Chapter 356 - The formation of taddhita (secondary nominal bases)

[Sanskrit text for this chapter is available]

[Full title: The rules governing the formation of taddhita (secondary nominal bases)]

Skanda said:

1-4. I shall describe the three kinds of taddhita; the general type (will be formed) by using the following affixes)

lac (la) — aṃsalaḥ (having muscular shoulders); vatsalaḥ (compassionate).
ilac (ila) — phenila (foamy); picchila (slippery).
śe (śa) — lomaśaḥ [lomaśa] (hairy, a monkey).
ne (na) — pāmanah [pāmanaḥ/pāmana?] (sulphur)
aṇ (a) — prājña (wise), ārcaka (relating to a worshipper).
urac (ura) — forms dantura (having projecting teeth) from danta (tooth).
ra — madhura (sweet); suṣira (for a long time).
(by adding va) Keśava (having beautiful hair) (is formed) similarly.
ya — hiraṇyaṃ [hiraṇya] (gold)
va — Mālava (name of a country)
valaci (vala) — rajasvalā (menstruous woman)
inī — dhanī (rich); kari and hasti (elephant)
ṭikan (ika) — dhanika (rich)
vin — payasvī (milky); māyāvi (magician)
yuyuc (yus)— Ūrṇāyuḥ [Ūrṇāyu] (woolen)

5-8. min (mī) — vāgmi (eloquent)
ālac (āla) — (vācāla)
and
āṭac — vācāka (eloquent)
ina — phalinaḥ [phalina] (fruitful); barhiṇaḥ [barhiṇa] (a peacock); kekī (a peacock)
kan — vṛndāraka (venerable or beautiful)
āluc — śītālu = śītaṃ na sahate (unable to endure cold); himālu = himaṃ na sahate (not able to bear snow)

We would have the form vātula from vāta (by adding) ulac. an (is used to denote) progeny (such as) Vāsiṣṭha, Kaurava.

so'sya vāsakaḥ—Pāñcālaḥ
tatra vāsaḥ—Māthuraḥ
vetti adhīte cāndravyākaraṇam—Cāṇdrakaḥ

9-12. Khañ (ka) priyaṅgūnāṃ kṣetram praiyaṅgavīnakam
iñ (i) — Dākṣiḥ [Dākṣi] (the son of Dakṣa); Dāśarathiḥ [Dāśarathi] (the son of Daśaratha).
kac —Nārāyaṇa
phañ — Aśvāyanaḥ [Aśvāyana]
yac — Gārgyaḥ [Gārgya] (son of Garga); Vātsyakaḥ [Vātsyaka] (of the family of Vātsya)
ḍhak (eya) —Vainateya (son of Vinatā, ie., Garuḍa) etc.
crak — Cāṭakeraḥ [Cāṭakera]
ḍhak — Gandheraka
gha (iya) — kṣatriya (born in the race of a ruler)
kha (īna) — kulīnaḥ [kulīna] (born of a good family)
ṇya (ya) — Kauravya (a descendant of Kuru)
yat — mūrdhanya (being in or on the head); mukhya (chief) etc.
— sugandhiḥ [sugandhi] (good fragrance)

13. itac (ita) (will be used) for Tāraka group^[1] (of words) (in the sense of that is obtained or possessed by) such as ‘the sky studded with stars’.
anaṃ (an) —kuṇḍodhnī (a cow with a full udder); puṣpadhanvan (the god of love); sudhanvan (having an excellent bow).

14. cuñcup (cuñcu) — vittacuñcuḥ [vittacuñcu] would be used in the sense of one having wealth.
caṇap (caṇa) — keśacaṇah [keśacaṇa] (renowned for the hair)
rūpa — paṭarūpa (in the form of a cloth)

15-16 īyas — it would be paṭīyan (cleverer)
tarap (tara) — akṣatara (fairly proficient in dice); pacatitaraṃ [pacatitara]^[2] (cooking fairly well)
tamap (tama)— aṭatitamāṃ^[3] (wandering excellently); mṛdvītamā (much soft).
kalpap (kalpa)— Indrakalpaḥ [Indrakalpa] (equal to Indra); ardhakalpakaḥ [ardhakalpaka] (equal to half)
deśīya or deśya— rājadeśīyaḥ [rājadeśīya] (almost a king)

17. jātīya — Paṭujātīya (belonging to an intelligent group)
mātrac (mātra) — jānumātraṃ [jānumātra] (reaching as far as the knee)
dvayasac (dvayasa) — ūrudvayasa (reachingup to the thigh)
dadhnac (dadhna) — ūrudadhna (reaching upto the thigh)

18. tayap (taya)—pañcatayaḥ [pañcataya] (fivefold)
ṭhak (ika)—dauvārikaḥ [dauvārika] (door-keeper)

The general suffixes have been described. (I shall describe now) the secondary affixes known as indeclinables.

19-20. tasil (tas)—yataḥ is formed (in the sense of) from which.

tral is said (to form) yatra (where), tatra (there), adhunā (is used in the sense of) at that time, and dān (is used in) idānīṃ (now). Dā is used (to form) sarvadā (always) together with sarva. hil (hi) forms tarhi in the sense of that time and karhi, at which time. Ha (is used to form) iha (in the sense of) now.

21-24a. thāl (thā)— yathā (when);
tham (tha)—kathaṃ (how).

Let one gather in the eastern direction astāt (il) for Pūrva (śabda).

May the leaders move in the front (purastāt). (The word) sadya is said (to be used) (in the sense of) same day. Ut (is used) for the previous year and Parut for (the year) preceding that Parāri is also (used in the same sense). Aiṣamo (is used in the sense of) this year derived from the word samas). Edyavau and Paredyavi would (denote) the next day. Adya means today. Dye is used in combination as Pūrvedyuḥ and Edyuḥ (the previous day).

24b-27. Let one dwell in the southern direction. Dakṣiṇāt and Dakṣiṇādi (in the southern direction). May one dwell in the northern direction: Uttarāt and Uttarādi (in the northern direction). May one dwell above: Upariṣṭāt. Riṣṭati and Ūrdhvakāt (above) (have similar meaning). By adding suffix āc we have dakṣiṇā. By adding āhi we have dakṣiṇāhi (in the south) vaset (may one dwell). Dha in dvidhā denotes two ways. When dhyamuñ is added to eke it becomes ekadhyam (thinking in one form only). Likewise dhamuñ is added to dvi we have dvaidham (to forms)...^[4]

28-30. The particles which are secondary suffixes have been described. (I shall describe) the secondary affixes which are abstract nouns. Paṭor bhāvaḥ = paṭutvaṃ (cleverness) (using) (suffix) tva. Paṭutā is said (to be by using) tālic. By adding iman to pṛthu (we have) prathimā (extension). Saukhyaṃ (happiness) is said to be from sukha (by adding) ṣyañ. Steyam [Steya] (theft) (is fromed) (by adding) yat to stena (a thief). The state of being a monkey is kāpeyaṃ [kāpeya]. Samya (army) and pathya (beneficial) are said (to be formed by adding) yak (ya). Āśvaṃ [Āśva] (relating to a horse), kaumārakaṃ [kaumāraka] (relating to boyhood) and yauvanaṃ [yauvana] (relating to youth) (are from) āṇ (ā). Ācāryakaṃ [Ācāryaka] relating to the preceptor) (is) from kan. The other secondary suffixes are said (to be formed) in the same way.

Footnotes and references:

[1]:

See Pa. V. 2. 36

[2]:

See Pa. V. 4.11

[3]:

See ibid.

[4]:

The next two words are not clear.