Kalpa, Kalpā, Kālpa, Kalpakujāta: 50 definitions
Introduction:
Kalpa means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
The four yugas are calculated in terms of the heavenly calendars and accordingly are twelve thousand years in terms of the heavenly planets. This is called a divya-yuga, and one thousand divya-yugas make one day of Brahmā.
The creation during the day of Brahmā is called kalpa, and the creation of Brahmā is called vikalpa. When vikalpas are made possible by the breathing of Mahā-Viṣṇu, this is called a mahā-kalpa. There are regular and systematic cycles of these mahā-kalpas, vikalpas and kalpas.
The thirty kalpas of Brahmā are:
- Śveta-kalpa,
- Nīlalohita,
- Vāmadeva,
- Gāthāntara,
- Raurava,
- Prāṇa,
- Bṛhat-kalpa,
- Kandarpa,
- Sadyotha,
- Īśāna,
- Dhyāna,
- Sārasvata,
- Udāna,
- Garuḍa,
- Kaurma,
- Nārasiḿha,
- Samādhi,
- Āgneya,
- Viṣṇuja,
- Saura,
- Soma-kalpa,
- Bhāvana,
- Supuma,
- Vaikuṇṭha,
- Arciṣa,
- Valī-kalpa,
- Vairāja,
- Gaurī-kalpa,
- Māheśvara,
- Paitṛ-kalpa.
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to “one day in the life of Lord Brahmā. It is equivalent to one thousand catur-yugas. Each catur-yuga is one cycle of the four yugas: Satya, Dvāpara, Tretā and Kali, totalling 4,320,000,000 years (8.17)”. (cf. Glossary page from Śrīmad-Bhagavad-Gītā).
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to:—One day of Brahmā. (cf. Glossary page from Bhajana-Rahasya).
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to:—One day in the life of Brahmā, lasting 4 billion 320 million years; equivalent to one thousand divya-yugas, or sets of the four yugas. (cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta).
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
1) Kalpa (कल्प).—A son of Dhruva. See under DHRUVA.
2) Kalpa (कल्प).—A period of one thousand Yugas or fourteen Manvantaras. See under MANVANTARA.
3) Kalpa (कल्प).—The customary proceedings of Yāgas. These proceedings are made in the form of Sūtras. The Sūtras describe how the Brāhmaṇas and mantras are to be used. For each Saṃhitā there are separate Śrauta Sūtras. The Śrauta Sūtras for Ṛgveda Saṃhitā are Āśvalāyana, Śāṃkhāyana and Śaunaka. Those for Sāmaveda are Maśaka, Lāṭyāyana and Drāhyāyaṇa. Those for Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda are Āpastamba Bauddhāyana, Satyāṣāḍha, Hiraṇyakeśī, Mānava, Bhāradvāja, Vādhūla, Vaikhānasa, Laugākṣi, Maitra, Kaṭha and Vārāha. For Śuklayajurveda it is Kātyāyana Srauta Sūtra. For Atharvaveda it is Kauśika Śrauta Sūtra. All these Sūtras contain only brief symbolic words and are difficult to understand without explanation.
1) Kalpa (कल्प) in a precise sense means a vast cosmic period but this seems to have been a later application of it, when the scheme of cosmological time was developed. It is often used in a simpler and unspecialized way to mean ‘a period of time’, ‘an age.’ This seems to have been its earlier signification, as where it is said ‘Purā Kalpe, mahākāle’ in old time, long, long ago. In such texts Purākalpa is often used loosely and has the general sense of ‘Old time’.
Note: According to the Purāṇas the legends of one Kalpa are repeated in the other. In this process some modifications in the accounts are bound to happen with the changes in the happenings.
2) Kalpa (कल्प) is the name of a tree, as mentioned in the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.22. Accordingly as Śiva said to Sitā:—“[...] O my beloved, beautiful woman, clouds will not reach the place where I have to make an abode for you. [...] It [viz., the Himālayas] is of full grassy plains and trees that yield everything one desires and hence on a par with Kalpa trees. You can see plenty of flowers, horses, elephants and cows there”.
Note: Kalpa-vṛkṣa is one of the five trees of Indra’s paradise fabled to fulfil all desires, the other four being “Mandāra, Pārijātaka, Santāna”, and “Haricandana”.
1a) Kalpa (कल्प).—A son of Dhruva and Bhramī.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IV. 10. 1.
1b) A nephew of Hiraṇyakaśipu.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 6. 26.
1c) The period of fourteen Manus or 1000 yugas followed by pralaya;1 in the day Brahmā; in the night Nārāyaṇa sleeping over his couch Śeṣa the thirty kalpas and the thirty days of Brahmā. These are mixed, tāmasa, rājasa and sātvika2 from klipu, to introduce with intelligence; the fourteen saṃsthas Brahmā introduced and hence kalpa;3 twenty-eight in number, each of two kalpārdhas;4 the 14 kalpas made by Brahmā and hence the name.5
- 1) Bhāgavata-purāṇa II. 8. 12; IV. 9. 14; XII. 4. 2-3; Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 116, 173 and 210; Viṣṇu-purāṇa III. 2. 50-2; VI. 3. 12.
- 2) Matsya-purāṇa 290. 1-16.
- 3) Vāyu-purāṇa 7. 77; 21. 28ff.
- 4) Vāyu-purāṇa 21. 17-18; 22. 7; 30. 231: 59. 138; 61. 54 and 102.
- 5) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 6. 74.
1d) Ritual literature; part of Viṣṇu.*
- * Viṣṇu-purāṇa V. 1. 37.
2) Kalpā (कल्पा).—A door-keeper of Mahākāla.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 32. 18.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Kalpa (कल्प).—The tad. affix कल्पप् (kalpap) added to any substantive in the sense of slightly inferior, or almost complete; e.g. पट्कल्पः, मृदुकल्प (paṭkalpaḥ, mṛdukalpa); cf. P.V.3.67 and Kāśikā thereon.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Kalpa (कल्प).—1. A lifetime of the universe, conventionally equal to 4,320,000,000 years. 2. A period of 1000 yugas. 3.The Vedāṅga of ritual practice. Note: Kalpa is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Kalpa (कल्प, “social thought”) refers to one of the six divisions of the Vedāṅga texts, a type of Śāstra categorised as Apaurūṣeya; all part of the ancient Indian education system, which aimed at both the inner and the outer dimension of a person.
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to “cosmic aeons”.—Chapter nine of the Kularatnoddyota opens with the goddess asking how the Kula tradition (kulāmnāya) will be worshipped along with its mantras and Vidyās and who will bring it down (avatāraka) into the world in the various cosmic aeons (kalpa). After explaining that it is brought down into the world by incarnations or aspects of both the god and the goddess (aṃśamātra), the god goes on to list the names of these aspects—a goddess and her consort—in nineteen aeons (kalpa), many of which we recognize from the earlier version in the Tantrasadbhāva.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Kalpa (कल्प) or Kalpamudrā is the name of a Mudrā (“ritual hand-gestures”) mentioned in in chapter 13 of the Viśvāmitrasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text comprising some 2600 Sanskrit verses covering topics such as initiation (dīkṣā) and the construction, decoration and consecration of temples and icons, as well as routines of regular and special worship cycles.—Description of the chapter [mudrā-adhyāya]: Kāśyapa asks what are the various types of mudrā-gestures, and Viśvāmitra complies by first defining mudrā as that by seeing which one derives pleasure (“mu-”) and then by counseling that whoever practices these mudrās must do so in secrecy (1-6). Thereupon he names and briefly describes how to perform a number of mudrās [e.g., kalpa]
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
General definition (in Hinduism)
1. Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating ritual. Tradition does not single out any special work in this branch of the Vedanga; but sacrificial practice gave rise to a large number of systematic sutras for the several classes of priests.
2. Kalpa is a Sanskrit word (Hindi: कल्प kalpa) meaning an aeon, or a relatively long period of time (by human calculation) in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. The concept is first mentioned in the Mahabharata. The definition of a kalpa equaling 4.32 billion years is found in the Purāṇas (specifically Viṣnu Purāṇa and Bhagavata Purāṇa).
3. In Hinduism (cf. Hindu Time Cycles), it is equal to 4.32 billion years, a "day of Brahma" or one thousand mahayugas, measuring the duration of the world (scientists estimate the age of the Earth at 4.54 billion years). Each kalpa is divided into 14 manvantara periods, each lasting 71 yuga cycles (306,720,000 years). Preceding the first and following each manvatara period is a juncture (sandhya) the length of a Satya-yuga (1,728,000) years. Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma. A "month of Brahma" is supposed to contain thirty such days (including nights), or 259.2 billion years. According to the Mahabharata, 12 months of Brahma (=360 days) constitute his year, and 100 such years the life cycle of the universe. Fifty years of Brahma are supposed to have elapsed, and we are now in the shvetavaraha-kalpa of the fifty-first; at the end of a Kalpa the world is annihilated.
4. The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in cycles of kalpas. A kalpa is a day of Brahmā, and one day of Brahmā consists of a thousand cycles of four yugas, or ages: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga. The names of 30 Kalpas are found in the Matsya Purāṇa (290.3-12). These are:
- Śveta
- Nīlalohita
- Vāmadeva
- Rathantara
- Raurava
- Deva
- Vṛhat
- Kandarpa
- Sadya
- Iśāna
- Tamah
- Sārasvata
- Udāna
- Gāruda
- Kaurma
- Nārasiṃha
- Samāna
- Āgneya
- Soma
- Mānava
- Tatpumān
- Vaikuṇṭha
- Lakṣmī
- Sāvitrī
- Aghora
- Varāha
- Vairaja
- Gaurī
- Māheśvara and
- Pitṛ
The Vāyu Purāṇa in chapter 21 gives a different list of 28 kalpas. It also lists five more kalpas in the next chapter.
Lord Brahma's one day is called a kalpa, the creation of Brahma is called vikalpa and the creation of the total creation is called mahakalpa.
In the Skanda Purana, Brahma's thirty days are mentioned:
- Sveta Varaha Kalpa
- Nilalohita Kalpa
- Vamadeva Kalpa
- Gathantara Kalpa
- Raurava Kalpa
- Prana Kalpa
- Brhat Kalpa
- Kandarpa Kalpa
- Sadyata Kalpa
- Isana Kalpa
- Dhyana Kalpa
- Sarasvata Kalpa
- Udana Kalpa
- Garuda Kalpa
- Kaurma Kalpa
- Narasimha Kalpa
- Samadhi Kalpa
- Agneya Kalpa
- Visnuja Kalpa
- Saura Kalpa
- Soma Kalpa
- Bhavana Kalpa
- Supuma Kalpa
- Vaikuntha Kalpa
- Arcisa Kalpa
- Vali Kalpa
- Vairaja Kalpa
- Gauri Kalpa
- Mahesvara Kalpa
- Paitr Kalpa
Each day of Brahma is a duration of one thousand divya yugas. A divya yuga comprises of one thousand of the four yugas. The same duration comprises his night.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
1. Kappa - One of Bavaris disciples. The questions he asked of the Buddha are recorded in the Kappamanavapuccha (q.v.). He became an arahant. Sn.vv.1007, 1092-5; SnA.ii.597.
2. Kappa Thera - An arahant. He was the son of a provincial governor in Magadha and was addicted to self indulgence. The Buddha, seeing him in his net of wisdom, visited him and admonished him, speaking to him of the filthy nature of the body, illustrating his sermon with a wealth of simile and metaphor. Kappa was greatly impressed and joined the Order. He became an arahant, as his head was being shaved. In the time of the Buddha Siddhattha he was a rich householder, and offered at the Buddhas shrine a kapparukkha containing objects of great value. Wherever he was born celestial trees grew outside his door. Seven kappas ago he was eight times king under the name of Sucela (Thag.567-76; ThagA.i.521ff). He is probably identical with Kapparukkhiya of the Apadana. Ap.i.91.
3. Kappa - In the Samyutta Nikaya (S.iii.169f) two suttas are connected with a monk called Kappa, who is probably identical with Kappa (2). In both suttas he asks the Buddha how it is possible to cultivate knowledge and thought so as to be free from thoughts of I and mine with regard to the body. The same questions, receiving the same answers, are elsewhere attributed to Rahula. S.ii.253f.
4. Kappa - A young brahmin (Kappakamara) who was the Bodhisatta. He later became a sage and the disciple and friend of Kesava. For his story see the Kesava Jataka (J.iii.142ff). The story is also referred to in the Bakabrahma Jataka (J.iii.361; DhA.i.342f), and mentioned in the Samyutta Nikaya (S.i.144; SA.i.164; MA.i.555), where Bakabrahma is identified with Kappas teacher, Kesava. v.l. Kappaka.
5. Kappa - See Nigrodha Kappa.
(Skr) = kappa).
-- or --
(Sanskrit kalpa): 'world-period', an inconceivably long space of time, an aeon. This again is subdivided into 4 sections:
- world-dissolution (samvatta-kappa) dissolving world),
- continuation of the chaos (samvatta-tthāyī),
- world-formation (vivatta-kappa),
- continuation of the formed world (vivatta-tthāyī).
"How long a world-dissolution will continue, how long the chaos, how long the formation, how long the continuation of the formed world, of these things; o monks, one hardly can say that it will be so many years, or so many centuries, or so many millennia, or so many hundred thousands of years" (A.IV.156)
A detailed description of the 4 world-periods is given in that stirring discourse on the all-embracing impermanence in A.VII.62.
The beautiful simile in S.XV.5 may be mentioned here: "Suppose, o monks, there was a huge rock of one solid mass, one mile long, one mile wide, one mile high, without split or flaw. And at the end of every hundred years a man should come and rub against it once with a silken cloth. Then that huge rock would wear off and disappear quicker than a world-period. But of such world-periods, o monks, many have passed away, many hundreds, many thousands, many hundred thousands. And how is this possible? Inconceivable, o monks, is this samsāra, not to be discovered is any first beginning of beings, who obstructed by ignorance and ensnared by craving, are hurrying and hastening through this round of rebirths."
Compare here Grimm's German fairy-tale of the little shepherd boy: 'In Farther Pommerania there is the diamond-mountain, one hour high, one hour wide, one hour deep. There every hundred years a little bird comes and whets its little beak on it. And when the whole mountain is ground off, then the first second of eternity has passed."
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to “thought-constructions”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, as Bodhisattva Gaganagañja explains to Bodhisattva Ratnaśrī what kind of concentration should be purified: “[...] (59) [when the Bodhisattvas attain] the concentration called ‘Absence of distinguishing marks’, all through thought-constructions, imaginings and fictions (sarva-kalpa-vikalpa-parikalpa) will be eliminated; (60) [when the Bodhisattvas attain] the concentration called ‘Absence of wishful thinking’, all vows will be fulfilled; (61) [when the Bodhisattvas attain] the concentration called ‘Absence of moving’, all wavering thoughts will be overcome; [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Kalpa (कल्प) or Kalpakaṣāya in Sanskrit refers to “the impurity of time” and is known in Tibetan as dus-kyi snyigs-ma. It represents one of the “Five Impurities” which are known in Tibetan as snyigs ma lnga. They are defined in the sgyu-'phrul rgya-mtsho of volume 15 of the rnying-ma'i rg.yud-'bum (Collected Tantras of the rNying-ma-pa).—[Cf. the Mahāvyutpatti 2335-2340].
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
General definition (in Buddhism)
Kalpa (कल्प) or Caturkalpa refers to the “four aeons” as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 87):
- antara-kalpa (an intervalic aeon),
- mahā-kalpa (a great aeon),
- śūnya-kalpa (an empty aeon),
- sāra-kalpa (an essential aeon).
The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., kalpa). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.
Kalpa:—Approximately sixteen million years.
1. According to Visuddhimagga, there are several explanations for types of kalpas and their duration. In the first explanation, there are four types:
- Ayu-Kalpa,
- Antah-Kalpa,
- Asankya-Kalpa,
- Maha-Kalpa.
2. In another simple explanation, there are four different lengths of kalpas. A regular kalpa is approximately 16 million years long (16,798,000 years), and a small kalpa is 1000 regular kalpas, or about 16 billion years. Further, a medium kalpa is roughly 320 billion years, the equivalent of 20 small kalpas. A great kalpa is 4 medium kalpas, or around 1.28 trillion years.
A Kalpa denotes a great period of time; a period during which a physical universe is formed and destroyed.
Asankhyeya denotes the highest sum for which a conventional term exists:
- According to Chinese calculations equal to one followed by seventeen ciphers;
- According to Thibetan and Singhalese, equal to one followed by ninety-seven ciphers.
Every Maha-kalpa consists of four Asankhyeya-kalpas. Eitel, p. 15.
Kalpa Skt.; world cycle, world age (Pali, kappa); term for an endlessly long period of time, which is the basis of Buddhist time reckoning. The length of a kalpa is illustrated by the following simile: suppose that every hundred years a piece of silk is rubbed once on a solid rock one cubic mile in size; when the rock is worn away by this, one kalpa will still not have passed.
A kalpa is divided into four parts: the arising of a universe, the continuation of the arisen universe, the demise of that universe, the continuation of chaos. In the period of the arising of a universe, individual worlds with their sentient beings are formed. In the second period sun and moon come into being, the sexes are distinguished, and social life develops. In the phase of universal demise, fire, water, and wind destroy almost everything. The period of chaos is that of total annihilation. a
In Jainism
Jain philosophy
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to a division of time, as mentioned in the Anekāntajayapatākā-prakaraṇa, a Śvetāmbara Jain philosophical work written by Haribhadra Sūri.—[Cf. Vol. II, P. 210, l. 14]—‘Kalpa’ is a division of time. According to the Bauddhas there are four great kalpas and eighty smaller ones. The Vaidika Hindus—the Brāhmaṇas believe m kalpas and yugas. Sometimes the Jaina writers have used this word in the non-Jaina sense e.g. Siddhasena Divākara in his Kalyāṇamandirastotra (v. 4) and Mānatuṅga Sūri in his Bhaktāmarastotra (v. 4).
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General definition (in Jainism)
Kalpa (कल्प).—One of the four heavens of the upper world (ūrdhvaloka);—The kalpas are 16, according to the Digambaras, and situated in eight superimposed pairs which are compared to the ribs of a man. They are:
- Saudharma,
- Aiśāna,
- Sanatkumāra,
- Māhendra,
- Brahma,
- Brahmottara,
- Lāntaka,
- Kāpiṣṭha,
- Śukra,
- Mahāśukra,
- Śatāra,
- Sahasrāra,
- Ānata,
- Prāṇata,
- Āraṇa,
- Acyuta.
According to the Śvetāmbaras the kalpa heavens are 12 in number, omitting Brahmottara, Kāpiṣṭha, Mahāśukra and Śatāra of the Digambara list.
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to the “ten kinds of wishing-trees”, according to chapter 1.1 [ādīśvara-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.—Accordingly, “[...] among the Utttarakuras the land is naturally beautiful, with sand as sweet as sugar and waters resembling autumn-moonlight. Ten kinds of wishing-trees always give to the people whatever they desire without effort on their part”.—(the kalpa-trees are described in detail in Jambūdvīpaprajñapti 20, p. 99 f. and Pravacanasāroddhāra 1067-70, p. 314.)
The ten kinds of kalpa-trees are defined as follows:—
- the Madyāṅgas give wine,
- the Bhṛṅgas give dishes,
- the Tūryāṅgakas give choice musical instruments with various times,
- the Dīpaśikhās give a wonderful light,
- and Jyotiṣkas give a wonderful light,
- the Citrāṅgas furnish wreaths,
- the Citrarasas furnish food,
- the Maṇyaṅgas furnish ornaments,
- the Gehākāras furnish houses,
- the Anaṅgas furnish various kinds of divine apparel.
These give definite objects, and also indefinite ones; and other wishing-trees there give all things desired. There the jīva of Dhana, like a wishing-tree in heaven, had everything desired and enjoyed pleasures of the senses as a twin”.
Kalpa (कल्प, “heaven”).—According to the Tattvārtasūtra 4.23, “prior to graiveyakas are the kalpas”.—What is a kalpa? The places where lords (Indra), his equals /co-chiefs, the councilors etc are imagined to exist are called kalpa. How many kalpas are there? There are sixteen heavens from Saudharma-Acyuta heavens or twelve heavens are called kalpas.
What is the difference between kalpa and kalpātīta? The places where lords, his equal, the counselors etc are imagined to exist are called kalpa. The places where only Ahmindras exist are called kalpātīta.
Kalpa (कल्प) refers to the “lower heavens”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “And, having obtained the good fortune of heaven, [those corporeal beings] enjoy heavenly pleasure in the lower heavens (kalpa) and in the celestial vehicles or among other groups [of gods]. They fall from that place [and] immediately they enter the Rasātala hell. They roam about the whole world like the wind [and] they fall down into the Naraka hell”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Kalpa.—(CII 1), same as saṃvarta-kalpa, the aeon of des- truction. (CII 3, etc.), name of a fabulous tree in Indra's paradise, supposed to grant all desires. Note: kalpa is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
Kalpa [कल्प] in the Marathi language is the name of a plant identified with Andrographis paniculata (Burm. fil.) Nees from the Acanthaceae (Acanthus) family having the following synonyms: Justicia paniculata . For the possible medicinal usage of kalpa, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
kappa : (m.) 1. a world cycle; an aeon; 2. thought. (adj.), suitable; proper; resembling. (in cpds.).
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
kalpa (कल्प).—m (S) A day and night of brahmā, a period of 4,320,000,000 solar-sidereal years, measuring the duration of the world, and the interval betwixt its annihilation and re-creation. 2 A side or view (of a case or subject). 3 More frequently vikalpa Optionality or alternative. 4 The name of a Shastra, one of the six Vedangas comprehending the description of religious rites. 5 Doubting or doubt. 6 A resolve or purpose.
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kalpa (कल्प).—a S Capable of; competent unto. 2 In comp. Like or resembling.
kalpa (कल्प).—m Doubt. A day and night of bramhā. A resolve. A side or view of a case.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Kalpa (कल्प).—a. [klṛp-ghañ]
1) Practicable, feasible, possible,
2) Proper, fit, right.
3) Strong, vigorous; चरन्तं ब्राह्मणं कञ्चित्कल्पचित्तमनामयम् (carantaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ kañcitkalpacittamanāmayam) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.179.3.
4) Able, competent (with a gen., loc.; inf. or at the end of comp.); धर्मस्य, यशसः, कल्पः (dharmasya, yaśasaḥ, kalpaḥ) Bhāg. able to do his duty &c.; स्वक्रियायामकल्पः (svakriyāyāmakalpaḥ) ibid. not competent to do one's duty; अकल्प एषामधिरोढुमञ्जसा पद्म्द्म् (akalpa eṣāmadhiroḍhumañjasā padmdm) ibid., so स्वभरणाकल्प (svabharaṇākalpa) &c.
-lpaḥ 1 A sacred precept or rule, law, ordinance.
2) A prescribed rule, a prescribed alternative, optional rule; प्रभुः प्रथमकल्पस्य योऽनुकल्पेन वर्तते (prabhuḥ prathamakalpasya yo'nukalpena vartate) Manusmṛti 11.3 'able to follow the prescribed rule to be observed in preference to all others'; प्रथमः कल्पः (prathamaḥ kalpaḥ) M.1; cf. also Pratimā 4, and Abhiṣekanāṭakam 6 and Ś.4. a very good (or best) alternative; एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः (eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ) Ms. 3.147.
3) (Hence) A proposal, suggestion, resolve, determination; एष मे प्रथमः कल्पः (eṣa me prathamaḥ kalpaḥ) Rām.2.52.63; उदारः कल्पः (udāraḥ kalpaḥ) Ś.7.
4) Manner of acting, procedure, form, way, method (in religious rites); श्रूयते हि पुराकल्पे (śrūyate hi purākalpe) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 6.43.23; क्षात्रेण कल्पेनोपनीय (kṣātreṇa kalpenopanīya) Uttararāmacarita 2; कल्पवित्कल्पयामास वन्यामे- वास्य संविधाम् (kalpavitkalpayāmāsa vanyāme- vāsya saṃvidhām) R.1.94; Manusmṛti 7.185.
5) End of the world, universal destruction.
6) A day of Brahmā or 1, Yugas, being a period of 432 million years of mortals and measuring the duration of the world; cf. Bhāgavata 3.11; श्रीश्वेतवाराहकल्पे (śrīśvetavārāhakalpe) [the one in which we now live]; कल्पं स्थितं तनुभृतां तनु- भिस्ततः किम् (kalpaṃ sthitaṃ tanubhṛtāṃ tanu- bhistataḥ kim) Śānti.4.2. Hence कल्पिक (kalpika) means 'born in the primeval age' Bu. Ch.2.48.
7) Medical treatment of the sick.
8) One of the six Vedāṅgas, i. e. that which lays down the ritual and prescribes rules for ceremonial and sacrificial acts; शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणम् (śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇam) Muṇdtod; 1.1.5 see under वेदाङ्ग (vedāṅga).
9) A termination added to nouns and adjectives in the sense of 'a little less than', 'almost like', 'nearly equal to', P.V.3.67 [denoting similarity with a degree of inferiority]; कुमारकल्पं सुषुवे कुमारम् (kumārakalpaṃ suṣuve kumāram) R.5.36; उपपन्नमेतदस्मिन्नृषि- कल्पे राजनि (upapannametadasminnṛṣi- kalpe rājani) Ś.2; प्रभातकल्पा शशिनेव शर्वरी (prabhātakalpā śaśineva śarvarī) R.3.2; so मृतकल्पः, प्रतिपन्नकल्पः (mṛtakalpaḥ, pratipannakalpaḥ) &c.
1) The doctrine of poisons and antidotes.
11) One of the trees of paradise; cf. कल्पद्रुम (kalpadruma).
12) Vigour, strength; लौकिके समयाचारे कृतकल्पो विशारदः (laukike samayācāre kṛtakalpo viśāradaḥ) Rām.2.1.22.
-lpā, -lpam A kind of intoxicating liquor.
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Kālpa (काल्प).—a. [kalpa-aṇ]
1) Preceptive, laying down a rule, ritual.
2) Relating to Kalpa.
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Kālpa (काल्प).—Zedoary.
Derivable forms: kālpaḥ (काल्पः).
See also (synonyms): kālpaka.
Kalpa (कल्प).—m., also nt. (1) (compare Sanskrit id. style, manner, fashion, chiefly in [bahuvrīhi] cpds., [Boehtlingk and Roth] s.v. 2b), in tatpuruṣa cpds., especially gṛhi-kalpa, tīrthika-k°, ṛṣi-k°, appearance, aspect (of), resemblance (to), sometimes replaced by ākalpa (as in Sanskrit, ornament or attire), and parallel with gupti (gupta), liṅga, dhvaja (see s.v. gupti for citations); (2) ifc., said to mean indifferent, alike in regard to…, in vāsīcan- danakalpa, q.v.; (3) (not recognized in Sanskrit or Pali Dictt., tho Childers gives thought as one meaning of kappa), (false) fancy, (vain) imagining, often with vikalpa and parikalpa, qq.v.: Lalitavistara 34.11 (prose) sarva-kalpa-vikalpa-parikalpa- prahāṇāya; others s.v. parikalpa; 250.16 (prose) akalpaṃ tad dhyānam avikalpam aniñjanam…; 419.17 (verse) saṃkalpa-(q.v.; instr.?)-kalpajanitena ayonisena bhavate avidya…; 420.11 (verse) yasmin na kalpa na vikalpa (so most mss.); 422.20 akalpāvikalpa-dharmanayavistīraṇa- cakraṃ; Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra 57.3 (vividha-) kalpa-vikalpitam, discrimi- nated by various false imaginings; et alibi in Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra; Divyāvadāna 629.18 (verse, printed as prose) (a list of sins attributed to brahmans,…śāṭhyaṃ) ca dhaurtyaṃ ca tathaiva kalpam (nom. sg.!); (4) as in Sanskrit (and Pali kappa), world-age; various kinds, largely but not entirely parallel to Pali usage (best statement of this in Childers): Dharmasaṃgraha 87 lists antara-, mahā-, śūnya-, sāra-k° (all m.), qq.v.: Mahāvyutpatti has the first two, also bhadra-k°, q.v., 8292; saṃ- varta- and vivarta-k°, qq.v., 8279—80; see asaṃkhyeya, adj., which does not seem to be used in [Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit], or at least in the texts included in this Dict., as it is stated to be in Pali, as name of a particular kind of kalpa; (5) name of a king: Avadāna-śataka ii.102.6 ff. See kalpa-kaṣāya and following cpds.; also kalpam, adv.; in kalpa-dūṣya or °duṣya, and °puṣpa, qq.v., kalpa = kalpa-vṛkṣa, as in Sanskrit Lex.
Kalpa (कल्प).—mfn.
(-lpaḥ-lpā-lpaṃ) In composition; Like, but with a degree of inferiority. m.
(-lpaḥ) 1. A Sastra or sacred work; one of the six Vedangas, and comprehending the description of religious rites. 2. A day and night of Brahma, a period of 4,320,000,000 Solarsydereal-years or years of mortals, measuring the duration of the world, and as many, the interval of its annihilation. 3. A destruction of the world. 4. A sacred precept, practice prescribed by the Vedas for effecting certain consequences. 5. Propriety, fitness. 6. Optionality, alternative, doubt. 7. Resolve, purpose, any act of determination. 8. One of the trees of Indra'S paradise of Swarga. E. kṛp to be able, gha affix, ṛ is changed to al.
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Kālpa (काल्प).—mfn.
(-lpaḥ-lpā-lpaṃ) 1. Preceptive, ritual. 2. Relating to a Kalpa or period so called. m.
(-lpaḥ) Zedoary, (Curcuma zerumbet.) E. kalpa a precept, and aṇ affix; the plant forms a part of oblations offered upon certain occasions to fire; also with kan added kālpaka.
Kalpa (कल्प).—i. e. kḷp + a, I. adj., f. pā. 1. Able, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 1, 6, 7; with infin., 4, 13, 42. 2. Being a match for, able to protect (with gen.), [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 8, 23, 22. Ii. m. 1. A sacred precept, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 5, 74. 2. A rule, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 147. 3. Performance, Mahābhārata 13, 4728; usage, Daśak in
Kalpa (कल्प).—[adjective] feasible, possible; fit for, able to, capable of ([genetive], [locative], [infinitive], or —°). [masculine] ordinance, rule, [especially] for ceremonial or sacrificial acts, practise, custom, manner, way (adj. —° having the manner or way of —. i.e. resembling —, similar to —; after an adj. almost, as it were); a fabulous period of time, a day of Brahman or 1000 yugas. etena kalpena in this way. prathamaḥ kalpaḥ or prathamakalpaḥ primary rule ([opposed] anukalpa), chief matter, main point.
1) Kalpa (कल्प):—1. kalpa mf(ā)n. (√kḷp), practicable, feasible, possible, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa ii, 4, 3, 3]
2) proper, fit, able, competent, equal to (with [genitive case] [locative case], [infinitive mood], or ifc.; e.g. dharmasya kalpaḥ, competent for duty; svakarmaṇi na kalpaḥ, not competent for his own work; yadā na śāsituṃ kalpaḥ, if he is not able to rule), [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
3) m. a sacred precept, law, rule, ordinance (= vidhi, nyāya), manner of acting, proceeding, practice ([especially] that prescribed by the Vedas), [Ṛg-veda ix, 9, 7; Atharva-veda viii, 9, 10; xx, 128, 6-11; Mahābhārata]
4) (prathamaḥ kalpaḥ, a rule to be observed before any other rule, first duty, [Manu-smṛti iii, 147; Mahābhārata] etc.; etena kalpena, in this way; cf. paśu-k, etc.)
5) the most complete of the six Vedāṅgas (that which prescribes the ritual and gives rules for ceremonial or sacrificial acts), [Muṇḍaka-upaniṣad; Pāṇini] etc.
6) one of two cases, one side of an argument, an alternative (= pakṣa; cf. vikalpa), [Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha]
7) investigation, research [commentator or commentary] on [Sāṃkhyakārikā]
8) resolve, determination, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
9) (in [medicine]) treatment of the sick, manner of curing, [Suśruta ii]
10) the art of preparing medicine, pharmacy, [Caraka]
11) the doctrine of poisons and antidotes, [Suśruta i]
12) m. (ifc.) having the manner or form of anything, similar to, resembling, like but with a degree of inferiority, almost (e.g. abhedya-kalpa, almost impenetrable; cf. prabhāta-k, mṛta-k, etc.; according to native grammarians, kalpa so used is an accentless affix [Pāṇini 5-3, 67], before which a final s is left unchanged, and final ī and ū shortened, [Pāṇini; Vopadeva]; kalpam ind., may be also connected with a verb e.g. pacati-kalpam, he cooks pretty well, [Kāśikā-vṛtti on Pāṇini 8-1, 57])
13) m. a fabulous period of time (a day of Brahmā or one thousand Yugas, a period of four thousand, three hundred and twenty millions of years of mortals, measuring the duration of the world; a month of Brahmā is supposed to contain thirty such Kalpas.; according to the [Mahābhārata], twelve months of Brahmā constitute his year, and one hundred such years his lifetime; fifty years of Brahmā’s are supposed to have elapsed, and we are now in the śvetavārāha-kalpa of the fifty-first; at the end of a Kalpa the world is annihilated; hence kalpa is said to be equal to kalpānta below, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]; with Buddhists the Kalpas.are not of equal duration), [Viṣṇu-purāṇa; Bhāgavata-purāṇa; Rājataraṅgiṇī] etc.
14) Name of Mantras which contain a form of √kḷp, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā v; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa ix]
15) a kind of dance
16) Name of the first astrological mansion, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā]
17) Name of a son of Dhruva and Bhrami, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa iv, 10, 1]
18) of Śiva, [Mahābhārata xii, 10368]
19) the tree of paradise
20) = -taru below, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
21) (with Jainas) a particular abode of deities (cf. -bhava and kalpātīta below)
22) n. a kind of intoxicating liquor (incorrect for kalya), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
23) 2. kalpa [Nominal verb] [Ātmanepada] pāyate, to become a Kalpa, to appear as long as a Kalpa, [Harṣacarita]
24) Kālpa (काल्प):—mfn. ([from] kalpa), preceptive, ritual, [Horace H. Wilson]
25) relating to a period called Kalpa, [Horace H. Wilson]
26) m. the plant Curcuma Zerumbet, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
1) Kalpa (कल्प):—(lpaḥ) 1. m. A shāstra; a day and night of Brahmā 4, 320,000,000 years. a. Like (in comp.)
2) Kālpa (काल्प):—(lpaḥ) 1. m. Zedoary. a. Preceptive; belonging to a Kalpa.
Kalpa (कल्प):—adj. f. ā, nom. pl. m. alpe oder alpās [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 33.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 3, 12.] klein, gering, von geringem Umfange, geringfügig, wenig, selten, von kurzer Dauer (Gegens. mahant und bahu) [das 3, 2.] [Amarakoṣa 3, 2, 11.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1426.] śarīra [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 35, 31.] tanu [Amarakoṣa 2, 6, 1, 48.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 453.] jāti Species [Amarakoṣa 2, 5, 27.] kutū [2, 9, 33.] dvārā [Suśruta 1, 290, 14.] maṇḍala [296, 7.] bhujāntara [Vikramorvaśī 112.] sarit [Amarakoṣa 1, 2, 3, 33.] śulka [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 53.] pāpman [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 11, 1, 5, 8.] phala Lohn [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 86.] svalpe pyarthe [8, 111.] kārya [Nalopākhyāna 21, 23.] hetu [Raghuvaṃśa 2, 47.] vastu [Hitopadeśa I, 30.] saṃpad [II, 5.] āpad [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 39, 21.] [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 241.] aparādha [Nalopākhyāna 25, 10.] droha [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4, 2.] alpaviṣayā matiḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 1, 2.] atyaya [Suśruta 1, 353, 14.] saṃnicaya [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 6, 7.] sukhitā [5, 86, 7.] bhāgyatva [6, 74, 11.] duḥkhatā [Arjunasamāgama 10, 8.] bala [Nalopākhyāna 19, 15.] [Hitopadeśa 27, 18.] śakti [15, 9.] [Śākuntala 153, v. l.] vidya [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 36.] buddhi [12, 74.] mati [Suśruta 1, 35, 6.] cetas [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 85, 15.] dhī [Hitopadeśa I, 63.] sattva [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 63.] darśana [Hiḍimbavadha 1, 45.] lābha Gewinn [Dhūrtasamāgama 76, 19.] u.o samu.rau varuṇasya ku.ṣī u.āsminnalpa uda.e nilīnaḥ [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 4, 16, 3.] ājya [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 11, 4, 2, 18.] mūtrapurīṣa [ŚVETĀŚV. Upakośā 2, 13.] anna [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 6, 59.] dhana [3, 66. 11, 40.] dakṣiṇa (yajña) [39. 40.] śukra [3, 49.] [Suśruta 1, 348, 21.] puṇya [Nalopākhyāna 15, 16.] dravyāṇāmalpasārāṇām [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 164.] alpayā girā mit schwacher Stimme [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 136.] prayoga von seltenem Gebrauch [Yāska’s Nirukta 1, 14.] niṣpattayaḥ [2, 2.] śīdhupānena cālpena [Indralokāgamana 5, 13.] gering an Zahl [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 5, 118. 7, 191.] [Nalopākhyāna 26, 1.] atyalpamidamucyate es werden damit zu wenige aufgezählt [Patañjali] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 2, 55.] vayas [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1233.] api sarvaṃ jīvitamalpameva [Kaṭhopaniṣad 1, 26.] svalpaṃ tathāyuḥ (vgl. alpāyus) [Pañcatantra Pr. 10.] — alpālpa ganz gering, ganz wenig [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 129.] [Meghadūta 79.] alpetara gross, ratva Grösse [Raghuvaṃśa 5, 22.] — n. subst. Gegens. bhūman [Chāndogyopaniṣad 7, 24, 1.] tena hyalpaṃ kathayitavyam [Śākuntala 79, 14.] alpavid [Chāndogyopaniṣad 7, 5, 2.] alpakrīta billig (mit Wenigem) gekauft [Prabodhacandrodaja 61, 2.] — alpam adv. wenig, in geringem Grade (Gegens. bahu) [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 149. 10, 60.] — alpāt ohne vieles Zuthun, leicht [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 33.] vor einem part. praet. pass. im comp. [2, 1, 39. 6, 3, 2.] alpānmukta Sch. — alpena dass. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 33.] prītiralpena bhidyate [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 32, 7.] eine kurze Zeit hindurch: svalpena [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 134.] — compar. alpīyaṃs [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 3, 64.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 7, 60.] [Amarakoṣa 3, 2, 12.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1428.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 36. 11, 8.] [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 2, 34, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 7.] alpīyaḥkhā [Suśruta 1, 296, 20.] alpatara [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 15, 15.] [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 2, 7, 13.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 135.] svalpataraṃ (sehr geringfügig) kāryam [Vetālapañcaviṃśati 3, 6.] superl. alpiṣṭha [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik] [Amarakoṣa] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 1, 25.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi] In derselben Bedeutung erscheinen auch kanīyaṃs und kaniṣṭha, welche [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher] und [Vopadeva’s Grammatik] zu alpa stellen. — Wohl verwandt mit arbha .
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Kalpa (कल्प):—(von kalp)
1) adj. f. ā a) was sich macht, möglich: yadepāṃ kalpamāsa [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 2, 4, 3, 3.] — b) geeignet, befähigt, im Stande, einer Sache gewachsen, vermögend: sāsvatantrā na kalpāsīt [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 6, 7. 7, 13, 1. 18.] mit dem gen.: vedānāṃ sarvadevānāṃ dharmasya yaśasaḥ śriyaḥ . maṅgalānāṃ vratānāṃ ca kalpaṃ (upendraṃ) svargāpavargayoḥ .. [8, 23, 22.] mit dem loc.: akalpaḥ svakriyāyām [7, 12, 23.] kuṭumbabharaṇe [3, 30, 13. 31, 18. 5, 14, 25.] im comp.: svabharaṇākalpa [3, 30, 14.] mit dem infin.: yadā na śāsituṃ kalpaḥ [4, 13, 42. 1, 8, 51.] akalpa eṣāmadhiroḍhumañjasā padam [4, 3, 21.] kalpe vayasi im kräftigen Mannesalter [Vikramorvaśī 42], varia aber richtige l. für kalye . —
2) m. kalpa gaṇa vṛṣādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 1, 203.] a) Satzung, Regel, Ordnung, Brauch; Verfahren, Art und Weise (vidhi, nyāya) [Amarakoṣa 2, 7, 39. 2, 8, 1, 24.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 3, 275.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 839. 743.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 293.] [Medinīkoṣa Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2.] avā.kalpeṣu naḥ pumaḥ [Ṛgveda 9, 9, 7.] ko vi.ājo mithuna.vaṃ pra veda.ka ṛ.ūṃka u.kalpamasyāḥ [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 8, 9, 10. 20, 128, 6.] bandhubhiḥ sahitaḥ kalpaṃ tato māmupayāsyasi (Viṣṇu spricht) [Mahābhārata 13, 953.] kalpa als Beiname von Śiva [12, 10368.] [Śivanāmasahasra] prathamaḥ kalpaḥ eine vor allen andern geltende Regel; ein Verfahren, welches vor allen andern den Vorzug verdient [Amarakoṣa 2, 7, 39.] eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ . anukalpastvayaṃ jñeyaḥ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 3, 147.] prabhuḥ prathamakalpasya yo nukalpena vartate . na sāṃparāyikaṃ tasya durmatervidyate phalam .. [11, 30.] haviṣā prathamaḥ kalpo dvitīyaścauṣadhīrasaiḥ [Mahābhārata 13, 4728. 3726.] [Śākuntala 67, 18] (v. l. für udāraḥ kalpaḥ). [99, 23.] [Mālavikāgnimitra 12, 2.] tatra naḥ prathamaḥ kalpo yadvayaṃ te ca -śriyaṃ tāmaśnuvīmahi dafür haben wir zunächst zu sorgen, dass [Mahābhārata 5, 2622.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 52, 58.] ekakalpa [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 6, 14.] kalpaḥ śāvāśaucasya Regel in Betreff der Verunreinigung durch einen Todten [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 5, 74.] kalpavid [Raghuvaṃśa 1, 94.] yathākalpaṃ yathāvidhi [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 11, 14.] [Viśvāmitra’s Kampf 10, 9.] etena kalpena auf diese Weise [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 15, 9.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 69.] [Mahābhārata 13, 3603.] yathoktenaiva kalpena [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 5, 72.] sāmadānādibhiḥ kalpaiḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 37, 10.] saṃdhivigraham dviyoniṃ dvividhopāyaṃ bahukalpam [Mahābhārata 15, 235.] sāṃparāyikakalpena [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 185.] nirvikalpaikakalpa einzig dastehend und keine Wahl zulassend [Dhūrtasamāgama 88, 1.] paśukalpa der Ritus beim Thieropfer [ĀŚV. GṚHY. 1, 11.] brahmacāri [3, 6.] ācārya, vivāha u. s. w. [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 92. 140.] śrāddha [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 112.] [Mahābhārata 13, 4241. 4335.] snātakavrata [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4, 259.] śauca [5, 140.] āpatkalpa die im Unglück geltende Regel [11, 28.] dāna [Mahābhārata 13, 3252.] kalpaśuddhi (nach dem [Scholiast] = śrāddhakalpādinirṇaya) [Viṣṇupurāṇa] in [Bhāgavatapurāṇa I, XXXVII. fg.] kalpāṃgāthā nārāśaṃsīḥ Regeln über die Gebräuche [Taittirīyāraṇyaka 2, 9. 10.] sg. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 2, 60, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 3. 4. 3, 66, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 3. 4, 1, 19, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 2, Scholiast 4, 2, 66, Scholiast] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 2, 6, 25.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 44. u.s.w.] kalpaprayoge cotpanne jyotiṣe ca paraṃ gataḥ [Mahābhārata 13, 470.] na kalpamātre nicht bloss nach den äussern Regeln, nach der äussern Form (den Veda studiren) [Pāraskara’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi] in [morgenländischen Gesellschaft 7, 537.] kalpa sg. die Gesammtheit der Vorschriften über Ritual, eines der 6 Vedāṅga, [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 250.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1, 1, 5.] [ŚIKṢĀ 41.] [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 3, 105.] [Madhusūdanasarasvatī’s Prasthānabheda] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 13.] samyagadhītasya parijñātacchandaso muṣmiṃkarmaṇi viniyoga iti kalpa ādriyate [DURGA] in der Einl. zu [Yāska’s Nirukta] vedaṃ sakalpaṃ sarahasyam [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 140.] kalpavidhi [Daśakumāracarita] in [Benfey’ Chrestomathie aus Sanskritwerken 189, 17.] — Verfahren (medic.): kaṣāyapākakalpa [Suśruta 2, 175, 9. 176, 2.] kṣārakalpa [2, 36, 21.] kalpetara bei dem anderes Verfahren stattfindet [216, 8.] — b) am Ende eines adj. comp. die Art und Weise von dem und dem habend, ihm nahe kommend, ähnlich: brāhmaṇa, vaiśya, śūdra [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 7, 29.] agnikalpa [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 6, 1, 1, 10.] maharṣikalpairyatibhiḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 5, 21.] maharṣikalpā [Mahābhārata 13, 510.] śūlairaśanikalpaiḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 40, 19.] girikalpānāṃ kuñjarāṇām [3, 52, 46.] [Duaupadīpramātha 5, 2. 5.] [Viśvāmitra’s Kampf 1, 7. 10, 6.] [SĀṂKHYAK. 36.] [Pañcatantra 206, 4. II, 184.] vācā pīyūṣakalpayā [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 3. 20.] prabhātakalpā śarvarī die der Morgendämmerung nahe kommende Nacht. die Nacht zur Zeit der Morgendämmerung [Raghuvaṃśa 3, 2.] mṛtakalpā todtenähnlich, fast todt [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 219. 3, 248.] [Mahābhārata 1, 5827.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 17, 5. 3, 45, 22.] visaṃjña [Mahābhārata 2, 2240.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 21, 54. 5, 30, 15.] abhedya beinahe undurchdringlich (kavaca) [Mahābhārata 4, 1013.] pratipanna beinahe vollendet [Kumārasaṃbhava 3. 14.] hīnakalpa mangelhaft [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 1, 126.] Die ursprüngliche subst. Natur des Wortes tritt noch deutlich hervor in folgenden Zusammensetzungen: mahātmabhirvahnisamānakalpaiḥ [Mahābhārata 13, 645.] agnisamakalpa [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 35. 48.] Nach den Grammatikern ist kalpa in dieser Verbindung ein tonloses suff. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 3, 67.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 7, 63.] Ein vorangehendes s geht nicht in den Vasarga über [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 3, 38. 39] (vgl. [Kāśikīvṛtti] und [Vārttika von Kātyāyana.);] ein vorangeh. fem auf ī und ū wird verkürzt [6, 3, 43. fgg.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 7, 49.] Wird auch mit einem verb. fin. verbunden, welches in diesem Falle den Ton hat, wenn es nicht mit einer praep. u. s. w. verbunden ist: de.aḥ pacatikalpam kocht ziemlich gut [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 1, 57,] [Scholiast] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 7, 63.] — c) Alternative, Freistellung der Wahl (vikalpa) [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] — d) eine best. grosse Zeitperiode, ein Tag Brahman's oder 1000 Yuga (die für das Bestehen der Welt festgesetzte Zeit) [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 3, 21.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 160.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Harivaṃśa 520. 522.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 270. 631. 24,] [Nalopākhyāna 6. 26,] [Nalopākhyāna 9.] [Colebrooke II, 396. fg.] [414. fg.] [Alg. 120.] niśāvasāna ārabdho lokakalpo nuvartate . yāvaddinaṃ bhagavato manūnbhuñjaṃścaturdaśa .. [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 11, 23.] brāhmaḥ kalpaḥ, pādmaḥ ka, vārāhaḥ ka [34-36.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 25.] kalpāyuṣo vibudhāḥ [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 2, 2, 25.] sthāsnu parastātka lpavāsinām [4, 9, 20.] [Śihlana’s Śāntiśataka 4, 2.] kalpārambhāt [Rājataraṅgiṇī 1, 25. Im Śabdakalpadruma] werden nach dem kramasaṃdarbhaprabhāsakhaṇḍa folgende 30 Kalpa (die einen Monat Brahman's bilden) mit Namen aufgezählt: śvetavārāha, nīlalohita, vāmadeva, gāthāntara, raurava, prāṇa, bṛhatkalpa, kandarpa, satya, īśāna dhyāna, sārasvata, udāna, garuḍa, kaurma (Brahman's Vollmondstag), nāra siṃha, samādhi, āgneya, viṣṇuja, saura, somakalpa, bhāvana, suptamālin, vaikuṇṭhaārciṣa, valmīkalpa, vairāja, gaurīkalpa, māheśvara, pitṛkalpa (Brahman's Neumondstag). Nach dem [Mahābhārata im Śabdakalpadruma] sollen 12 solcher Monate ein Jahr Brahman's bilden, 100 solcher Jahre sein Lebensalter; 50 Jahre Brahman's sollen verflossen sein und der śvetavārāhakalpa des 51sten Jahres begonnen haben. Personif. ist der Kalpa wie der Saṃvatsara (Jahr) ein Sohn Dhruva's und der Bhrami [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 10, 1.] Da nach Ablauf eines Kalpa auch das Ende der Welt erfolgt, wird kalpa auch als Bez. des Weltendes (s. kalpānta) gebraucht [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 3, 22.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 161.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] Ueber den kalpa bei den Buddhisten s. [BURN. Lot. de Lassen’s Anthologie b. l. 324. fgg.] — e) med. die Lehre von den Giften und Gegengiften (kalpasthāna) [Suśruta 1, 8, 5. 12, 5. 122, 9. 2, 134, 11. 243, 1.] mūṣikakalpa [277, 18.] — f) Name von Sprüchen, welche das Zeitwort kalp enthalten [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 9. 3, 3, 12.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 5, 4, 8, 5.] — g) = kalpavṛkṣa (s. d.) [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 179.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] (lies: kalpadrau). — h) bei den Jaina Bez. eines best. Göttersitzes [Scholiast] zu [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 92. 94]; vgl. kalpabhava und kalpātīta . —
3) n. (nach dem [Scholiast] auch f.) ein berauschendes Getränk [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 902.] [Vaijayantī] beim Schol. zu [Śiśupālavadha 10, 4]; vgl. kalya . — Vgl. akalpa, anukalpa, upakalpa, janakalpa, purākalpa, mahākalpa .
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Kālpa (काल्प):—(von kalpa) m. Curcuma Zerumbet Roxb. [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] Auch kālpaka m. [Amarakoṣa 2, 4, 4, 23.] — Vgl. kālyaka .
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Kalpa (कल्प):—
1) b) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 10, 45, 6. 7.] a [8.] —
2) a) prathamaḥ kalpaḥ auch [Harivaṃśa 7695.] in der Bed. die erstere Annahme (in einem Dilemma), also = pakṣa [SARVADARŚANAS. 127, 20.] Fünf Kalpa: nakṣatra, vitāna, saṃhitā, vidhāna und śānti (mit Varianten) [Weber’s Indische Studien 3, 279.] grāmeṣu [270. fg.] — c) a Unmöglichkeit: prāgakalpācca kuśalaṃ bhrātarvo nācarāmahi weil es für uns unmöglich war (= asāmarthyāt [Scholiast]) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 10, 84, 63.] — d) caturyugasahasraṃ ca brahmaṇo dinamucyate . sa kalpo yatra manavaścaturdaśa [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 12, 4, 2.] brāhmavārāhapādmāśca kalpāśca trividhāḥ [Oxforder Handschriften 21,b, Nalopākhyāna 2. 50,a,32. fg.] ihrer dreissig [43,a,24.] achtundzwanzig, mit Namen aufgeführt [51,b,40. fgg.] prajākalpe (purākalpe die neuere Ausg.) so v. a. zur Zeit der Schöpfung der Geschöpfe [Harivaṃśa 2385.] st. dessen prajāsarge [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 20, 9.] — i) Untersuchung, Nachforschung: kadācidindrādīnāṃ devānāṃ kalpa āsīt kathaṃ vayamamṛtā abhūmeti [GAUḌAP.] zu [SĀṂKHYAK. 2.] — k) Bez. des 1ten astrologischen Hauses (welches sonst tanu, mūrti heisst) [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka 1, 16.] = śaktivācin Schol. — kalpa [Mahābhārata 7, 1626] fehlerhaft für talpa . — Vgl. prati .
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Kalpa (कल्प):—
2) h) vgl. [Hemacandra] [Yogaśāstra 3, 152.]
Kalpa (कल्प):——
1) Adj. (f. ā) — a) was sich macht , möglich. — b) geeignet , befähigt , im Stande , einer Sache gewachsen , vermögend. Die Ergänzung ein Gen. , Loc. , Infin. oder im Comp. vorangehend. Als Beiw. Śiva’s [Mahābhārata 12,10368.] —
2) m. — a) Satzung , Regel , Ordnung , Brauch ; Verfahren , Art und Weise. prathamaḥ kalpaḥ und prathamakalpa eine vor allen andern geltende Regel , ein vor allen andern den Vorzug verdienendes Verfahren ; mit folgendem yad und Potent. so v.a. die erste Sorge ist , dass. — b) Verfahren. in med. Sinne. — c) ein Muster von. puruṣa [Harṣacarita 147,12.] — d) die Gesammtheit der Vorschriften über Ritual (eines der 6 Vedāṅga) [Mahābhārata 13,10,38.] kalpamātre [Pāraskara’s Gṛhyasūtra 2,6,7] wohl fehlerhaft für mātraṃ (nicht) bloss den Kalpa. — e) am Ende eines adj. Comp. (f. ā) die Art und Weise von dem und dem habend , ihm nahe kommend , ähnlich ; nach einem Adj. beinahe , fast. Ausnahmsweise steht vor kalpa noch sama oder samāna. kalpam nach einem Verbum finitum ziemlich , recht gut. — f) der eine von zwei Fällen. prathama die erstere Annahme (in einem Dilemma.) — g) Untersuchung , Nachforschung. — h) eine best. grosse Zeitperiode , ein Tag Brahman’s oder 1000 Yuga. n. [Hemādri’s Caturvargacintāmaṇi 1,507,17] (wenn nicht daśa kalpānnivasati zu lesen ist). Bei den Buddhisten sind die Kalpa von ungleicher Dauer. — i) *Weltende. — k) die Lehre — α) von der Bereitung der Arzeneien [Carakasaṃhitā 7,1,4.7.] — β) von den Giften und Gegengiften. — l) Bez. von Sprüchen , welche das Zeitwort kalp enthalten. — m) ein best. Tanz [Saṃgitasārasaṃgraha 271.] — n) das erste astrol. Haus. — o) als Personif. ein Sohn Dhruva’s von der Bhrami. — p) *bei den Jaina ein best. Göttersitz. — q) * = kalpavṛkṣa. —
3) *n. ein berauschendes Getränk ; vgl. kalya.
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Kālpa (काल्प):—und ka m. Curcuma Zerumbet. Vgl. n. kālya 3).
Kalpa (कल्प) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Kappa.
Kalpa (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 儀軌 [yí guǐ]: “commentary”.
2) 所至 [suǒ zhì]: “accepted”.
3) 朝 [cháo]: “morning”.
Note: kalpa can be alternatively written as: kalpam.
2) Kalpā (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 分別 [fēn bié]: “discrimination”.
2) 妄計 [wàng jì]: “mistaken discrimination”.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Kalpa (कल्प) [Also spelled kalp]:—(nm) era; having the manner or form of, similar to, resembling, almost like ([ṛṣikalpa] like a sage; [pitṛkalpa] like father).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Kalpa (ಕಲ್ಪ):—
1) [noun] a commandment or direction meant as a rule of action or conduct ; a precept.
2) [noun] a minor scripture that deals with the rules for ceremonial acts or sacrifices.
3) [noun] one of the eighteen traditional writings or scriptures of Hindus.
4) [noun] a measure of time, as a day of the universe; (myth.) a period of thousand yugas (eras) (4,320 million years).
5) [noun] a thing or option chosen in place of another.
6) [noun] (myth.) the Final Deluge, at the final destruction of the universe.
7) [noun] medical treatment of the sick.
8) [noun] the wish-yielding tree of the Heaven.
9) [noun] (Jain.) one of the sixteen heavens.
10) [noun] (Jain.) a cycle of duration which includes universal progression and retrogression.
11) [noun] one of the four kinds of sacred ash.
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Kalpa (ಕಲ್ಪ):—[noun] (dial.) the skill in deception; craftiness.
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Kaḻpa (ಕೞ್ಪ):—
1) [noun] '[rightly ಕಲ್ಪ [kalpa]] a commandment or direction meant as a rule of action or conduct ; a precept.'2) [noun] a minor scripture that deals with the rules for ceremonial acts or sacrifices.
3) [noun] one of the eighteen traditional writings or scriptures of Hindus.
4) [noun] a measure of time, as a day of the universe; (myth.) a period of thousand yugas (eras).
5) [noun] a thing or option chosen in place of another.
6) [noun] (myth.) the Final Deluge, at the final destruction of the universe.
7) [noun] medical treatment of the sick.
8) [noun] the wish-yielding tree of the Heaven.
9) [noun] (Jain.) one of the sixteen heavens.
10) [noun] (Jain.) a cycle of duration which includes universal progression and retrogression.
11) [noun] one of the four kinds of sacred ash.
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Kaḻpakujāta (ಕೞ್ಪಕುಜಾತ):—
1) [noun] '[rightly ಕಲ್ಪಕುಜಾತ [kalpakujata]] (myth.) a wish-yielding tree of the Heavens.'2) [noun] (fig.) a person who grants to another all that is wished for.
Kalpakujāta (ಕಲ್ಪಕುಜಾತ):—[noun] = ಕಲ್ಪತರು [kalpataru].
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Kalpā (கல்பா) noun < Hindustain khalbal. Disturbance, tumult; கலவரம். [kalavaram.] Local usage
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
Kalpa (कल्प):—n. 1. rule; practice; precept; 2. one of the six bodies of Vedas; 3. Mythol. periodic manifestations and dissolutions of universe which go on eternally; 4. total change;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): The, The, Te, Kalpa.
Starts with (+21): Kalpa dev, Kalpabhashya, Kalpabhava, Kalpabheda, Kalpabrahmana, Kalpacintamani, Kalpadatta, Kalpadhenu, Kalpadi, Kalpadipika, Kalpadru, Kalpadruma, Kalpadrumavadana, Kalpadushya, Kalpadvipa, Kalpaga, Kalpagni, Kalpagrama, Kalpajna, Kalpakara.
Full-text (+3086): Samkalpa, Vikalpa, Kalpanta, Akalpa, Kalpasutra, Anukalpa, Mahakalpa, Akalpam, Kalpam, Kalpalata, Kalpadruma, Kalpadi, Kalpataru, Bhadrakalpa, Brahmakalpa, Kalpapadapa, Yathakalpam, Purakalpa, Kalpakshaya, Mritakalpa.
Relevant text
Search found 389 books and stories containing Kalpa, Kalpā, Kālpa, Kaḻpa, Kalpaa, Kalpakujāta, Kalpakujata, Kaḻpakujāta, The kalpa; (plurals include: Kalpas, Kalpās, Kālpas, Kaḻpas, Kalpaas, Kalpakujātas, Kalpakujatas, Kaḻpakujātas, The kalpas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
International Ayurvedic Medical Journal
A review article on gandhaka kalpas in rasasastra < [2019, Issue 6, June]
Bahudrava shleshma doshavishesha” in prameha and kushtha-a conceptual study < [2014, Issue III May-June]
Toxicological study of vatagajendra sinha rasa by l.d.50 method < [2015, Issue XI November]
Brahmanda Purana (by G.V. Tagare)
Chapter 6 - The Kalpas and Manvantaras: their duration < [Section 2 - Anuṣaṅga-pāda]
Chapter 2 - The description of the city of Śiva < [Section 4a - Upasaṃhāra-pāda]
Chapter 1 - Description of the dissolution of the Universe (a) < [Section 4a - Upasaṃhāra-pāda]
Puranic Theory of the Yugas and Kalpas < [Purana, Volume 11, Part 2 (1969)]
Purana, Itihasa and Akhyana < [Purana, Volume 6, Part 2 (1964)]
The Problem of Interpretation of the Puranas < [Purana, Volume 6, Part 1 (1964)]
Glimpses of History of Sanskrit Literature (by Satya Vrat Shastri)
Chapter 10 - Introduction to the Vedangas < [Section 2 - Vedic Literature]
Chapter 20 - Introduction to Cikitsa-Sastra (medicinal literature) < [Section 4 - Classical Sanskrit literature]
Chapter 19 - Introduction to the Tantra Shastras < [Section 4 - Classical Sanskrit literature]
Vishnu Purana (by Horace Hayman Wilson)
Chapter III - Measure of time, Moments of Kashthas, etc. < [Book I]
Chapter V - Vishnu as Brahma creates the world < [Book I]
11. The Linga Purāṇa < [Preface]
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Mode of action of different kalpas in amlapitaa < [2021: Volume 10, February issue 2]
A critical review of rasakalpaand#039;s mode of action in pranvaha strotas vyadhi < [2024: Volume 13, January issue 1]
Kshetrikarana - a purificatory therapy < [2019: Volume 8, November issue 12]