [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 68, 96.] [Sânkhya Philosophy 52.] —
3) in der Gramm. a) Compositum [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 10, 10. 11, 13. 15, 9.] [Prātiśākhya zur Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 1, 27. 5, 1.] [Prātiśākha zum Atharvaveda 2, 62. fg. 4, 9. 27. 43.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 10, 408.] [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 2, 46. 2, 1, 3. 5, 3, 106. 6, 1, 223.] [Oxforder Handschriften 162], a, [?15 u.s.w. Sāhityadarpana 566. PRATĀPAR. 11], a, 9 (nātidīrgha adj.). nitya und anitya [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 1, 3, Scholiast] samāsāṅga [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 1, 22.] prāya [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 25.] [Halāyudha 1, 143.] taddhita [Yāska’s Nirukta 2, 2.] dik [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 28.] tṛtīyā 30. ṣaṣṭhī [7, 4, 60, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 1.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 92, 10.] saptamī [KAIYY.] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 4, 35.] bahuvrīhi [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 28, Scholiast] — b) = saṃdhi [Prātiśākhya zur Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 5, 39.] Cit. im Comm. zu [45.] —
4) in der Astr. Bez. eines best. Kreises [Sūryasiddhānta 6, 3. 6.] —
5) = samarthana, samarthanā [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] — Vgl. tattva, sāmāsika und vyāsa .
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Samāśa (समाश):—Mahlzeit: devadattasya samāśaṃ śarāvairodanena ca pratividhatte [Patañjali] [?a. a. O.1,172,a.] ein gemeinschaftliches Mahl [125,a.]
Samāsa (समास) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Samāsa.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Samāsa (समास) [Also spelled smas]:—(nm) a compound (word); abridgement; concision, terseness; [bahula] abounding in compound words; -[śailī] terse style.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Samāsa (समास) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Samās.
2) Samāsa (समास) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Samās.
3) Samāsa (समास) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Samāsa.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Samāsa (ಸಮಾಸ):—
1) [noun] the act of joining two or more things together.
2) [noun] a number of people gathered together; a throng of people; a multitude.
3) [noun] the act of abridging, condensing; abridgement; condensation.
4) [noun] the total or aggregate.
5) [noun] (gram.) a combination of of two are more words.
6) [noun] (rhet.) a figure of speech in which the intention is indirectly expressed using a metaphor.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Samāsa (समास):—n. 1. aggregation; union; composition; 2. a compound; 3. reconciliation of differences; 4. a collection; an assemblage; 5. whole; totality; 6. contraction; conciseness;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Sam, Asha, Cam.
Starts with (+16): Camacati, Camacaturam, Samasa-cihna, Samasaanjhai, Samasabaddhamanorama, Samasabahula, Samasabhavana, Samasabhoot-kriyavisheshan, Samasabhuta-kriyavisheshana, Samasacakra, Samasacandrika, Samasacudamani, Samasad, Samasadana, Samasadeti, Samasadhya, Samasadhyahara, Samasalimga, Samasamanjari, Samasapada.
Full-text (+189): Samasokti, Samasam, Samasartha, Samasabhavana, Tritiyasamasa, Samasadhyahara, Casamasa, Samasavada, Samasatas, Samasamanjari, Samasavat, Upapadasamasa, Pancadashisamasa, Kshetrasamasa, Samasacakra, Dhatusamasa, Samashas, Samasashiksha, Samasashobha, Nansamasa.
Relevant text
Search found 96 books and stories containing Samasa, Samāsa, Samasha, Samāśa, Sam-asa, Sam-āsa, Sam-asha, Sam-āśa; (plurals include: Samasas, Samāsas, Samashas, Samāśas, asas, āsas, ashas, āśas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara (Study) (by Debabrata Barai)
Part 3.10 - Pada-vṛtti and their types < [Chapter 5 - Analyasis and Interpretations of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā]
Part 3 - Rīti theory and position of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā < [Chapter 4 - Position of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā in Sanskrit Poetics]
Part 3.11 - Nature of Vākya (sentence) and their types < [Chapter 5 - Analyasis and Interpretations of the Kāvyamīmāṃsā]
Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation) (by Swami Lokeswarananda)
Studies on Samasa of Sanskrit grammar (by Mridula Goswami)
Part 2 - Various Modes of Classifications of Samāsa—Introduction < [Chapter 2 - The concept of Samāsa and its classification]
Part 3.6 - Philosophy of Bahuvrīhi-samāsa < [Chapter 3 - Samāsa and its Philosophy]
Part 1 - Samāsa–Definition and Meaning < [Chapter 2 - The concept of Samāsa and its classification]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 7.52 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 7.72 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 8.20 < [Chapter 8 - Literary Qualities]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 144 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Page 878 < [Malayalam-English-Kannada (1 volume)]
Page 366 < [Hindi-English-Nepali (1 volume)]
Vasudevavijaya of Vasudeva (Study) (by Sajitha. A)
Dvandva-samāsa (Compound) < [Chapter 3 - Vāsudevavijaya—A Grammatical Study]
Subhadrāharaṇa of Brahmadatta Nārāyaṇa < [Chapter 1 - Śāstrakāvyas—A Brief Survey]
Avyayībhāva-samāsa (Compound) < [Chapter 3 - Vāsudevavijaya—A Grammatical Study]