Para, Parā, Pāra, Pārā, Párá, Paṟa: 45 definitions
Introduction:
Para means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Pāra (पार):—Son of Rucirāśva (one of the four sons of Syenajit). He had two sons named Pṛthusena and Nīpa. (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9.21.23)
1) Para (पर).—An ancient King of Bhārata. (Śloka 234, Chapter 1, Ādi Parva).
2) Para (पर).—A Brahmavādī son of Viśvāmītra. (Śloka 55, Chapter 4, Anuśāsana Parva).
3) Pārā (पारा).—Another name for Kauśikī river. (Sloka 32, Chapter 71, Ādi Parva).
1) Parā (परा) is another name for Śakti (prime cause, created from the body of Īśvara), according to Śivapurāṇa 2.1.6, while explaining the time of great dissolution (mahāpralaya):—“[...] this Śakti is called by various names. Pradhāna, Prakṛti, Māyā, Guṇavatī, Parā. The mother of Buddhi Tattva (The cosmic Intelligence), Vikṛtivarjitā (without modification). That Śakti is Ambikā, Prakṛti and the goddess of all. She is the prime cause and the mother of the three deities. [...]”.
2) Parā (परा, “great”) is used to describe Śiva, in the Chapter 2.2.15. Accordingly as Brahmā narrated to Nārada:—“[...] On arrival there, after paying respects to the lord [Śiva] with great excitement we lauded Him with various hymns with palms joined in reverence. The Devas said: [...] Obeisance to the formless Being of immense form, the great (para), of unlimited power, the lord of the three worlds, the witness of all and all-pervasive”.
1a) Para (पर).—That which is Pūrva in the Parārdha becomes Para in Aparārdha;1 ety. the best.2
1b) One of the three sons of Samara of Kampili.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 177.
1c) (Param)—twice the number of Parāṛdha;1 it is Brahmā, knowledge, wealth and everything desirable;2 according to one mode of computation Para is itself Parārdha which means anything above parārdha, and is incalculable.3
- 1) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 2. 90; Vāyu-purāṇa 101. 92 and 99.
- 2) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 2. 99-102.
- 3) Ib. IV. 2. 105-7, 143.
1d) Brahmā.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 101. 105-7.
2a) Parā (परा).—A gaṇa.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 55.
2b) (or Pāra)—a Sāvarṇa Manu, with a gaṇa of 12, of which six names are mentioned.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 1. 55, 57.
2c) A Śakti.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 35. 99.
2d) The fourth stage of Kāmākṣī, of four arms with Pāśa, Aṅkuśa, Ikṣukodaṇḍa, and Pañcabāṇa, in this form Lalitā got established at Kāñci.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 39. 13; 44. 141.
2e) A R. rising from the Ṛkṣa hill of the Bhāratavarṣa.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 45. 98.
3a) Pāra (पार).—A son of Rucirāśva and father of Nīpa and Pṛthusena.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 21. 24-25.
3b) One of the three sons of Samara*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 49. 54; Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 177; Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 19. 41.
3c) A son of Pṛthuṣeṇa, and father of Nīla*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 174; Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 19. 37-8.
3d) Gods of the ninth Manvantara.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa VIII. 19. 19. Viṣṇu-purāṇa III. 2. 21.
4) Pārā (पारा).—A river from Ṛṣyavān.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 114. 24.
Parā (परा) refers to the name of a River mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. VI.10.19). Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Parā) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Parā (परा):—One of the nine Dūtī presided over by one of the nine bhaivaravas named Ananta (emanation of Ananta himself, who is the central presiding deity of Dūtīcakra), according to the Kubjikāmata-tantra and the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā.
1) Parā (परा) refers to the “highest (Śakti)”, according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 2.20-22ab]—“[The Mantrin] should worship the mother of Mantras with the highest bhakti, by spreading flowers and perfume, O Devī. He should extract the deity invoked by the Mantra [with the mantra]. Beginning with the all-pervading and ending with manifold [oṃ], [he should] always [worship with] the nectar of the white flower. The bright sound is highest Śakti (parā-śakti—jyotir dhvaniḥ parāśaktiḥ), [who] resembles one-in-the-same Śiva. By this [worship] the pearls [of the mantra] are all bound in a cord”.
2) Para (पर, “highest”) refers to one of the three “yogic methods” (upāya).—Accordingly, [verse 6.6-8]—“The method (upāya) is threefold: gross (sthūla), subltle (sūkṣma), and highest (para). The sthūla [method consists of] sacrifice, oblation, mantra recitation, [and] meditation, together with mudrās, the mohanayantras, and so forth. The king of mantras [i.e., oṃ juṃ saḥ] brings about [relief]. The sukṣma [method contains] yoga of the cakras, etc., and by upward momentum [of breath] through the channels. The para [method], is Mṛtyujit, which is universal and bestows liberation”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Para (पर).—(l) subsequent,as opposed to पूर्व (pūrva) or prior the word is frequently used in grammar in connection with a rule or an operation prescribed later on in a grammar treatise; cf. विप्रतिषेधे परं कार्यम् (vipratiṣedhe paraṃ kāryam) P. I. 4. 2; (2) occurring after (something); cf. प्रत्ययः परश्च (pratyayaḥ paraśca) P. III. 1.1 and 2; cf. also तत् परस्वरम् (tat parasvaram) T.Pr. XXI.2.(3)The word पर (para) is sometimes explained in the sense of इष्ट (iṣṭa) or desired, possibly on the analogy of the meaning श्रेष्ठ (śreṣṭha) possessed by the word. This sense is given to the word पर (para) in the rule विप्रातिषेधे परं कार्यं (viprātiṣedhe paraṃ kāryaṃ) with a view to apply it to earlier rules in cases of emergency; cf. विप्रतिषेधे परं यदिष्टं तद्भवति (vipratiṣedhe paraṃ yadiṣṭaṃ tadbhavati) M.Bh. on I.1.3.Vārt, 6; परशब्दः इष्टवाची (paraśabdaḥ iṣṭavācī) M.Bh. on I. 2.5, I. 4.2. Vārt. 7; II. 1.69 etc.
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Parā (परा).—The highest eternal voice or word, the highest and the most lofty of the our divisions of language (वाक (vāka)), viz. परा,पश्यन्ती, मध्यमा (parā, paśyantī, madhyamā) and वैखरी (vaikharī), which, (परा (parā)), philosophically is identified with नाद (nāda) (व्रह्म (vrahma)) or शब्दब्रह्म (śabdabrahma) . It is described as वर्णादि -विशेषरहिता चेतनमिश्रा सृष्ट्युपयोगिनी जगदुपादानभूता कुण्डलिनीरूपेण प्राणिनां मूलाधारे वर्तते (varṇādi -viśeṣarahitā cetanamiśrā sṛṣṭyupayoginī jagadupādānabhūtā kuṇḍalinīrūpeṇa prāṇināṃ mūlādhāre vartate) | कुण्डलिन्याः प्राणवायुसंयोगे परा व्यज्यते (kuṇḍalinyāḥ prāṇavāyusaṃyoge parā vyajyate) | इयं निःष्पन्दा पश्यन्त्यादयः सस्पन्दा अस्या विवर्तः । इयमेव सूक्ष्मस्फोट इत्युच्यते । (iyaṃ niḥṣpandā paśyantyādayaḥ saspandā asyā vivartaḥ | iyameva sūkṣmasphoṭa ityucyate |)
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
Para (पर) or Parasaṃhitā is the name of an ancient Pāñcarātra Saṃhitā mentioned in the Puruṣottamasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text consisting of more than 1800 verses devoted to temple-building and the practical concerns of the Pāñcarātra priestly community.—The Puruṣottama Saṃhitā presents a clear and concise treatment of its subjects, comparing favorably to such works as Aniruddhasaṃhitā (q.v.) and Kapiñjalasaṃhitā (q.v.). Like the latter of these two just-mentioned texts, the work at hand also contains a list of canonical titles in its opening chapter.
1) Para (पर) refers to the first of the five-fold manifestation of the Supreme Consciousness the Pāñcarātrins believe in.—Para is the highest and the transcendental form of the Supreme Being.
2) Parā (परा), Paśyantī, Madhyamā and Vaikharī are the four stages through which sounds pass through before they become audible. At first, it is in the form of air. Then it teaches the stage of Paśyantī. The next stage is called Madhyamā (Kal P. 182) and the last one is Vaikharī where it is uttered, tridhā: into three.
Para (पर) or Paramudrā refers to one of the 81 Mudrās (hand-gestures) described in chapter 2 of the Ṛṣirātra section of the Sanatkumārasaṃhitā: an encyclopedic Sanskrit text written in over 3500 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as yoga, temple-building, consecration ceremonies, initiation and dhanurveda (martial arts).—[Cf. the chapter mudrā-lakṣaṇa].
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Para (पर) refers to the “greatest” and is used as an epithet for Brahmā, in the Gargasaṃhitā chapter 6.3. Accordingly, “[...] by his mystic power he [viz., Raivata] traveled to Brahmaloka. His intention to ask for a proper husband for his daughter, he bowed before the demigod Brahmā. As the Apsarā Pūrvacitti was singing, he found his opportunity. Aware that now he had Brahmā’s attention, he spoke what was in his heart: ‘[...] You are the greatest (Para), the oldest, the seed from which this universe has sprouted, the great soul and the great controller. O Brahmā, you stay always in your own abode. You create, maintain, and destroy this universe’”.
Parā (परा) refers to:—Superior. (cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta).
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Ayurveda (science of life)
Para (पर):—[paraṃ] Desire, Fond of
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Pārā (पारा) is the name of a River, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 16) (“On the planets—graha-bhaktiyoga”), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “Mars presides over the people residing in the west half of the countries on both banks of the Śoṇa, the Narmadā and the Beas; over those residing on the banks of the Nirvindhya, the Vetravatī, the Siprā, the Godāvarī, the Veṇa, the Gaṅgā, the Payoṣṇī, the Mahānadī, the Indus, the Mālatī and the Pārā; he also presides over the country of Uttarapāṇḍya, [...]”.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Mantrashastra (the science of Mantras)
Para (पर) refers to the “Para form” of the Tārikāmantra-aspect of Lakṣmī, as discussed in chapter 32 of the Lakṣmītantra: a Pāñcarātra text comprising some 3600 Sanskrit verses exclusively devoted to Goddess Lakṣmī or Śrī (the consort of Viṣṇu) besides dealing with cosmology and practical regarding Vaishnava priests and temple-building programs.—Description of the chapter [sthūlādi-prakāśa]: Lakṣmī says that her tārikāmantra aspect has three forms—sthūla, sūkṣma and para—each of these in turn being analyzed into three parts. Again, stressing her unity with Viṣṇu, the preceding is echoed and each category is assigned a letter, and the process becomes increasingly complex until some 70 letters are said to comprise Lakṣmī's cosmic mantra-form (37b-52). [...]
Para (पर) refers to “mantras that bestow mukti”, and represents a particular classification of mantras (“that which is chanted by people to obtain their spiritual aspirations”).—Another classification of mantra, according to the Pāñcarātra tradition is—para, vyūha and vibhava. Vyūha and vibhava mantras are further sub-divided. The vibhava mantras bestow bhukti or materialistic pleasures, while the vyūha and vyūhāntara-mantras are for mukti or liberation from the cycle of births and death. The para-mantra, known as Vāsudeva-mantra, bestows mukti.
Mantrashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, mantraśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of mantras—chants, incantations, spells, magical hymns, etc. Mantra Sastra literature includes many ancient books dealing with the methods reciting mantras, identifying and purifying its defects and the science behind uttering or chanting syllables.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Parā (परा) refers to one of the “thousand names of Kumārī”, as mentioned in the Kumārīsahasranāma, which is included in the 10th chapter of the first part (prathamabhāga) of the Rudrayāmala-Uttaratantra: an ancient Tantric work primarily dealing with the practice of Kuṇḍalinī-yoga, the worship of Kumārī and discussions regarding the Cakras. This edition is said to be derived of the Rudrayāmalatantra and consists of 6000 verses in 90 chapters (paṭalas) together with the Saralā-Hindīvyākhyopetam (i.e., the Rudrayamalam Uttaratantram with Sarala Hindi translation).—Parā is mentioned in śloka 1.10.115.—The chapter notes that one is granted the rewards obtained by reciting the text even without the performance of pūjā (worship), japa, snāna (bathing) and puraścaryā
Note: The name Parā is mentioned twice. Once in śloka 115 (—pārameśī parvanānā puṣpamālyapriyā parā) and once [or twice?] in śloka 116 (parā priyā prītidātrī prītiḥ prathamakāminī | prathamā prathamā prītā puṣpagandhapriyā parā).
Parā (परा) refers to one of the 62 rays of the Maṇipūra-Cakra which (together with the 54 rays of the Anāhata) are associated with the solar plane called Viṣṇugranthi, according to Śaṅkarācārya’s Saudaryalaharī.—Accordingly, the Goddess is visualised (by Sādhaka) as dwelling above the six Ādhāracakras ruling over the 360 rays which emanate in them [e.g., Parā]. These 360 rays represent 360 syllables (i.e., a consummation of the śabdaprapañca or 50 alphabets) as well as the principles of nature. For the 360 syllables, together with haṃ and saḥ, Nyāsa should be performed for Śrīcakrapūjā.
Note: Both and Para and Parā refers to:
One of the 72 rays of the Viśuddhi-Cakra.
One of the 64 rays of the Ājñā-Cakra.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Pāra (पार) refers to the “other shore”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “Son of good family, the Bodhisattva who has attained such extinction performs the practice as a Bodhisattva. Why is that? When the Bodhisattva is established in the unconditioned among all constructed, he attains extinction, and therefore the Bodhisattva does not construct things among all the constructed things. Thus the unconditioned is called ‘extinction’ because it is not conditioned. Since the other shore (pāra) is that which does not enter into consciousness, the Bodhisattva is characterized as having no conceptual activity. Thus it is called ‘extinction’. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Para (पर) refers to “not being alone”; as opposed to Apara—“being alone” which refers to one of the 46 qualities of the soul to be meditated on in the “Practice of Meditation on Liberated Souls (Siddhas)”, according to Jain texts like Ācārāṅga (5.6.123-140), Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama (13.5.4.31) and Samayasāra (1.49).—The pure soul can be recognised by meditation on its true nature, represented by the liberated souls of the Siddhas. [...] The qualities of the soul to be meditated on as truly mine are: [e.g., My soul is alone (a-para)] [...] The meditation on such extended fourty-five qualities of the pure soul presents the niśacaya-naya, which is aligned with Kundakunda’s approach.
Para (पर) refers to “supreme”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Having assented to your own births in the forest of life, the pain you have been suffering previously for a long time by roaming about on the path of bad conduct subject to wrong faith is [like] an external fire. Now, having entered the self which is cherishing the end of all restlessness, wise, solitary, supreme (para) [and] self-abiding, may you behold the beautiful face of liberation. [Thus ends the reflection on] difference [between the body and the self]”.
Synonyms: Prakṛṣṭa, Parama.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Para.—abbreviation of a modified form of Purohita (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIV, p. 143). Note: para is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
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Para.—(LL), possibly, the chief. Note: para is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
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Pāra.—cf. a-pāra-asana-carm-āṅgāra (IE 8-5); probably, [free] ferrying of rivers [by the royal officers], which the villagers were obliged to provide. Note: pāra is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
Pārā (पारा) refers to one of the Eighteen types of Horses commonly known to ancient Indian society, according to Uddyotanasūri in his 8th-century Kuvalayamālā (a Prakrit Campū, similar to Kāvya poetry).—The Kuvalayamala (779 A.D.) is full of cultural material which gains in value because of the firm date of its composition. [...] At page 23.22 of the Kuvalayamālā there is an enumeration of 18 kinds of horses, [e.g., Pārā], [...].—Also see the Samarāīccackahā of Haribhadrasūri from the beginning of the 8th century A.D.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
1) Para in India is the name of a plant defined with Ficus semicordata in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Covellia cunia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Miq. (among others).
2) Para in Nigeria is also identified with Cleistopholis patens It has the synonym Cleistopholis lucens De Wild. (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Plantae Bequaertianae (1922)
· Flora Indica (1832)
· Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (1990)
· Natural Product Research (1999)
· Planta medica
· Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi (1867)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Para, for example chemical composition, diet and recipes, side effects, pregnancy safety, health benefits, extract dosage, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
para : (adj.) other; another; foreign; alien; outsider. || pāra (nt.), the opposite shore; the other side.
Pāra, (adj. -nt.) (fr. para) 1. as adv. (°-) beyond, over, across, used as prep. with Abl. , e.g. pāra-Gaṅgāya beyond the G. S. I, 207, 214; SnA 228. See under cpds.—2. as nt. the other side, the opposite shore S. I, 169, 183; Sn. 1059; Nd1 20 (=amataṃ nibbānaṃ); Dh. 385; DhA. IV, 141 aparā pāraṃ gacchati to go from this side to the other (used with ref. to this world & the world beyond) S. IV, 174; A. V, 4; Sn. 1130; pāraṃ gavesino M. II, 64=Th. 1, 771—3. Cases adverbially: Acc. pāraṃ see sep.; Abl. pārato from the other side Vin. II, 209.—3. the guṇa form of para, another: see cpds. :
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Para, (adv. -adj.) (fr. Idg. *per, *peri (cp. pari); Ved. para, parā, paraṃ; Lat. per through, Gr. pέra & pέran beyond; see Walde, Lat. Wtb. under per & also pari, pubba, pura, purāṇa) 1. (adv. & prep.) beyond, on the further side of (with Abl. or Loc.), over PvA. 168 (para Gaṅgāya, v. l. °āyaṃ). See in same meaning & application paraṃ, paro and parā & cp. cpds. like paraloka.—2. (adj.) para follows the pron. declension; cases: sg. Nom. paro Sn. 879, Acc. paraṃ Sn. 132, 185, Gen. Dat. parassa Sn. 634; Pv. II, 919, Instr. parena PvA. 116, Loc. paramhi Sn. 634, and pare Pv. II, 943; pl. Nom. pare Dh. 6, Acc. pare Dh. 257; PvA. 15, Gen. Dat. paresaṃ D. I, 3; Th. 1, 743; J. I, 256; Sn. 818, Instr. parehi Sn. 240, 255; PvA. 17.—Meanings: (a) beyond, i.e. “higher” in space (like Ved. para as opp. to avara lower), as well as “further” in time (i.e. future, to come, or also remote, past: see Loc. pare under c.), frequent in phrase paro loko the world beyond, the world (i.e. life) to come, the beyond or future life (opp. ayaṃ loko) Sn. 185 (asmā lokā paraṃ lokaṃ na socati), 634 (asmiṃ loke paramhi ca); Dh. 168 (paramhi loke); Pv. II, 83 (id. =paraloke PvA. 107); but also in other combination, like santi-para (adj.) higher than calm Dh. 202. Cp. paraloka, paraṃ and paro.—(b) another, other, adj. as well as n. , pl. others Sn. 396 (parassa dāraṃ nâtikkameyya), 818 (paresaṃ, cp. Nd1 150); Dh. 160 (ko paro who else), 257 (pare others); Pv. II, 919 (parassa dānaṃ); II, 943 (pare, Loc. = paramhi parassa PvA. 130); DhA. IV, 182 (Gen. pl.); PvA. 15, 60 (paresaṃ Dat.), 103, 116, 253 (parassa purisassa & paraṃ purisaṃ). Often contrasted with and opposed to attano (one’s own, oneself), e.g. at M. I, 200 (paraṃ vambheti attānaṃ ukkaṃseti); Sn. 132 (attānaṃ samukkaṃse paraṃ avajānāti); J. I, 256 (paresaṃ, opp. attanā); Nd2 26 (att-attha opp. par-attha, see cpds. °ajjhāsaya & °attha).—paro ... paro “the one ... the other” D. I, 224 (kiṃ hi paro parassa karissati); paro paraṃ one another Sn. 148 (paro paraṃ nikubbetha). ‹-› In a special sense we find pare pl. in the meaning of “the others, ” i.e. outsiders, aliens (to the religion of the Buddha), enemies, opponents (like Vedic pare) D. I, 2 (=paṭiviruddhā sattā DA. I, 51); Vin. I, 349; Dh. 6.—(c) some oblique cases in special meaning and used as adv. : paraṃ Acc. sg. m. see under cpds. , like parantapa; as nt. adv. see sep. In phrase puna ca paraṃ would be better read puna c’aparaṃ (see apara).—parena (Instr.) later on, afterwards J. III, 395 (=aparena samayena C.).—pare (Loc.); cp. Gr. parai/ at; Lat. prae before; Goth. faúra=E, for, old Dat. of *per) in the past, before, yet earlier J. II, 279 (where it continues ajja and hiyyo, i.e. to-day and yesterday, and refers to the day before yesterday. Similarly at Vin. IV, 63 pare is contrasted with ajja & hiyyo and may mean “in future, ” or “the day before yesterday. ” It is of interest to notice the Ved. use of pare as “in the future” opp. to adya & śvas); J. III, 423 (the day before yesterday). At DhA. I, 253 (sve vā pare vā) and IV. 170 in the sense of “on the day after tomorrow. ” —parā (only apparently Abl. , in reality either para+a° which represents the vocalic beginning of the second part of the cpd. , or para+ā which is the directional prefix ā, emphasizing para. The latter explanation is more in the spirit of the Pali language): see separately. —paro (old Abl. as adv. =Sk. paras) beyond further: see sep.—parato (Abl.) in a variety of expressions and shades of meaning, viz. (1) from another, as regards others A. III, 337 (attano parato ca); Nett 8 (ghosa), 50 (id.).—(2) from the point of view of “otherness, ” i.e. as strange or something alien, as an enemy M. I, 435 (in “anicca”—passage); A. IV, 423; Nd2 214II; Ps. II, 238; Kvu 400; Miln. 418 and passim; in phrase parato disvā “seen as not myself” Th. 1, 1160; 2, 101; S. I, 188 (saṅkhāre parato passa, dukkhato mā ca attato). ‹-› (3) on the other side of, away from, beyond J. II, 128; PvA. 24 (kuḍḍānaṃ).—(4) further, afterwards, later on S. I, 34; J. I, 255; IV, 139; SnA 119, 482.—Note. The compounds with para° are combinations either with para 1 (adv. prep.), or para 2 (adj. n.). Those containing para in form parā and in meaning “further on to” see separately under parā°. See also pāra, pārima etc.
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Parā°, (prefix) (para+ā, not Instr. of para: see para 2 c; in some cases it may also correspond to paraṃ°) prep. meaning “on to, ” “over” (with the idea of mastering), also “through, throughout. ” The ā is shortened before double consonant, like parā+kṛ=parakkaroti, parā+ kram=parakkamati (see under cpds. of para). (Page 420)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
para (पर).—f (prakāra S) Way, manner, style (as of speech or action): also kind, sort, fashion. In this sense parīcā Strange; of an uncommon or a particular kind; parī prakāracā Of many sorts and fashions; various; parī prakārēṃ In various ways or modes.
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para (पर).—a (S) Strange, foreign, alien: also other, different. In comp. as paracakra, paradēśa, paradvāra, paradhana: also with words not Sanskrit, as paragāṃva, paraghara, paramulūkha, paraṭhikāṇā. 2 In comp. Appertaining to; following after; bearing respect, reference, relation to: also attached to; addicted to; engaged in. Ex. jñānaparaśāstra tumhī karmapara lāvūṃ mhaṇa- tāṃ tara lāgaṇāra nāhīṃ; lōkanindāparabhāṣaṇa karūṃ nayē; puṇyaparakarma karāvēṃ. 3 Uncommon, extraordinary.
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para (पर).—ad Beyond. 2 conj (parantu S) But, yet, nevertheless.
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para (पर).—m ( P) A feather. para phuṭaṇēṃ with lā or sa of s. To be fledged. 2 fig. To be growing up; to be advancing towards puberty: hence to be growing wanton or wilful--a child. 3 To find a patron, supporter, abettor; to be acquiring affluence, resources, means. para lāvūna-jāṇēṃ-paḷaṇēṃ-dhāvaṇēṃ-cālaṇēṃ To go quickly, to fly.
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parā (परा).—f S Speech in the first of its four stages,--the first stirring of the breath. See paśyantī, madhyamā, vaikharī. parādivācā Speech in all its stages or in whichever stage; speech comprehensively or indiscriminately. Ex. pa0 kuṇṭhita jēthēṃ || nijēṃ tēthēṃ nija bāḷā ||.
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pāra (पार).—m (S) The end, bottom, limit, lit. fig.; the farther side; the concluding bound; the ut- most reach or extent. Ex. nadī, samudra, māyā, prapañca, śāstra, ityādikāñcā pāra. 2 C A ford, esp. of a salt-creek. 3 R A petty inlet from the sea. 4 The bank or mass raised around the pimpaḷa, vaḍa, and other trees.
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pāra (पार).—ad On the other side; i. e. across, over, through, out of; as pāra paḍaṇēṃ To get safely out of or through (a difficulty or a business): to arrive at completion; to be duly and fully executed--a work. pāra pāḍaṇēṃ To convey across or over, lit. fig; to bring safely out of or through; to bring duly to completion. pāra jāṇēṃ To go through, to transpierce. 2 To arrive at the end contemplated, lit. fig.
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pāra (पार).—m (Corr. from prahara) A watch or period of three hours
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pārā (पारा).—m (pārada S) Quicksilver. 2 A young Jackfruit. 3 A plant, Agave vivipara. 4 W A layer (as of bricks on a wall).
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pārā (पारा).—a Spotted with black and white; pepper and salt--cattle &c.
para (पर).—f Way, sort, fashion. parīcā Strange; of an uncommon kind. parī prakāracā Of many sorts. various; parī prakārēṃ In various ways or modes. a Foreign. Alien; different. Appertaining to; following after. Uncommon. ad Be- yond. conj But, yet. m A feather. para phuṭaṇēṃ To be fledged. To be growing up; to be growing wilful-a child.
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pāra (पार).—m The end, bottom, Limit, lit. fig. The farther side; the utmost reach.
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pārā (पारा).—m Quicksilver. A young Jack-fruit.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Para (पर).—a. [pṝ-bhāve-ap, kartari ac-vā] (Declined optionally like a pronoun in nom. voc. pl., and abl. and loc. sing. when it denotes relative position)
1) Other, different, another; see पर (para) m also.
2) Distant, removed, remote; अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः (aparaṃ bhavato janma paraṃ janma vivasvataḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 4.4.
3) Beyond, further, on the other side of; म्लेच्छदेशस्ततः परः (mlecchadeśastataḥ paraḥ) Manusmṛti 2.23;7.158.
4) Subsequent, following, next to, future, after (usually with abl.); बाल्यात् परामिव दशां मदनोऽध्युवास (bālyāt parāmiva daśāṃ madano'dhyuvāsa) R.5.63; Kumārasambhava 1.31.
5) Higher, superior; सिकतात्वादपि परां प्रपेदे परमाणुताम् (sikatātvādapi parāṃ prapede paramāṇutām) R.15.22; इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहु- रिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः । मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः (indriyāṇi parāṇyāhu- rindriyebhyaḥ paraṃ manaḥ | manasastu parā buddhiryo buddheḥ paratastu saḥ) || Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.42.
9) Highest, greatest, most distinguished, pre-eminent, chief, best, principal; क्षत्रात् परं नास्ति (kṣatrāt paraṃ nāsti) Bṛ. Up.1.4.11. न त्वया द्रष्टव्यानां परं दृष्टम् (na tvayā draṣṭavyānāṃ paraṃ dṛṣṭam) Ś.2; Kirātārjunīya 5.18; परतोऽपि परः (parato'pi paraḥ) Kumārasambhava 2.14 'higher than the highest'; 6.19; Ś7.27.
7) Having as a following letter or sound, followed by (in comp.).
8) Alien, estranged, stranger.
9) Hostile, inimical, adverse,
1) Exceeding, having a surplus or remainder, left over; as in परं शतम् (paraṃ śatam) 'exceeding or more than a hundred.
11) Final, last.
12) (At the end of comp.) Having anything as the highest object, absorbed or engrossed in, intent on, solely devoted to, wholly engaged or occupied in; परिचर्यापरः (paricaryāparaḥ) R.1.91; so ध्यानपर, शोकपर, दैवपर, चिन्तापर (dhyānapara, śokapara, daivapara, cintāpara) &c.
-raḥ 1 Another person, a stranger, foreigner; oft. in pl. in this sense; यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि (yataḥ pareṣāṃ guṇagrahītāsi) Bv.1.9; Śiśupālavadha 2.74; see एक, अन्य (eka, anya) also.
2) A foe, an enemy, adversary; उत्तिष्ठमानस्तु परो नोपेक्ष्यः पथ्यभिच्छता (uttiṣṭhamānastu paro nopekṣyaḥ pathyabhicchatā) Śiśupālavadha 2.1; Pañcatantra (Bombay) 2.158; R.3.21.
3) The Almighty; तावदध्यासते लोकं परस्य परचिन्तकाः (tāvadadhyāsate lokaṃ parasya paracintakāḥ) Bhāgavata 3.32.8.
-ram 1 The highest point or pitch, culminating point.
2) The Supreme Sprit; तेषामादित्यवज्ज्ञानं प्रकाशयति तत् परम् (teṣāmādityavajjñānaṃ prakāśayati tat param) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 5.16.
3) Final beatitude; असक्तो ह्याचरन् कर्म परमाप्नोति पूरुषः (asakto hyācaran karma paramāpnoti pūruṣaḥ) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.19.
4) The secondary meaning of a word.
5) (In logic) One of the two kinds of सामान्य (sāmānya) or generality of notion; more extensive kind, (comprehending more objects); e. g. पृथ्वी (pṛthvī) is पर (para) with respect to a घट (ghaṭa)).
6) The other or future world; परासक्ते च वस्तस्मिन् कथमासीन्मनस्तदा (parāsakte ca vastasmin kathamāsīnmanastadā) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 6.14.55. Note-- The acc., instr. and loc. singulars of पर (para) are used adverbially; e. g. (a) परम् (param)
1) beyond, over, out of (with abl.); वर्त्मनः परम् (vartmanaḥ param) R.1.17.
2) after (with abl.); अस्मात् परम् (asmāt param) Ś.6.24; R.1.66;3.39; Meghadūta 12; भाग्यायत्त- मतः परम् (bhāgyāyatta- mataḥ param) Ś.4.17; ततः परम् (tataḥ param) &c.
3) thereupon, thereafter.
4) but, however.
5) otherwise.
6) in a high degree, excessively, very much, completely, quite; परं दुःखितोऽस्मि (paraṃ duḥkhito'smi) &c.
7) most willingly.
8) only.
9) at the utmost. (b) परेण (pareṇa)
1) farther, beyond, more than; किं वा मृत्योः परेण विधास्यति (kiṃ vā mṛtyoḥ pareṇa vidhāsyati) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 2.2.
2) afterwards; मयि तु कृतनिधाने किं विदध्याः परेण (mayi tu kṛtanidhāne kiṃ vidadhyāḥ pareṇa) Mv.2.49.
3) after (with abl.) स्तन्यत्यागात् परेण (stanyatyāgāt pareṇa) Uttararāmacarita 2.7. (c) परे (pare)
1) afterwards, thereupon; अथ तेन दशाहतः परे (atha tena daśāhataḥ pare) R.8.73.
2) in future.
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Parā (परा).—ind. A prefix to verbs and nouns in the sense of 'away, back, in an inverted order, aside, towards'. According to G. M. the senses of परा (parā) are:-
1) killing, injuring & (parāhata).
2) going (parāgata).
3) seeing, encountering (parādṛṣṭa).
4) prowess (parākrānta).
5) direction towards (parāvṛtta).
6) excess (parājita).
7) dependence (parādhīna).
8) liberation (parākṛta).
9) inverted order, backwards (parāṅmukha).
1) setting aside, disregarding.
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Pāra (पार).—[paraṃ tīraṃ parameva aṇ, pṝ-ghañ vā]
1) The further or opposite bank of a river or ocean; पारं दुःखोदधेर्गन्तुं तर यावन्न भिद्यते (pāraṃ duḥkhodadhergantuṃ tara yāvanna bhidyate) Śānti.3.1; विरहजलधेः पारमासादयिष्ये (virahajaladheḥ pāramāsādayiṣye) Pad. D.13; H.1.177.
2) The further or opposite side of anything; स हि देवः परं ज्योतिस्तमःपारे व्यवस्थितम् (sa hi devaḥ paraṃ jyotistamaḥpāre vyavasthitam) Kumārasambhava 2.58.
3) The end or extremity of anything; furtherest or concluding limit; तेजस्वी रिपुहतबन्धुदुःखपारम् (tejasvī ripuhatabandhuduḥkhapāram) (vrajati) Ve. 3.25.
4) The fullest extent, the totality of anything; स पूर्वजन्मान्तरदृष्टपाराः स्मरन्निव (sa pūrvajanmāntaradṛṣṭapārāḥ smaranniva) R.18.5. (pāraṃ gam, -i, -yā
1) to cross over, surmount, get over; vyasaneṣveva sarveṣu yasya buddhirna hīyate | sa teṣāṃ pāramabhyeti Pañcatantra (Bombay) 2.6.
2) to accomplish, fulfil; as in pratijñāyāḥ pāraṃ gataḥ
3) To master fully, become proficient in; sakalaśāstrapāraṃ gataḥ Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1; pāraṃ nī 'to bring to a close.').
-raḥ 1 Quick-silver.
2) Guardian; तस्माद् भयाद् येन स नोऽस्तु पारः (tasmād bhayād yena sa no'stu pāraḥ) Bhāgavata 6.9.24.
3) The end; महिम्नः पारं ते (mahimnaḥ pāraṃ te) Mahimna.1. (pāre meaning 'on the other side of', 'beyond' sometimes enters into comp.; e. g. pāregaṅgam, pāresamudram beyond the Ganges or the ocean; mama laṅkāpurī nāmnā ramyā pāre mahodadheḥ Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.274.35.)
Derivable forms: pāraḥ (पारः), pāram (पारम्).
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Pārā (पारा).—Name of a river; तदुत्तिष्ठ पारासिन्धुसंभेदमवगाह्य नगरीमेव प्रविशावः (taduttiṣṭha pārāsindhusaṃbhedamavagāhya nagarīmeva praviśāvaḥ) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 4;9.1.
Para (पर).—adv. pareṇa, see this.
Para (पर).—mfn.
(-raḥ-rā-raṃ) 1. Distant, removed, remote. 2. Best, pre-eminent. 3. Subsequent, after, following. 4. Other, different. 5. Inimical, hostile, estranged, adverse. 6. Addicted to, attached to, engaged in. 7. More, exceeding, as paraṃ śataṃ more than a hundred, paro lakṣaḥ more then a Lac: these are also considered as distinct compounds, see the next. 8. Higher, Superior. 9. Beyond. 10. Last, final. m. (raḥ) 1. An enemy 2. The life of Bramha. n. ind.
(-raṃ) 1. Only, alone. 2. After, afterwards. subst. 1. Final beatitude. 2. The Supreme spirit. 3. (In Logic,) One species of common property; that which comprehends many objects, genus; or it is the same with existence, as the common property of all things. E. pṝ to fill, &c. aff. bhāve ap or karttari ac .
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Parā (परा).—ind. A participle and prefix implying, 1. Supremacy. 2. Liberation. 3. Inverted order. 4. Pride, contumely. 5. Encounter, mutual presence. 6. Excess, exceeding. 7. Overcoming, surpassing. 8. Going. 9. Killing, destroying, injuring. As parākrama supe- rior power or valour; parājaya defeat; parābhava disgrace; parāvartta turning back, &c. see the following. E. pṝ to fill, aff. ap, and ā added.
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Pāra (पार).—n.
(-raṃ) The further or opposite bank of a river. mn.
(-raḥ-raṃ) The end, the extremity, the last. m.
(-raḥ) Quicksilver. f.
(-rā) The name of a river, said to flow from the Pariyatra mountains, or the centrical and western portion of the Vind'hya chain. f. (rī) 1. A quantity of water. 2. A rope for tying an elephant’s feet. 3. A small water jar. 4. The pollen of a flower. 5. A drinking vessel, a glass, a cup. 6. A milk pail, E. para another, īr to go to or towards; or pāra to cross over; or pa to fill aff. ac.
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Pārā (पारा).—f.
(-rā) Name of a river.
Para (पर).—i. e. perhaps apa + ra, or 1. pṛ + a, I. adj., f. rā. 1. Distant. 2. Opposite, ulterior, [Rāmāyaṇa] 1, 11, 19 Gorr. 3. Being beyond, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 7, 158. 4. Exceeding, Mahābhārata 1, 7975; left or remaining, [Kathāsaritsāgara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 39, 16. 5. Highest, longest, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 3, 11, 12. 6. Ancient, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 99. 7. Pre-eminent, superior, higher, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 83. 8. Distinguished, greatest, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 1, 106. 9. Intent, [Rāmāyaṇa] 5, 24, 13. 10. Subsequent, following, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 37. 11. Different, [Prabodhacandrodaya, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 114, 8; other, [Rāmāyaṇa] 6, 9, 12. 12. Inimical, enemy, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 7, 94. Ii. param, adv. 1. With abl., a. Beyond, [Raghuvaṃśa, (ed. Stenzler.)] 1, 17. b. After, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 122. 2. With preceding atas, a. Further from hence, [Nala] 9, 23. b. After that, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 129. c. Next, 9, 56. 3. Excessively, [Rāmāyaṇa] 6, 5, 14. 4. Completely, [Mālavikāgnimitra, (ed. Tullberg.)] 4, 19. 5. Rather, Mahābhārata 13, 4857. 6. Most willingly, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 406. 7. At the most, 993. 8. With preceding yadi, Perhaps, [Kathāsaritsāgara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 42, 19. 9. Only, 40, 8. 10. But, [Pañcatantra] 243, 14. Iii. pareṇa, 1. with acc. Beyond; pareṇāsmān paraihi, Pass by us, Mahābhārata 1, 8414. 2. Afterwards, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 30. 3. With abl. After, Mahābhārata 12, 842. Iv. pare, adv. Afterwards, 12, 2880. V. m. and n. The universal soul, [Bhagavadgītā, (ed. Schlegel.)] 3, 19. Vi. n. Culmen, highest degree, Mahābhārata 1, 2025. Vii. m. 1. A descendant, [Pañcatantra] iii. [distich] 216. 2. A proper name. 3. The name of the palace of Mitravindā, [Harivaṃśa, (ed. Calc.)] 8986. Viii. f. rā, The name of a river. Ix. When latter part of a comp. it implies often, 1. Intent on, e. g. śauca-, adj. Intent on purity, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 192. 2. Absorbed in, e. g. cintā-, adj. Thoughtful. 3. Affected with, e. g. karuṇā-, adj. Compassionate.
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Parā (परा).—old instr. sing. of para, inseparable preposition combined and compounded with verbs and their derivatives (immediately with a noun in parāsu), Away, over, on, inverted, wrong, back, sideward.
— Cf. [Latin] per, e. g. in per-dere, perfidus (cf. pari); [Gothic.] fairand fra-; [Anglo-Saxon.] for.
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Pāra (पार).—i. e. 1. pṛ + a, I. m. and n. The further or opposite bank of a river or sea, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 54, 14; figuratively with gen. The totality of the object denoted by the gen., e. g. tamasas, The whole darkness,
Para (पर).—[adjective] far, distant, different; either in space, i.e. remote, opposite, foreign, hostile — or in time, i.e past, previous, former, ancient, old; subsequent, future, later, last, extreme; — or in number, order, & degree, i.e. exceeding, more than; following, standing after, worse, worst; surpassing, superior, better, best (in the compar. mgs mostly [with] [ablative] or —°). —[masculine] another, stranger, foe, the supreme Spirit, the Absolute, a man’s name. [neuter] remotest distance, highest point or degree, final beatitude; chief matter or occupation, [especially] adj. —° quite consisting of, filled with, devoted to, intent upon; as [adverb] & [preposition] beyond, after ([ablative]); hereafter, next, moreover, further (±atas, itas, or tatas), excessively, beyond measure; at the best, at the utmost; at least, at any rate; but, however (±tu or kiṃ tu). — Abstr. paratā [feminine], tva [neuter]
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Parā (परा).—[adverb] (only °— in subst. & verbs) away, off, forth.
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Pāra (पार).—1. [adjective] carrying over. [masculine] crossing (only —°), a man’s name; [neuter] ([masculine]) the further shore or bank, i.[grammar] limit, end, aim. pāraṃ gam cross over, go through, carry out. [feminine] pārā [Name] of a river, pārī milk-pail.
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Pāra (पार).—2. [masculine] = pāla keeper, protector.
1) Para (पर):—1 mf(ā)n. (√1. pṛ; [ablative] sg. m. n. parasmāt, rāt; [locative case] parasmin, re; [nominative case] [plural] m. pare, rās, rāsas; cf. [Pāṇini 1-1, 34; vii, 1, 16; 50]) far, distant, remote (in space), opposite, ulterior, farther than, beyond, on the other or farther side of, extreme
2) previous (in time), former
3) ancient, past
4) later, future, next
5) following, succeeding, subsequent
6) final, last
7) exceeding (in number or degree), more than
8) better or worse than, superior or inferior to, best or worst, highest, supreme, chief (in the [Comparative degree] meanings [where also -tara], with [ablative], rarely [genitive case] or ifc.; exceptionally paraṃ śatam, more than a hundred [literally] ‘an excessive h°, a h° with a surplus’ [Rāmāyaṇa] ; parāḥ koṭayaḥ, [Prabodha-candrodaya; Hemādri’s Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi]), [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.
9) strange, foreign, alien, adverse, hostile, [ib.]
10) other than, different from ([ablative]), [Prabodha-candrodaya]
11) left, remaining, [Kathāsaritsāgara]
12) concerned or anxious for ([locative case]), [Rāmāyaṇa]
13) m. another (different from one’s self), a foreigner, enemy, foe, adversary, [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.
14) a following letter or sound (only ifc. mfn. e.g. ta-para, having t as the f° l°, followed by t), [Ṛgveda-prātiśākhya; Pāṇini]
15) ([scilicet] graha) a subsidiary Soma-graha, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā]
16) Name of a king of Kosala with the [patronymic] Āṭṇāra, [Brāhmaṇa]
17) of another king, [Mahābhārata]
18) of a son of Samara, [Harivaṃśa]
19) (sc. prāsāda) of the palace of Mitravindā, [ib.]
20) m. or n. the Supreme or Absolute Being, the Universal Soul, [Upaniṣad; Rāmāyaṇa; Purāṇa]
21) Parā (परा):—[from para] a f. a foreign country, abroad (?), [Kathāsaritsāgara]
22) [v.s. ...] a species of plant, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
23) [v.s. ...] Name of a sound in the first of its 4 stages, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
24) [v.s. ...] a [particular] measure of time, [Sāyaṇa]
25) [v.s. ...] Name of a river, [Mahābhārata; Viṣṇu-purāṇa] ([varia lectio] pārā, veṇā, veṇṇā)
26) [v.s. ...] of a goddess (cf. sub voce)
27) Para (पर):—n. remotest distance, [Mahābhārata]
28) highest point or degree, [ib.]
29) final beatitude, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] (also -taram and parāt para-taram)
30) the number 10,000,000,000 (as the full age of Brahmā), [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
31) Name of [particular] Sāmans, [Kāṭhaka]
32) n. any chief matter or paramount object (ifc. [f(ā). ] having as the chief object, given up to, occupied with, engrossed in, intent upon, resting on, consisting of, serving for, synonymous with etc., [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.)
33) the wider or more extended or remoter meaning of a word, [Jaimini; Manvarthamuktāvalī, kullūka bhaṭṭa’s Commentary on manu-smṛti]
34) (in logic) genus
35) existence (regarded as the common property of all things), [Horace H. Wilson]
36) cf. [Zend] para; [Greek] πέρα, πέραν; [Latin] peren-die; [Gothic] faírra; [German] fern; [English] far and fore.
37) 2. para in [compound] for ras.
38) Parā (परा):—[from para] 1. parā (for 2. See [column]2) f. of para in [compound]
39) 2. parā (for 1. See [column]1). ind. away, off, aside, along, on, ([Latin] per; it occurs only in -taram and -vat, and as a prefix to nouns and verbs; it is [probably] akin to para, paras, pra.)
40) Pāra (पार):—1. pāra mfn. ([from] √pṛ; in some meanings also [from] √pṝ) bringing across, [Ṛg-veda v, 31, 8]
41) n. (rarely m.) the further bank or shore or boundary, any bank or shore, the opposite side, the end or limit of anything, the utmost reach or fullest extent, [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc. (dūre pāre, at the farthest ends, [Ṛg-veda]; pāraṃ-√gam etc. with [genitive case] or [locative case], to reach the end, go through, fulfil, carry out [as a promise], study or learn thoroughly [as a science] [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.; pāraṃ-√nī, to bring to a close, [Yājñavalkya])
42) a kind of Tuṣṭi (sub voce), Sāṃkhyas. [Scholiast or Commentator]
43) m. crossing (See duṣand su-)
44) quicksilver, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
45) a [particular] personification, [Sāma-vidhāna-brāhmaṇa; Gautama-dharma-śāstra]
46) Name of a sage, [Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa]
47) of a son of Pṛthu-ṣeṇa (Rucirāśva) and father of Nīpa, [Harivaṃśa]
48) of a s° of Samara and f° of Pṛthu, [ib.]
49) of a son of Aṅga, and f° of Divi-ratha, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]
50) ([plural]) of a class of deities under the 9th Manu, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
51) Pārā (पारा):—[from pāra] f. Name of a river (said to flow from the Pāriyātra mountains or the central and western portion of the Vindhya chain), [Mahābhārata; Purāṇa]
52) Pāra (पार):—2. pāra (for 1. See p.619), Vṛddhi form of para in [compound]
53) 3. pāra m. = pāla, a guardian, keeper (See brahma-dvāra-p).
1) Para (पर):—[(raḥ-rā-raṃ) a.] Another; distant; subsequent; hostile; best; clever in; more. 1. m. An enemy. n. Final beatitude; common property or genus. adv. only; after.
2) Parā (परा):—prep. Far (in extent).
3) Pāra (पार):—(ka, t) pārayati 10. a. To accomplish, to get through or over.
4) (raṃ) 1. n. The further or opposite bank of a river. m. Quicksilver. m. n. End. f. (rā) Name of a river. (rī) A quantity of water; a jar; a cup, a pail; pollen of a flower.
Para (पर):—
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Parā (परा):—praep. gaṇa prādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 4, 58.] [Vopadeva’s Grammatik 1, 8.] weg, ab, fort, hin, per (vgl. pereo mit parā i, perdo mit parādā); nur in Verbindung mit Zeitwörtern und in Zusammensetzung mit Substantiven. Gegens. ā [Yāska’s Nirukta 1, 3.] In [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 7, 43] und [Medinīkoṣa r. 68. 69] werden folgende Bedeutungen angegeben: ābhimukhya, prātilomya, gati, vikrama, dharṣaṇa, hiṃsā (vadha), vimokṣa, bhṛśam . [DURGĀD.] [?(Scholiast des Vopadeva’s Grammatik)] kennt nach [Śabdakalpadruma] die Bedeutungen pratyāvṛtti, bhaṅga, anādara und nyagbhāva . — Hängt mit para, paras und pra zusammen.
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Pāra (पार):—
1) m. a) (von 2. par) das Ueberschiffen: duṣpāra . — b) das jenseitige Ufer u. s. w. s. u. dem neutr. — c) = pārada Quecksilber [SĀRASUNDARĪ] zu [Amarakoṣa 2, 9, 100.] [Śabdakalpadruma] — d) Nomen proprium eines Weisen [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 63, 14. 64, 5.] eines Sohnes des Pṛthuṣeṇa (Rucirāśva) und Vaters des Nīpa [Harivaṃśa 1060.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 9, 21, 24.] eines Sohnes des Samara und Vaters des Pṛthu [Harivaṃśa 1063.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 452.] eines Sohnes des Aṅga und Vaters des Diviratha [445.] pl. Name einer Klasse von Göttern unter dem 9ten Manu [268.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 13, 19.] —
2) f. ā Nomen proprium eines Flusses [Medinīkoṣa] r. [57.] [Mahābhārata 1, 2926.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 57, 20.] [Viṣṇupurāṇa 182,] [Nalopākhyāna 22 ] (v. l. für parā). —
3) f. ī [Amarakoṣa 3, 6, 1, 10.] a) Wassermasse, = pūra [Medinīkoṣa] statt dessen pura Stadt [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 436.] — b) Wasserkrug, = karkarī [Medinīkoṣa] Trinkgeschirr [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1024.] [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 10, 16] (lies pārī st. pāri). [Hārāvalī 63.] karpūrapārīpatitaṃ maireyamiva [Rājataraṅgiṇī 5, 368.] Schüssel (pātrī) [VIŚVA im Śabdakalpadruma] Melkkübel [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 9, 15.] [Jaṭādhara im Śabdakalpadruma] — c) ein Strick zum Binden der Füsse des Elephanten [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 8, 40.] [Medinīkoṣa] — d) Blüthenstaub (vgl. parāga) [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [VIŚVA im Śabdakalpadruma] —
4) n. oxyt. (von 2. par) das jenseitige Ende, - Ufer; das Letzte, das Aeusserste, Ziel [Yāska’s Nirukta 2, 24.] [Amarakoṣa 1, 2, 3, 8.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1079.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Halāyudha 3, 45.] = parataṭa und prānta (in dieser Bed. auch m.; nach [Amarakoṣa.3,6,4,35] und [Siddhāntakaumudī 249,b,4] überhaupt m. n.) [Medinīkoṣa] abhūdu pā.ametave.panthā ṛ.asya sādhu.ā [Ṛgveda 1, 46, 11.] adhvanaḥ [5, 54, 10.] [Kaṭhopaniṣad 3, 9.] rajasaḥ [Ṛgveda 1, 33, 7. 52, 12.] ā.drasya [116, 4.] nā.yānām [121, 13.] sa.u.rasya [167, 2.] [Mahābhārata 3, 16035. 4, 899.] [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 8, 22.] [Spr. 533.] [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 165. 224.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 42, 16. 43, 197.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 78.] na.īnām [Ṛgveda 8, 85, 11.] sindhoḥ [10, 155, 3.] [Hiḍimbavadha 1, 2.] [Mahābhārata 1, 5854. 3, 8147. 8, 2381.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 32, 37.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 2, 4. 16, 10.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 23, 92.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 345. 358.] [Spr. 1807.] [Pañcatantra 226, 14.] salilasya [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 3, 6, 2, 4.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 7, 5, 1, 2. 3.] [Kāṭhaka-Recension 33, 5.] svargapāraṃ titīrṣuḥ [Mahābhārata 1, 4647.] yuddhapāraṃ titīrṣavaḥ [9, 1266.] pratariṣye mahāpāraṃ bhujābhyāṃ samarodadhim [6, 4334.] apāre bhava naḥ pāramaplave bhava naḥ plavaḥ [5, 4559. 7, 7831. 8, 263.] atāriṣma.tamasaspā.ama.ya (vgl. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 3, 53. 54]) [Ṛgveda 1, 92, 6.] paraṃ jyotistamaḥpāre vyavasthitam [Kumārasaṃbhava 2, 58.] sva.ti naḥ pipṛhi pā.amāsām [Ṛgveda 3, 31, 20.] dū.e pā.e [2, 11, 8. 10, 49, 6.] aṃhasaḥ [2, 33, 3.] du.i.asya [10, 161, 3.] [Atharvavedasaṃhitā 1, 27, 1. 6, 133, 1. 19, 47, 2.] citrāvaso sva.ti te pā.amaśīya [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 3, 18. 30, 16] yo vai saṃvatsarasyāvāraṃ ca pāraṃ ca veda sa vai svasti saṃvatsarasya pāramaśnute [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 4, 14.] sūktasya [Kauśika’s Sūtra zum Atuarvaveda 10.] [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 11, 5, 5, 10.] dūra (s. auch bes.) [Yāska’s Nirukta 4, 18.] abhayasya [KATHOP. 2, 11.] finis coitus [Chāndogyopaniṣad 2, 13, 1.] asya pāraṃ na paśyanti bahavaḥ pāracintakāḥ . eṣa pāraṃ paraṃ caiva lokānāṃ veda mādhavaḥ .. [Harivaṃśa 2799.] pratijñāyāśca pāraṃ sa gataḥ so v. a. hat sein Versprechen gelöst [Mahābhārata 2, 630.] [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 97, 9.] brahmavadhyāyāḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 10801. 5, 962. 1251.] sa teṣāṃ (vyasanānāṃ) pāramabhyeti [Pañcatantra II, 6.] karmaṇā pāramapārakarmaṇaḥ [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 13, 44.] duḥkhasya [Nalopākhyāna 16 18.] anavāpyaiva roṣasya pāram [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 62, 1.] dhanurvede gatāḥ pāram vollkommen erlernt habend [Mahābhārata 7, 4311.] [Harivaṃśa 16150.] [Pañcatantra ed. orn. 49, 12.] pāraṃ saṃprāpya vidyānām [Kathāsaritsāgara 2, 2. 44, 23.] śruterapi paraṃ pāraṃ gate locane doppelsinnig [Spr. 739.] pūrvajanmāntaradṛṣṭapārāḥ vidyāḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 18, 49.] pāraṃ nī zu Ende bringen: vedaṃ vratāni vā pāraṃ nītvā [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 1, 51.] Das m. in folgenden Stellen: na vācā durgamaḥ pāraḥ kāryāṇām [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 67, 10.] pāraṃ paraṃ viṣṇurapārapāraḥ paraṃ parebhyaḥ paramārtharūpī . sa brahmapāraḥ parapārabhūtaḥ paraḥ parāṇāmapi pārapāraḥ .. [Viṣṇupurāṇa 113.] śrāvaṇīya, krama, pada, śākhā adjj. = śrāvaṇīyapāraga u. s. w. [CARAṆAVYŪHA] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 3, 251. 259.] — Vgl. a, dūra, niṣpāra, su .
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Para (पर):—
1) c) pūrvam, param einen Ahnen, einen Nachkommen [Spr. 2906.] jāyate hyaparātparam (duḥkham) aus einem Leid ein nachfolgendes (anderes) [1702.] — d) parātparataraṃ yānti zur höchsten (Stellung) [Spr. 4512.] cetaḥ paratare samādhīyatām auf das Höhere [3836.] na ca dharmo dayāparaḥ höher als das Mitleid [5071.] n. am Ende eines adj. comp.: paropakāravyāpāraparo yaḥ puruṣaḥ nur bedacht auf [1732.] pañcādikā daśaparāstatrāṅkāḥ wenigstens fünf und höchstens zehn [Sāhityadarpana 277.] sukhāsvādaparo yastu saṃsāre satsamāgamaḥ dessen Höhepunkt der Genuss von Freuden ist, vor Allem dazu bestimmt uns Freuden kosten zu lassen [Spr. 3265.] dharmaḥ satyaparo loke so v. a. die Wahrheit ist der Höhepunkt des Gesetzes [3793.] toṣaparo hi lābhaḥ Zufriedenheit ist der höchste Gewinn [4468.] tadupodghātakathāparaḥ (sargaḥ) hauptsächlich dienend zu, bestimmt zu [Lassen’s Anthologie (II) 93, 1.] — e) prāṇināṃ hi nikṛṣṭāpi janmabhūmiḥ parāpriyā (nach [BROCKHAUS] parā wohl = parabhūmi) lieber als die Fremde [Kathāsaritsāgara 52, 189.] [KERN] will parapriyā sehr theuer lesen. —
3) c) vgl. [WEBER, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad 335.]
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Pāra (पार):—
2) [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 16, 10.] —
4) drakṣyasi pāramaṣṭādaśānāṃ kāraṇānāmante ca mṛtyumukham [Daśakumāracarita] in [Benfey’ Chrestomathie aus Sanskritwerken 195, 15.] tattva [WEBER, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad 325. fg.]
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Para (पर):—
3) c) Bez. des Lautes in dem ersten seiner vier Stadien. — d) ein best. Zeitmaass [Sāyaṇa] zu [Ṛgveda 1, 123, 8.] para bei [WARREN,] [KĀLASAṂK. 374] = 24 .
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Pāra (पार):—adj. hinüberbringend, übersetzend [Ṛgveda 5, 31, 8.] m. eine best. Personification [SĀMAVIDH. BR. 1, 2, 5.]
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Pāra (पार):—m. = pāla Hüter in brahmadvāra [MAITRYUP. 6, 28.]
Para (पर):——
1) Adj. (f. ā — a) örtlich ; weiterhin — , ferner gelegen , — stehend , jenseitig (Ufer , Welt) , entfernter , — als (Abl. , ausnahmsweise Gen.). Compar. paratara. — b) zeitlich — α) vergangen , früher. — β) später , zukünftig , nachfolgend , folgend auf , hinausliegend über (Abl.) m. so v.a. Nachkomme. Compar. paratara. — γ) der späteste , äusserste , höchste (Zeit [77,28.] Lebensdauer). — c) in Bezug auf die Zahl ; hinausgehend über , mehr als (Abl. oder im Comp. vorangehend) [Naiṣadhacarita 12,106.] auch in Congruenz mit dem Zahlwort ; paraṃśataṃ mehr als hundert , parāḥ koṭayaḥ [Hemādri’s Caturvargacintāmaṇi 1,2,5.] — d) in Bezug auf die Reihenfolge ; nachstehend , dahinterstehend , nachfolgend , folgend auf (Abl. oder im Comp. vorangehend). paraḥ paraḥ jeder folgende. — e) in Bezug auf den Grad ; vorzüglicher , besser , trefflicher , ärger , — als Abl. , ausnahmsweise im Comp. vorangehend [Indische sprüche 2011.6439]), der vorzüglichste , beste , trefflichste , ärgste , summus. Compar. paratara mit Abl. — f) über Etwas (Abl.) hinausliegend , so v.a. nicht zu erreichen durch. vijñānāt jenseits der Erkenntniss gelegen. — g) im Gegensatz zu sva , svayam , ātman — α) fremd m. ein Fremder , ein Anderer. — β) feindlich , m. Feind , Widersacher , Opponent ([Carakasaṃhitā 3,8.] — h) verschieden von (Abl.). — i) übriggeblieben. — k) besorgt um Etwas (Loc.) —
2) m. — a) ein nachfolgender Laut. Nur am Ende eines adj. Comp. — b) ein subsidiärer Somagraha. — c) das höchste Wesen Gott , die Allseele. — d) Nomen proprium — a) verschiedener Fürsten. — b) eines Palastes der Mitravindā. —
3) f. ā — a) die Fremde (!) [Kathāsaritsāgara 52,189.Kern.] Möchte parapriyā über Alles lieb lesen. — b) *eine best. Pflanze. = vandhyākarkoṭakī [Rājan 3,50.] — c) Bez. des Lautes in dem ersten seiner vier Stadien. — d) ein best. Zeitmaass. — e) Nomen proprium eines Flusses. v.l. pārā , veṇa und veṇṇā. —
4) n. — a) die weiteste Ferne. pṛthivyāḥ paraṃparāt-gatvā so v.a. in den entferntesten Winkel der Erde gehend [Mahābhārata 5,107,5.] — b) Höhepunct. paraṃ gataḥ auf der Höhe von — (Gen.) , in Bezug auf (Loc.) auf der Höhe stehend. — c) das Höchste in metaphysischem Sinne , der höchste Zustand nach dem Tode , vollkommene Erlösung. Auch parataram und parātparataram — d) die Zahl 10 , 000 , 000 , 000 [Wilson's Uebersetzung des Viṣṇupurāṇa ,5,188.] als Bez. des vollen Lebensalters Brahman's [Viṣṇupurāṇa 1,3,4.] — e) Bez. bestimmter Sāman [Kāṭhaka (weber) 33,6.] — f) am Ende eines adj. Comp. (f. ā) — α) Höhepunct , die äusserste Grenze. daśa höchstens zehn. — β) Hauptziel , Hauptzweck , Hauptsache , Hauptbeschäftigung. Wiederzugeben durch ganz beschäftigt mit , ganz aufgehend in , nur bedacht auf ( sukha [Śākuntala 162.,] v.l.) ; vor Allem bestimmt zu , hauptsächlich dienend zu ; vor Allem bestehend in , ganz beruhend auf ([Jaimini's Mimāṃsādarśana 1,1,17.]). — γ) die weitere Bedeutung eines Wortes. pāṇiśabdo bāhuparaḥ so v.a. das Wort Hand bezeichnet in weiterer Bedeutung den Arm. —
5) param Adv. — a) darauf , später [176,20.] — b) mit einem vorangehenden Abl. hinaus über , jenseits , nach (zeitlich). nāsmātparam (man hätte māsmā erwartet) nicht mehr davon! genug! ataḥ param (einmal paramataḥ) weiter von hier , von hier an , hierauf , darauf , von nun an , ferner , darüber hinaus. nach immer ([291,8]). itaḥ param weiter von hier , von nun an. tataḥ param darauf , tataśca param dass. [108,6] Compar. parataram. — c) in hohem Grade , über die Maassen. auch para — d) höchstens , nur nur noch , nichts als [Mahābhārata 13,102,15.] [Indische sprüche 1070.] [Bālarāmāyaṇa 79,6,94,19.] na param-āpi nicht nur — , sondern auch , paraṃ na api na ([Bālarāmāyaṇa 77,10.0] nicht nur nicht — , sondern auch nicht na param-yāvat nicht nur , sondern sogar auch. — e) na-param nicht — sondern [Jayadeva's Prasannarāghava 16.2.] = — f) yadi param wenn überhaupt allenfalls. — g) jedoch , allein. paraṃ tu und paraṃ kiṃ tu dass.
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Parā (परा):—Adv. weg , ab , fort , hin , per —. Nur in Verbindung mit Verbalformen und in Zusammensetzungen mit Substantiven.
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Pāra (पार):—1. —
1) Adj. hinüberbringend , übersetzend. —
2) m. (ganz ausnahmsweise) und n. — a) das jenseitige Ufer , die jenseitige Grenze. — b) Ufer überh. [Rājataraṃgiṇī 4,536.554.] [Priyadarśikā 17,1.] — c) die äusserste Grenze , das Letzte , Aeusserste , Ende , Endziel überh. —
3) m. — a) das Ueberschiffen in (duṣpāra und supāra — b) *Quecksilber. — c) eine best. Personification [Gautama's Dharmaśāstra] — d) Nomen proprium — α) verschiedener Männer. — β) Pl. einer Klasse von Göttern unter dem 9ten Manu. —
4) f. pārā Nomen proprium eines Flusses. —
5) f. pārī — a) Melkkübel [Śiśupālavadha 12,40.] Gefäss überh. [Vikramāṅkadevacarita 11,58.] — b) *Blüthenstaub. — c) *ein Strick zum Binden der Füsse eines Elephanten. — d) *Wasserfluth ( pūra) oder *Stadt ( pura).
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Pāra (पार):—2. m. = pāla Hüter.
Para (पर) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Para, Parā, Paro, Pala, Palāya, Pāra.
Para (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 今 [jīn]: “now”.
2) 最極長 [zuì jí zhǎng]: “most extremely long”.
3) 極長 [jí zhǎng]: “extremely long”.
4) 次第 [cì dì]: “order”.
Note: para can be alternatively written as: param.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Para (पर) [Also spelled par]:—(ind) but; yet; even so, even then; on; at; after; (a) opposite, inimical; other; alien; higher; (nm) a wing; feather; plume; ~[kaṭā] wing-clipped; ~[kāja] other’s job, other’s interest; ~[kājī] serving others' interest; benevolent/benignant; ~[kāya] another’s body/person; •[praveśa] entering into another’s body through yoga; ~[kṛti] another’s performance/deed; ~[krāmya] negotiable; ~[jana] belonging to others; not cur own (people); ~[jāti] another caste, not our own caste; ~[taṃtra] see [parataṃtra; ~taṃtratā] see [parataṃtratā; ~dāra] another man’s wife; ~[drohī/dveṣī] cynical, jealous of or hostile to all others; ~[dhana] another’s wealth; ~[dharma] another’s religion; ~[nāma] allonym; ~[nirbharatā] dependence; ~[pakṣa] the other side; the opponent’s case/argumentation; -[pāra] the other bank/coast, across; ~[pīḍaka] a sadist, causing harassment/affliction to others; ~[puruṣa] other person, a man other than a woman’s husband; stranger; ~[basa] dependent on others; under other’s control/sway; ~[bhāṣā] another language; ~[bhṛta] nursed and brought up by another; a cuckoo; ~[rati] alloeroticism; ~[lekha] allograph; ~[vaśa] see [paravaśa; ~vaśatā] see [paravaśatā; ~vāda] a rumour; slander; ~[vādī] a rumour-monger; slanderer; ~[sāla] last year; next year; ~[sukhavāda] altruism, altruistic hedonism; ~[sukhavādī] altruistic; ~[strī] another man’s wife; ~[sva] another’s property/money/due; •[haraṇa] anusurpation, depriving somebody of his due/property/money; ~[hita] other’s interest/good; —[ānā/uganā] see —[nikalanā; —kaṭa jānā] to be rendered ineffective/inefficacious, to be incapacitated; —[kataranā] see —[kaiṃca karanā; —kāṭa denā] to render ineffective/inefficacious; to incapacitate; —[kaiṃca karanā] to clip the wings; to render ineffective/inefficacious/inactive; —[jamanā] to grow wings; (fig.) to manifest one’s mischievous self, to take to mischief; —[nikalanā/laganā] to ride for a fall, to grow wings; to take to mischievous deeds; —[phaḍaphaḍānā] to make a desperate effort (to get free or to achieve any other objective); —[bāṃdha denā] to render helpless/inactive,
2) Parā (परा):—a Sanskrit prefix to nouns and verbs meaning away, off; aside; along; on; ultra; transcendental; (a) the best; ~[manovijñāna] Parapsychology; ~[vidyā] Spiritualism, Metaphysics; ~[śakti] transcendental power; ~[śaktivāda] transcendentalism.
3) Pāra (पार) [Also spelled paar]:—(nm) the other coast/bank/side, extremity; limit; conclusion; end; (adv) across, on the other side/bank/coast; (adj.) past, last; next; ~[gamana] transmission; ~[gamanīyatā] transmissibility; ~[gamya] pervious; •[tā] perviousness; ~[gāmī] going through; pervading, pervasive; ~[sāla] last year; next year; —[utaranā] to cross over (a river or difficulty etc.), to ferry over, to finish; to accomplish; to get rid of some dilemma, etc.; —[karanā] to pinch; to kidnap; to seduce; to cross through/over; to (cause to) cross; to salvage; to pass by; to overtake; —[paḍanā] to contend with successfully, to see things through; —[pānā] to be able to measure the depth or expanse of; to reach the end (of); to equal (in struggle etc.) or to defeat; —[laganā, beḍā] see —[utaranā, —honā] see —[utaranā].
4) Pārā (पारा):—(nm) mercury; —[utaranā] to be pacified, to calm/cool down; —[garama honā/caḍhanā] to get infuriated, to fly into a rage; —[pilānā] to fill a thing with mercury so as to make it very heavy.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Para (पर) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Bhram.
2) Para (पर) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Para.
3) Para (पर) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Parut.
4) Parā (परा) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Parā.
5) Parā (परा) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Parā.
6) Pāra (पार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śak.
7) Pāra (पार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Pāra.
8) Pāra (पार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Pāra.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Para (ಪರ):—
1) [noun] one of the parties in a contest, conflict, etc.; a side.
2) [noun] ಪರವಾಗಿ [paravagi] paravāgi in the interest of; speaking for; representing; on behalf of.
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Para (ಪರ):—
1) [noun] any of the festivals observed on days of conjunctions, as full moon-day, new moon-day, the days of solstices, etc.
2) [noun] a time or day of feasting or celebration; a festival day.
3) [noun] (fig.) joy; delight.
4) [noun] a feast arranged on festival days, days of social gatherings, etc.
5) [noun] a joint of the body.
6) [noun] (fig.) heavy punishment or chastisement.
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Para (ಪರ):—
1) [adjective] distant in space or time; not near; remote; far.
2) [adjective] set against; belonging to the other opposite side; opposite.
3) [adjective] facing; at, in or of the front.
4) [adjective] of future; that is to be or come.
5) [adjective] different; separate; other.
6) [adjective] of good quality; excellent.
7) [adjective] of, situated at or being the top; top.
8) [adjective] engrossed in; absorbed in.
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Para (ಪರ):—
1) [noun] the fact of being situated at a distance (not proximately); remoteness.
2) [noun] the quality of opposing, contending, hating, withstanding, etc.
3) [noun] the fact of being before.
4) [noun] the time yet to come; future time.
5) [noun] a thing that is different from the one under consideration or reference.
6) [noun] an outsider; an alien.
7) [noun] an excellent thing.
8) [noun] an excellent man.
9) [noun] the Supreme Being.
10) [noun] the everlasting beatitude; emancipation; deliverance of the soul.
11) [noun] the region or world, as heaven, where the soul goes after departing from this world.
12) [noun] a foe; an enemy; an adversary.
13) [noun] the bank on the other side of a river.
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Pāra (ಪಾರ):—
1) [noun] an instance of jumping or leaping forward or down.
2) [noun] the distance covered by such a movement.
3) [noun] the act, manner of flying; flight.
4) [noun] a kind of boat.
5) [noun] an aircraft; an aeroplane.
6) [noun] (dial.) a steep fall of water, as of a stream, from a height; a cascade; a waterfall.
7) [noun] the act of throbbing (of the heart); throb.
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Pāra (ಪಾರ):—
1) [noun] either of the two stretches of rising land running along with a stream on both sides of a stream, river, etc.; a bank.
2) [noun] any line or thing marking a limit; bound; border.
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Pārā (ಪಾರಾ):—[noun] = ಪಾರಿ [pari]6.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Tamil dictionary
Para (பர) [parattal] 12 intransitive verb [Telugu: paratcu, K. pare, M. parakka, Travancore usage paraduni.]
1. To spread, extend; to be diffused, as water, air, odour, epidemic, clouds or light; பரவுதல். ஆனிற்பரக்கும் யானைய முன்பிற் கானக நாடனை [paravuthal. anirparakkum yanaiya munpir kanaga nadanai] (புறநானூறு [purananuru] 5).
2. To be flattened, as by hammering; to be broad, as a plane surface; தட்டையாதல். நாநுனி பரந்து [thattaiyathal. nanuni paranthu] (தொல். எழுத். [thol. ezhuth.] 93).
3. To be bewildered, perplexed; அலமருதல். பரந்து கெடுக வுலகியற்றியான் [alamaruthal. paranthu keduga vulagiyarriyan] (திருக்குறள் [thirukkural], 1062).
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Paṟa (பற) [paṟattal] 4 intransitive verb [K. pāṟu, M. paṟakka.]
1. To fly, hover, flutter or float in the air, as light bodies; பறவை பஞ்சதந்திரப் பாடற்ு முதலியன ஆகாயத்திற் செல்லுதல். குடம்பை தனித்தொழியப் புட்பறந்தற்றே [paravai panchu muthaliyana agayathir selluthal. kudambai thanithozhiyap pudparantharre] (திருக்குறள் [thirukkural], 338).
2. To move with celerity or great velocity; to hasten; வேகமாய்ச் செல்லுதல். குரைகழன் மைந்தனைக் கொண்டு பறந் தான் [vegamays selluthal. kuraigazhan mainthanaig kondu paran than] (சீவகசிந்தாமணி [sivagasindamani] 521).
3. To be in a hurry, to be overhasty; அவசரப்படுதல். நானேன் பறப்பேன் நராதிபனே [avasarappaduthal. nanen parappen narathipane] (தனிப்பாடற்றிரட்டு [thanippadarrirattu] i, 290, 7).
4. To be greatly agitated; அமைதியற்று வருந்துதல். அழுதழுது பறக் கின்றானே [amaithiyarru varunthuthal. azhuthazhuthu parag kinrane] (இராமநாடகம் உயுத். [iramanadagam uyuth.] 98).
5. To be scattered, dispersed; to disappear; சிதறி யொழிதல். அவன் பணமெல்லாம் பறந்துவிட்டது. [sithari yozhithal. avan panamellam paranthuvittathu.]
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Pārā (பாரா) noun probably from pārada. Mercury, quicksilver; பாதரசம். [patharasam.] Local usage
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Pārā (பாரா) noun < Urdu pahra.
1. Watch, custody; காவல். [kaval.]
2. See பாராக்காரன். [parakkaran.]
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Pārā (பாரா) noun < Urdu bārā. Count of 8 or 12 in the game of draught; கட்டானாட்டத்தில் எட்டினையும் பன்னிரண்டினையும் குறிக்குந் தாயவகை. [kattanattathil ettinaiyum pannirandinaiyum kurikkun thayavagai.]
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Pārā (பாரா) noun < Urdu pārā. Bit, fragment; பாகம். [pagam.] Local usage
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Pārā (பாரா) noun < English Para; புத்தகம் முதலிய வற்றிற் பிரிவுபிரிவாகக் காட்டி எழுதப்படும் கட் டுரைப்பகுதி. [puthagam muthaliya varrir pirivupirivagak katti ezhuthappadum kad duraippaguthi.]
Tamil is an ancient language of India from the Dravidian family spoken by roughly 250 million people mainly in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Nepali dictionary
1) Para (पर):—1. a prefix denoting like different, of distance, etc., e.g. परदेश, परतन्त्र [paradeśa, paratantra ] ; 2. a suffix with the meanings like devoted, engaged, etc., e.g. स्वार्थपर, तत्पर [svārthapara, tatpara ] ;
2) Para (पर):—adj. 1. strange; unfamiliar; 2. far; remote; distant; adv. beyond; at a distance;
3) Parā (परा):—pref. a prefix to verbs and nouns in the sense of away; back in the inverted order; aside towards;
4) Parā (परा):—n. 1. speech; 2. Ganges (a river);
5) Pāra (पार):—n. 1. the other side; 2. completion; fulfillment; 3. destination; end; 4. relief; freedom; 5. mimicry; imitation; 6. solution;
6) Pārā (पारा):—n. 1. kind; sort; 2. way; method; style; 3. → पारो [pāro ] 1; 4. pl. of पारो [pāro ] 2;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+18): Imam, Nabi, Pangu, Pangula, Para balsam, Para cress, Para nut, Para prakriti, Para rubber, Para Sutta, Parabhicara, Parabhidhyana, Paracita, Paradana, Paradhiguru, Paradhikaracarca, Paradhina, Paragama, Paraha, Parahna.
Full-text (+3743): Parampara, Parapara, Apara, Paraga, Parashu, Paramita, Parama, Parada, Paramarsha, Parabhava, Parashara, Paratantra, Param, Parayana, Paramparya, Parajaya, Parakrama, Paras, Pare, Parabhrita.
Relevant text
Search found 459 books and stories containing Para, Paara, Paaraa, Parā, Pāra, Pārā, Párá, Paṟa; (plurals include: Paras, Paaras, Paaraas, Parās, Pāras, Pārās, Párás, Paṟas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Maha Buddhavamsa—The Great Chronicle of Buddhas (by Ven. Mingun Sayadaw)
Introduction (definition and characteristics of the perfections, pāramī) < [Chapter 6 - On Pāramitā]
Addenda: Bāvarī the Brahmin Teacher (continued) < [Chapter 43 - Forty-one Arahat-Mahatheras and their Respective Etadagga titles]
Chapter 11 - Teaching The Practice Of Moral Perfection (From Nālaka Sutta) < [Volume 2.2]
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 18.62 < [Chapter 18 - Mokṣa-yoga (the Yoga of Liberation)]
Verse 14.1 < [Chapter 14 - Guṇa-traya-vibhāga-yoga]
Verse 3.18 < [Chapter 3 - Karma-yoga (Yoga through the Path of Action)]
Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation) (by Swami Lokeswarananda)
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.4.121 < [Chapter 4 - Vaikuṇṭha (the spiritual world)]
Verse 2.3.43 < [Chapter 3 - Bhajana (loving service)]
Verse 2.4.231 < [Chapter 4 - Vaikuṇṭha (the spiritual world)]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 5.1.3 < [Chapter 1 - Advice to Kaṃsa]
Verse 6.18.30 < [Chapter 18 - In the Course of Describing the Glories of Siddhāśrama, a Description of the Rāsa-dance Festival]
Verse 2.12.26 < [Chapter 12 - Subduing Kāliya and Drinking the Forest Fire]
South-Indian Horizons (by Jean-Luc Chevillard)
Second Foreword (Searching for perspectives)
Chapter 1 - Prolegomena to an Etymological Dictionary to the Iṟula Language < [Section 2 - Studies in Language and History of Language Description]