Prakara, Prākāra: 33 definitions
Introduction:
Prakara means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Vastushastra (architecture)
1) Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to the “(temple) courtyards”, as discussed in chapter 10 (Kriyāpāda) of the Padmasaṃhitā: the most widely followed of Saṃhitā covering the entire range of concerns of Pāñcarātra doctrine and practice (i.e., the four-fold formulation of subject matter—jñāna, yoga, kriyā and caryā) consisting of roughly 9000 verses.—Description of the chapter [parivārādidevatā-kalpana]: Bhagavān turns first to the courtyards [prākāra], of which there may be five that surround the temple sanctuary. He gives some directions for the construction and decorations of the courtyard walls (1-11). In front of the garbhagṛha sanctum—in the innermost courtyard—will be built the ardhamaṇḍapa (12-17); in front of that the nṛttamaṇḍapa, with decorative stair case leading up to it, etc., will rise (18-23a); in front of that yet another pavilion, called the antarālamaṇḍapa, will be built (23b-35) As for gopura-structures, these are but briefly mentioned (36-38a). Other maṇḍapa-buildings may also be placed in the other courtyards (prākāra) (33b-45a) For all the constructions garbhanyāsa rites are to be performed (45b-46a) [...]
2) Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to the “walls of temples”, the construction of which in discussed in chapter 8 of the Śrīpraśnasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising 5500 Sanskrit verses covering a number of subjects ranging from selecting a temple site through building and furnishing it to sanctifying and maintaining worship in the sacred complex.—Description of the chapter [prāsāda-nirmāṇa]: The sanctum sanctorum of a temple should measure at least 12 X 12 karas. Measurements for other parts of the temple are also proportionately given—including doorways, prākāra-walls, the śikhara-motifs on the vimāna-tower, etc. (1-29a). Also the construction of maṇḍapas is generally discussed. When the various buildings are finished they should be properly sanctified for use (29b-36a).
Prākāra (प्राकार) is an enclosure wall built around the building. It may be a temple, a palace or any other similar important structure, prākāra for a building may be more than one in number. They will be generally concentric in nature. Prākāra, according to Mānasāra, is an enclosure, wall, fence, rampart or a surrounding wall. The uses of prākāra, according to Mānasāra, are many. They are built for strength- (bala), for accommodating deities (parivāra), for beauty (śobha) and for defence (rakṣaṇa). The prākāras up to five are mentioned in Mānasāra and Mayamata.
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to “enclosure, surrounding wall §§ 2.5, 24; 3.6; 4.33, 36; 5.1, 5, 12.”.—(For paragraphs cf. Les enseignements architecturaux de l'Ajitāgama et du Rauravāgama by Bruno Dagens)
1) Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to a “wall”, according to the Mohacūrottara (verse 4.234-243).—Accordingly, [while describing the construction of the maṭha]—“And a maṭha for ascetics to stay in should be in the south. For they, as devotees of Śiva, should reside to the right [of Śiva]. One should build a wall (prākāra) at a distance 1 temple-width beyond the temple base. At a distance from there is the housing for ascetics. [...]”.
2) Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to the “(outer) walls” (of the temple), according to the Devyāmata (chapter 105).—Accordingly, [while describing the construction of the maṭha]—“A residence is recommended to the south of the temple. The residence should be built beyond the outer wall (prākāra—prākārasya bahiḥ) of the temple. It is to be dwelt in by initiates, their senses well-subordinated, who have come to the image. Or, in its absence, [they should dwell in] another pleasant place. [...]”.
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Prakāra (प्रकार).—(l) attribute, attribute which differentiates, manner, difference; differentiating description: cf. कंचि-त्प्रकारं प्राप्तः इत्थंभूतः (kaṃci-tprakāraṃ prāptaḥ itthaṃbhūtaḥ) Kas. on P.II.3.21: (2) resemblance, similarity of one thing with another with slight deficiency: cf. प्रकारे गुणवचनस्य । प्रक्रारो भेदः सादृश्यं च। तदिह सादृश्यं प्रकारो गृह्यते । प्रकारे वर्तमानस्य गुणवचनशब्दस्य द्वे भवतः । पटुपटुः मृदुमृदुः । अपरिपूर्णगुण इत्यर्थः । परि-पूर्णगुणेन न्यूनगुणस्य उपमाने सत्येवं प्रयुज्यते (prakāre guṇavacanasya | prakrāro bhedaḥ sādṛśyaṃ ca| tadiha sādṛśyaṃ prakāro gṛhyate | prakāre vartamānasya guṇavacanaśabdasya dve bhavataḥ | paṭupaṭuḥ mṛdumṛduḥ | aparipūrṇaguṇa ityarthaḥ | pari-pūrṇaguṇena nyūnaguṇasya upamāne satyevaṃ prayujyate) Kas. on P. VIII.1.12; (3) differentiating attribute; cf. प्रकारवचने थाल् (prakāravacane thāl) V. 3.23, प्रकारवचने जातीयर् (prakāravacane jātīyar) V. 3.69, स्यूलादिभ्यः प्रकारवचने कन् (syūlādibhyaḥ prakāravacane kan) V. 4.3 where Kasika defines the word प्रकार (prakāra) as सामान्यस्य भेदको विशेषः प्रकारः (sāmānyasya bhedako viśeṣaḥ prakāraḥ) Ka, on V. 3.23 and 69; (4) type, cf. इतिशब्दः प्रकारार्थः (itiśabdaḥ prakārārthaḥ) Kas. on V. 2.93: cf. also अदिशब्दः प्रकारे (adiśabdaḥ prakāre) Kas. on देवपथादिभ्यश्च (devapathādibhyaśca) P.V.3.100; cf also आदिइाब्दः प्रकारे वर्तते । देवदत्तादय आढ्याः । देवदत्तप्रकारा इत्यर्थः (ādiiाbdaḥ prakāre vartate | devadattādaya āḍhyāḥ | devadattaprakārā ityarthaḥ) M.Bh. on I.3.1 Vart. 11.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
1) Prakāra (प्रकार, “variety”) refers to one of the five cause of songs (dhrūva) according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 32:—“the number of syllables in the metre of a dhruvā constitute its class (jāti). Such numbers being odd or even, will give rise to its variety (prakāra)”.
2) Prakāra (जाति) refers to a set of twenty rules used in the playing of drums (puṣkara) [with reference to Mṛdaṅga, Paṇava and Dardura] according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 33.
The following are the eighteen prakāras connected with the eighteen jātis:
- Citra,
- Sama,
- Vibhakta,
- Chinna,
- Chinnaviddha,
- Viddha,
- Anuviddha,
- Svarūpānugata,
- Anusṛta,
- Vicyuta,
- Durga,
- Avakīrṇa,
- Ardhāvakīrnā,
- Ekarūpa,
- Parikṣipta,
- Sācīkṛta,
- Samalekha,
- Citralekha,
- Sarvasamavāya,
- Dṛḍha
These different prakāras of the playing of drums, should be taken up to follow movements and songs, after considering the Sentiments and the States involved. Prakāras and jātis apply to all mārgas. But in movements they are to be in their pure forms.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
1) Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to the “(golden) walls” (adorning the sacred seat of Oḍḍiyāna), according to the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā, an expansion of the Kubjikāmatatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjikā cult.—Accordingly, “The venerable great lord of Oḍra resides in the cavity in the Middle Land. It is (Oḍḍiyāna) the first (sacred seat) and, yellow in colour, it has mountains, forests, and groves, large and small, and is adorned with golden walls [i.e., hema-prākāra-maṇḍita]. It has rivers and rivulets and many (other) things. It is full of all the seeds and is square all around. It has thunderbolts as door chains and Mālinī (who resides there) holds a thunderbolt (vajra) in her hand. Endowed with the sovereignty of the Wheels, it is the sacred seat (Udyāna) attended by the mistress of the sacred seat”.
2) Prakāra (प्रकार) or Ṣaṭprakāra refers to the “six modalities” of Kula, according to the Kularatnoddyota verse 1.30-35ab.—These six ‘modalities’ (ṣaṣ-prakāra) or ‘authorities’ are the lineages established by Matsyendranātha. The ‘prior’ Kula tradition is the one in which this six-fold division prevailed originally. The subsequent—paścima-kula tradition of the Kubjikā Tantras took it over. Also incorporated into the other two major independent Kaula traditions, the Kālīkrama and Trikakula, their names are well known.
Kula has the following six modalities (ṣaṣ-prakāra):—
- Ānanda,
- Āvali,
- Prabhu,
- Yogin,
- Atīta,
- Pāda.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Prakāra (प्रकार) refers to the “nature” (of a deity), according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 13.1-9, while describing the appearance and worship of Viṣṇu]—“Or, [the Mantrin] worships a very handsome, eight-armed, yellow Deva. [...] With whatever his nature (prakāra—yena yena prakāreṇa), one should recall him with any state of being. It is said Bhairava is made up of him. Pārameśvarī is called order. [This then is the abode of Mṛtyujit]. [...]”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
1) Prakāra (प्रकार) refers to “different kinds (of gems and jewels)” (suitable for a marriage ceremony)”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.37 (“The letter of betrothal is dispatched”).—Accordingly, as Himavat prepared the wedding of Menā and Śiva: “[...] Then he began collecting foodstuffs and other requisite articles intended for the performance of the marriage. [...] Tanks were built for butter, spirituous beverages, sweet juices of various kinds and rice preparations of various sorts. Different kinds of pickles and side dishes were prepared that might appeal to Śiva’s Gaṇas and the gods. Different kinds of valuable garments purified in fire were kept ready. Gems and jewels of different kinds (prakāra), gold, silver and other articles were gathered duly. [...]”.
2) Prakāra (प्रकार) refers to the “paraphernalia characteristic” (of lordship), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.5.6 (“Prayer to Śiva”).—Accordingly, as Śiva said to Brahmā: “O Brahmā, if I am to be proclaimed the emperor of the gods, I do not have the paraphernalia characteristic (tat-prakāra) of my lordship. I do not have a divine chariot and a divine charioteer. I do not possess bows and arrows which accord victory in a battle. If there had been a chariot I could have sat in it and with bow and arrows I could have killed even powerful Asuras, with a resolute determination”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to a “wall”, according to the Sarvajñānottara.—The Amanaska’s description of the ideal place in which to practise Yoga is based on four standard characteristics; it should be isolated, solitary, clean and beautiful. Similar descriptions are found in Tantric traditions which predate the Amanaska’s second chapter as well as in the yoga traditions which followed it. For example, in the Sarvajñānottara (25.2-3), the Mantrin collects the cow dung for his bath of ashes and leaves it to dry on a wall (prākāra) [prākāropari śoṣayet] in an isolated, solitary and beautiful place, which is free of strife, trees and ant-hills.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Ayurveda (science of life)
Toxicology (Study and Treatment of poison)
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to “buildings”, as taught in the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā: an ancient Sanskrit text from the Pāñcarātra tradition dealing with both Tantra and Viṣacikitsā, which represents the Ayurvedic study on Toxicology (Agadatantra or Sarpavidyā).—The Kāśyapasaṃhitā mentions that snake-bites that happen in certain places [like dilapidated buildings (jīrṇa-prākāra)] are highly inimical to the victim.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to the “courtyards (of the parivāra-deities)”, as discussed in the twelfth chapter of the Kapiñjalasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra work consisting of 1550 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as worship in a temple, choosing an Ācārya, architecture, town-planning and iconography. Description of the chapter [pratiṣṭhā-lakṣaṇa]:—Kaśyapa asks to know about the sanctification [pratiṣṭhā] rituals for icons. [...] Α later section (164-188) tells of the arrangement in the various prākāra-courtyards of the parivāra-deities. Once daily pūjā has been instituted (189-192a et passim) then all who participated in the pratiṣṭhā-rites are rewarded. [...]
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Prakara (प्रकर) is a Sanskrit word referring to the high walls surrounding the temple grounds.
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to a “(vajra) wall” [i.e., oṃ vajraprākāra hūṃ vaṃ hūṃ], according to the Guru-maṇḍala-arcana [i.e., “Guru Mandala Worship]” ritual often performed in combination with the Cakrasaṃvara Samādhi, which refers to the primary pūjā and sādhanā practice of Newah Mahāyāna-Vajrayāna Buddhists in Nepal.
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to an “(adamantine) fence”, according to the 10th-century Ḍākārṇava-tantra: one of the last Tibetan Tantric scriptures belonging to the Buddhist Saṃvara tradition consisting of 51 chapters.—Accordingly: [while explaining the body circle (kāyacakra)]: “[...] He should push [the obstacle demons by means of the stakes] into the directions starting with the east inside the adamantine cage. The adamantine ground should be underneath. A net of arrows is [placed] above. Moreover, there are an adamantine fence (vajra-prākāra), [an adamantine] canopy, and the dharmodayā (“origin of phenomenal existences”) inside. It is triangle, [the second one is] square, and [the third one is] pentagonal [in shape]. He should also visualize a hexagonal one, [the fourth one]. He should arrange them all in sequence corresponding to the order of the four layers. [...]”.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Prākāra (प्राकार) might be taken as a derivate of prakāra, “sort”, to mean ādi, based on Prakrit pagāra (PH s.v.). This would be quite intelligible, but assumes that Hem. departed from his sources. This, of course, he may have done, but generally in such descriptions he follows the āgamas very closely. There is also the possibility (which also assumes that Hemacandra departed from his sources) that prākāra should be taken just as it is, with the idea of a fluted ball, or perhaps raised patterns could conceivably be called “prākāra”, which would fit, to some extent, the vicchitti of Hāribhadrīyāvaśyakavṛttiṭippaṇaka Muni Jayantavijayaji favors this idea.—(Cf. JAOS 52, p. 88)
Prakāra (प्रकार) refers to a “nature (of five modes)”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Sentient beings, inflamed by very intense pleasure [and] unsteady from affliction by wrong faith, wander about in a five-fold [com.—with a nature of five modes (pañcaprakāratvena)] life that is difficult to be traversed. It has been stated at length that the cycle of rebirth which is full of suffering is five-fold on account of combining substance, place, right time, life and intention”.
Synonyms: Lakṣma.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Prākāra (प्राकार) refers to Pañcaprākāra or the “five successive enclosures” surrounding the shrine (=śrīkōvil) of certain temples from Kerala—The earliest Brahmanical temples date from the 9th century, but the architectural design evolved over several centuries and culminated in the systematization of a typical style sanctioned by the Tantrasamuccaya. Such temples, alternatively called kṣetras or ambalams, consist of six parts: (1) the shrine, or śrīkōvil, and (2) the pañcaprākāras, the five successive enclosures surrounding it.
Prakara refers to: “Cloister of the temple”.—It is included in the glossary section of the study dealing with the Temples and Cult of Shri Rama in Tamil-Nadu, with reference to the traditional lore, embodied in, for example the Nalayirativvaiyappirapantam (i.e., Nalayira Divyaprabandham).
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
prakāra (प्रकार).—m (S) Sort, kind, species. 2 Manner, mode, way. Pr. ēka gahūṃ pra0 bahu. 3 In arithmetic &c. A case. pra0 karaṇēṃ g. of o. & pl To tease or distress in various ways.
--- OR ---
prākāra (प्राकार).—m S An enclosure, a fence, a surrounding wall.
prakāra (प्रकार).—m Sort, kind. Manoer, made. prakāra karaṇēṃ To tease in various ways.
--- OR ---
prākāra (प्राकार).—m An enclosure, a surrounding wall.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Prakara (प्रकर).—
1) A heap, multitude, quantity, collection; मुक्ताफलप्रकरभाञ्जि गुहागृहाणि (muktāphalaprakarabhāñji guhāgṛhāṇi) Śiśupālavadha 5.12; बाष्पप्रकरकलुषां दृष्टिम् (bāṣpaprakarakaluṣāṃ dṛṣṭim) Ś.6.9; R.9.56; Kumārasambhava 5.68.
2) A nosegay, bunch of flowers.
3) Aid, assistance, friendship.
4) Usage, practice.
5) Respect.
6) Seduction, abduction.
7) Washing, cleansing (saṃkṣālana); अत्रामत्रप्रकरकरणे वर्ततेऽसौ नियुक्तः (atrāmatraprakarakaraṇe vartate'sau niyuktaḥ) Viś. Guṇa.154.
-ram Aloe-wood.
Derivable forms: prakaraḥ (प्रकरः).
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार).—
1) Manner, mode, way, fashion; कः प्रकारः किमेतत् (kaḥ prakāraḥ kimetat) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 5.2.
2) Sort, kind, variety, species; oft. in comp.; बहुप्रकार (bahuprakāra) manifold; त्रिप्रकार, नाना° (triprakāra, nānā°) &c.
3) Similitude.
4) Speciality, special property or quality; तद्वतितत्प्रकारकोऽनुभवः प्रमा (tadvatitatprakārako'nubhavaḥ pramā) T. S.
5) Difference.
Derivable forms: prakāraḥ (प्रकारः).
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार).—
1) A fence, a wall, an enclosure.
2) An encircling or surrounding wall, rampart; द्वितीयं हेमप्राकारं कुर्वद्भिरिव वानरैः (dvitīyaṃ hemaprākāraṃ kurvadbhiriva vānaraiḥ) R.12.71; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.229.
Derivable forms: prākāraḥ (प्राकारः).
Prakāra (प्रकार).—(?) in Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 146.5 (verse) puṣpaiḥ (so all mss., KN em. puṣpa-, kept by WT without note) prakāraiḥ sama- laṃkṛtaṃ ca; according to Tibetan adorned with many flowers (me tog maṅ pos). On the face of the reading of the mss. and the Tibetan rendering, prakāra should be an adj., many; it is otherwise known only as a noun, kind, sort. KN's em. hardly helps; with kinds of flowers could not, so far as I know, serve as a substitute for with many kinds…; for this we should expect bahu-, nānā-, or the like, modifying prakāra. I have thought of reading pravāraiḥ, taking it as = pravaraiḥ, excellent, with ā for a m.c.; but Tibetan does not support this.
Prakara (प्रकर).—mfn.
(-raḥ-rī-raṃ) Who or what does much or well. m.
(-raḥ) 1. A heap a, quantity. 2. A bundle of flowers, a nosegay. 3. Aid, assistance, friendship. 4. Usage, custom, continuance of a similar practice. 5. Respect. 6. Seduction, abduction. n.
(-raṃ) Aloe wood, (Agallochum.) f. (-rī) 1. Theatrical dress or disguise, as wearing a woman’s garb, &c. 2. An episodical incident in a drama. 3. An open piece of ground, the meeting of four roads, or the proper scite of any magical operations. E. pra before kṛ to make, aff. ap .
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Difference. 2. Similitude. n.
(-raṃ) 1. Sort, kind, species. 2. Way, mode, manner. 3. Property, quality, speciality, E. pra before, kṛ to do, aff. ghañ .
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार).—m.
(-raḥ) An inclosure, a fence, a rampart, particularly a surrounding wall, &c. elevated on a mound of earth. E. pra and āṅ implying initial, first, kṛ to make, aff. ghañ; otherwise the prefix is considered as pra only, the vowel being made long by the affix being ghañ .
Prakara (प्रकर).—i. e. pra-kṛ̆ + a, I. m. 1. A heap, a quantity, plenty, [Śākuntala, (ed. Böhtlingk.)] [distich] 136. 2. Aid. 3. Custom, use. Ii. n. Aloe-wood. Iii. f. rī. 1. A kind of song, [Yājñavalkya, (ed. Stenzler.)] 3, 113. 2. A short interlude in a drama.
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार).—i. e. pra-kṛ + a, m. 1. Kind, Mahābhārata 1, 7412; species, [Ṛtusaṃhāra] 1, 2. 2. Speciality, Bhāṣāp. 134. 3. Way, manner, [Pañcatantra] 199, 20.
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार).—i. e. pra-kṛ + a + a, m. An inclosure, a surrounding wall, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 48; [Daśakumāracarita] in
Prakara (प्रकर).—[masculine] heap, multitude.
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार).—[masculine] manner, way, sort, kind; °— adj. like, -fold, [abstract] tva [neuter]
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार).—[masculine] encircling wall, rampart.
1) Prakara (प्रकर):—[=pra-kara] 1a etc. See pra-√kṛ.
2) [v.s. ...] 2a See pra-√kṝ, p.654.
3) Prakāra (प्रकार):—[=pra-kāra] a etc. See pra-√kṛ.
4) Prakara (प्रकर):—[=pra-kara] [from pra-kṛ] 1b mf(ī)n. (for 2. See pra-kṝ) doing much or well, [Horace H. Wilson]
5) [v.s. ...] m. aid, friendship, [ib.]
6) [v.s. ...] usage, custom, [ib.]
7) [v.s. ...] respect, [ib.]
8) [v.s. ...] seduction, [ib.]
9) Prakāra (प्रकार):—[=pra-kāra] [from pra-kṛ] b m. sort, kind, nature, class, species, way, mode, manner, [Atharvaveda-prātiśākhya; Kauśika-sūtra; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
10) [v.s. ...] kena prakāreṇa, in what way? how? [Pañcatantra]
11) [v.s. ...] raiḥ, in one way or another, [Rāmāyaṇa]
12) [v.s. ...] rāmāyaṇasya bhāratasya vā prakāraḥ, a kind of [Rāmāyaṇa] or, [Mahābhārata; Rājataraṅgiṇī] (mostly ifc. mfn.; cf. tri- ‘of three kinds’, nānā-, bahu-)
13) [v.s. ...] similitude or difference, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
14) Prakara (प्रकर):—[from pra-kṝ] 2b m. (for 1. See pra-kṛ) a scattered heap, heap, multitude, quantity, plenty, [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
15) [v.s. ...] a nosegay, [Horace H. Wilson]
16) [from pra-kṝ] n. aloe wood, Agallochum, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
17) Prākāra (प्राकार):—[=prā-kāra] [from prā] a See sub voce
18) Prākara (प्राकर):—m. Name of a son of Dyutimat, [Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa]
19) n. Name of a Varṣa called after Prākara, [ib.] ([varia lectio] pīvara, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa])
20) Prākāra (प्राकार):—[=prā-kāra] b m. ([from] prā for pra and √1. kṝ; cf. [Pāṇini 6-3, 122], [vArttika] 1, [Patañjali]) a wall, enclosure, fence, rampart ([especially] a surrounding wall elevated on a mound of earth; ifc. f(ā). ), [???; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata etc.]
1) Prakara (प्रकर):—[pra-kara] (raḥ) 1. m. A heap; a nosegay; aid; usage; respect; seduction. f. Theatrical dress; open piece of ground; meeting of four roads; minor plot. n. Aloe wood a. Doing much or well.
2) Prakāra (प्रकार):—[pra-kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. Difference; similitude. n. Sort, kind; way, mode.
3) Prākāra (प्राकार):—[prā+kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. An inclosure, a fence.
Prakara (प्रकर):—(von 3. kar mit pra)
1) m. ein ausgestreuter Haufe, Menge überh. [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1411.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 571.] [Medinīkoṣa r. 179.] [Halāyudha 4, 1.] = kīrṇapuṣpādi, vikīrṇakusumādi [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] dhānyānāṃ lūnānām [Mahābhārata 6, 4684.] puṣpa [1, 7996.] [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 56, 14.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 10, 10.] [Kumārasaṃbhava 5, 68.] utpaladalaprakaraiḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 9, 56.] [Spr. 771. 1168.] muktāphala [Caurapañcāśikā 12.] tārā [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 338.] khadyota [Harivaṃśa 12768.] pāvakaprakarāḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 12134.] vihagairjalaprakarasevibhiḥ [13, 4473.] vāṣpa [Śākuntala 136.] sarasakathā [Kathāsaritsāgara 25, 298.] [WILSON] kennt noch folgende Bedd.: aid, assistance, friendship; usage, custom, continuance of a similar practice nach [VIŚVAPRAKĀŚA]; respect; seduction, obduction ohne Angabe einer Aut. —
2) f. ī a) ein best. Gesang [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 113.] — b) = arthaprakṛti [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] = nāṭyāṅga [Medinīkoṣa] ein zum Verständniss des Folgenden eingeschaltetes kurzes Zwischenspiel in einem Drama [DAŚAR. 1, 13.] [Scholiast] zu [Śākuntala 76, 10.] [WILSON, Th. of the Hindus I, XXXVIII. fg.] (prākāri). — c) = catvarāvani [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] = catvarāvali [Medinīkoṣa] = catvarabhūmi [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] ein Platz, auf dem vier Wege zusammenkommen. —
3) n. Aloeholz [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 129.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] — Vgl. prākara .
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार):—(von 1. kar mit pra) m. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 122, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 2,] [Scholiast] Art, Weise; = bheda und sādṛśya (sadṛśa, tulya) [Amarakoṣa 3, 4, 25, 164.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 573.] [Medinīkoṣa r. 181.] [Halāyudha 4, 9.] = vṛttānta [Amarakoṣa 3, 4, 14, 66.] = vidhā [18, 104.] prakārairbahubhiḥ [Nalopākhyāna 13, 13.] taistaiḥ prakāraiḥ [Mahābhārata 1, 7412.] kena prakāreṇa [Pañcatantra 199, 20.] prakārāntareṇa [] zu [Chāndogyopaniṣad] [?S. 70. Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 3, 69. 8, 1, 12. Vopadeva’s Grammatik 7, 44. 73. Halāyudha 5, 101.] caturbhiḥ prakāraiḥ [Vetālapañcaviṃśati] in [Lassen’s Anthologie 11, 3.] prakārotkaraḥ eine Menge Arten (von Speisen) [Dhūrtasamāgama 79, 15.] asvādhīnaṃ kathaṃ daivaṃ prakārairabhirādhyate durch dieses oder jenes Mittel [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 30, 33.] māṃsaprakārairvividhaiḥ mannichfache Arten von Fleisch [Mahābhārata 2, 98. 13, 2771.] dravyaprakārāḥ [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 216.] maṇiprakārāḥ [Ṛtusaṃhāra 1, 2.] kaścinmativiparyāsaprakāro hṛdi rohati [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 42.] viḍamba [Spr. 2226, v. l.] nirjharodakakaṇaprakārairāśvāsitaśarīraḥ [Pañcatantra ed. orn. 4, 25.] Häufig am Ende eines adj. comp. (f. ā) [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1462.] naubhirgṛhaprakārābhiḥ hausartig, hausähnlich [Harivaṃśa 8357.] ukta [Sāhityadarpana 20, 18.] abhineya [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 285.] nānā mannichfach [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 30, 16.] [Suśruta 1, 24, 1.] aneka [15. 191, 19.] evaṃ (s. auch bes.) [?282, 6.Mahābhārata 1, 4610. Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 52, 12.] tri dreifach, dreierlei [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 51.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 181.] triḥ [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 23, 53.] [Kullūka] zu [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 5.] triṣprakāreṇa [Prātiśākha zum Atharvaveda.2,64,] [Scholiast -] [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 106.] [Suśruta.1,23,16.2,1,13.] [Vāyupurāṇa] in [Oxforder Handschriften 48,b,25.] [Sāhityadarpana 16,16.] bahuprakāram adv. auf vielerlei Art [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 88, 25 (96, 27 Gorresio).] sarvaprakāram [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 62, 31.]
--- OR ---
Prākara (प्राकर):—m. Nomen proprium eines Sohnes des Dyutimant [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 53, 23.] n. Name des nach ihm benannten Varṣa [?26. In Viṣṇupurāṇa 199] st. dessen pīvara .
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार):—(von 3. kar mit pra und Dehnung des Vocals der Präposition) m. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 122, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 2.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 26, 170.] Umfassungswand, Wall [Amarakoṣa 2, 2, 3.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 2, 10.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 980.] [Halāyudha 2, 133.] prāsādamupariṣṭātsunivyādhaiḥ prākāraiḥ parighnanti [Śāṅkhāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 16, 18, 14.] stho dhanurdharaḥ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 74, 196. 9, 289.] caitya [Mahābhārata 2, 814. 4, 296. 1399. 7, 3184.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 80, 19. 6, 6, 12] (purī). [?37, 16. 93, 7. Spr. 2465. 3181. Raghuvaṃśa 12, 71. Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 44 (43), 9. Sūryasiddhānta 12, 38. Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 27.] bhañjana [Kathāsaritsāgara 12, 42. 35, 152.] [Pañcatantra III, 48. 47, 6.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 2, 20.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 9, 56.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 49, 43] (wo sotsedhavapraprākāraṃ zu lesen ist). [46. 51, 64. 66, 9.] su adj. Inschr. in [Journ. of the Am. Or. S. 7, 6,] [Śloka 15.] guṇa [Oxforder Handschriften 209,a,19.] prākārāgra [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 981.] [Halāyudha 5, 2.] Em Ende eines adj. comp. f. ā [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 1, 34.]
--- OR ---
Prakara (प्रकर):—
1) vrīhi [Kathāsaritsāgara 61, 62.] —
2) b) [Sāhityadarpana 317. 322. fg.]
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार):—, tatprakāra derartig [Bhāṣāpariccheda 134.]
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार):—[Z. 9] streiche adj.
Prakara (प्रकर):——
1) m. — a) ein ausgestreuter Haufe , Menge überh. — b) *aid , assistance , friendship. — c) *usage , custom , continuance of similar practice. — d) *respect. — e) *seduction , abduction. —
2) f. ī — a) ein best. Gesang. — b) ein zum Verständniss des Folgenden eingeschaltetes kurzes Zwischenspiel in einem Schauspiel — c) *Kreuzweg. —
3) *n. Aloeholz.
--- OR ---
Prakāra (प्रकार):—m. Art , Weise. kena prakāreṇa auf welche Weise? wie so? comment? [Kāraṇḍavyūha 14,11.] prakārais auf diese oder jene Weise. rāmāyaṇasya bhāratasyavā eine Art Rāmāyaṇa oder Mahābhārata [Rājataraṃgiṇī 7,1740.Am] Ende eines adj. Comp. (f. ā) — Artig Nom.abstr. tā f.
--- OR ---
Prākara (प्राकर):—Nomen proprium —
1) m. eines Sohnes des Dyutimant. —
2) n. eines von
1) beherrschten Varṣa.
--- OR ---
Prākāra (प्राकार):—m. (adj. Comp. f. ā) Umfassungswand , Wall , Mauer.
Prakara (प्रकर) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Pagara, Pagāra, Payara, Payāra, Pākāra, Pāgāra, Pāyāra.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Prakara (प्रकर) [Also spelled prakar]:—(nm) a circle (as of friends, associates, etc.); assembly.
2) Prakāra (प्रकार) [Also spelled prakar]:—(nm) kind; quality; mode, manner; way, method; type; pattern; -[bheda] difference in kind/quality/type; -[vidyā] typology.
3) Prākāra (प्राकार) [Also spelled prakar]:—(nm) a parapet; rampart.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Prakara (ಪ್ರಕರ):—
1) [noun] a large number of people, animals or things collected at a place; a group; a multitude.
2) [noun] a bunch of flowers.
3) [noun] a myrrhlike gum resin of certain trees used as incense or in making incenses; bdellium.
4) [noun] the act of helping; an aid; an assistance; a help.
5) [noun] the act of using or the state of being used.
6) [noun] respect; regard.
--- OR ---
Prakāra (ಪ್ರಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] a way, mode or manner.
2) [noun] state or instance of being equal; equality.
3) [noun] a special quality, feature, point, characteristic, etc.; speciality.
4) [noun] condition, quality, fact or instance of being different; difference.
5) [noun] (phil.) a distinct or outstanding part, quality or characteristic of something.
--- OR ---
Prākāra (ಪ್ರಾಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] a barrier, as of wooden or thorny plants, metal posts, rails, wire mesh, etc., used as a boundary or means of protection or confinement; a fence.
2) [noun] a wall surrounding a building.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
1) Prakāra (प्रकार):—n. 1. manner; means; scheme; 2. type; kind; sort;
2) Prākāra (प्राकार):—n. 1. enclosure; boundary; 2. enclosing wall;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Pra, Kara.
Starts with (+10): Prakarabhanjana, Prakaradharani, Prakaragra, Prakaraka, Prakarakarna, Prakarakhanda, Prakaralakshana, Prakaramardi, Prakaramardin, Prakaramtara, Prakaran, Prakarana, Prakaranagrantha, Prakaranapada, Prakaranapancika, Prakaranasama, Prakaranashas, Prakaranata, Prakaranatas, Prakaranatva.
Full-text (+559): Pratiprakara, Viprakara, Idamprakaram, Kimprakaram, Evamprakara, Prakarata, Bahuprakara, Prakaraka, Nanaprakara, Prakarakarna, Ekaprakara, Payograhasamarthanaprakara, Prakaradharani, Prakaramardi, Prakaramardin, Prakarastha, Vajraprakara, Triprakara, Bahitprakara, Shabdabodhaprakara.
Relevant text
Search found 153 books and stories containing Prakara, Pra-kara, Pra-kāra, Prā-kāra, Prākāra, Prakāra, Prākara, Prakaras; (plurals include: Prakaras, karas, kāras, Prākāras, Prakāras, Prākaras, Prakarases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Kashyapa Shilpa-shastra (study) (by K. Vidyuta)
3. Pañcaprākāra (Five types of Prākāras) < [Chapter 3 - Prākāra Lakṣaṇa]
1-2. Etymology and Definition of Prākāra < [Chapter 3 - Prākāra Lakṣaṇa]
1. Conclusion (Prākāras) < [Chapter 6 - Conclusion]
Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture) (by D. N. Shukla)
Chapter 10 - Vimāna-Vāstu < [Volume 5 - Temple Architecture]
Temples of Madura, the final phase (from 1600 A.D.) < [Chapter 12 - History of Hindu Temples (Prāsādas and Vimānas)]
(v) Mānasāra (Summary) < [Chapter 5 - Study of Hindu Science of Architecture]
Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)
Verse 3.14.618 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (14): Vṛtti-samuddeśa (On Ccomplex Formation)]
Verse 3.14.619 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (14): Vṛtti-samuddeśa (On Ccomplex Formation)]
Verse 3.14.623 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (14): Vṛtti-samuddeśa (On Ccomplex Formation)]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 2.8.19 < [Chapter 8 - Description of Seeing Lord Kṛṣṇa]
Verse 1.2.37 < [Chapter 2 - Description of the Abode of Śrī Goloka]
Verses 2.17.4-9 < [Chapter 17 - The Meeting of Śrī Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa]
Krishna Sandarbha of Jiva Goswami (by Kusakratha Prabhu)
Cosmogony in Indian Philosophy (study) (by Rashmi Rekha Goswami)
Part 11 - A brief note on Viśiṣtādvaita Vedānta < [Chapter 4 - Cosmogony in Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta philosophy]