Yuga; 18 Definition(s)

Introduction

Yuga means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

In Hinduism

Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)

There are four yuga's, 1. Kṛta or Satya, 2. Tretā, 3. Dvāpara, 4. Kali, of which the first three have already elapsed, while the Kali, which began at midnight between the 17th and 18th of Feb. 3102 BC. The duration of each yuga is said to be respectively 1,728,000, 1,296,000, 864,000, and 432,000 years of humanity, the descending numbers representing a similar physical and moral deterioration of men in each age. (excerpt from nāma 154)

context information

Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).

Dharmashastra (religious law)

Yuga (युग) is a Sanskrit technical term referring a “piece of wooden pole”, of a chariot (yāna). The word is used throughout Dharmaśāstra literature such as the Manusmṛti. (See the Manubhāṣya, verse 8.291-292)

context information

Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

Yuga (युग).—See under Manvantara.

1a) Yuga (युग).—The intervening time between one yuga-sandhyapūrva and sandhyāṃśa; four in number; Kṛta, Treta, Dvāpara and Kali. The extent is of 12,000 years of celestial measure; the duration of the yugas includes sandhya, 12,000 divine years, 1,000 caturyugas make a day of Brahmā.¹ A yugam of five years, commencing with śravaṇa and ending with dhaniṣṭhā nakṣatra—the five years are respectively Agni, Sūrya, Soma, Vāyu and Rudra; consists of Samvatsara, Parivatsara, Idvatsara, Anuvatsara and Vatsara; revolves like the wheel owing to the movement of the Sun.² Social conditions in;³ of Śaptaṛṣis.⁴

• 1) Bhāgavata-purāṇa II. 8. 17; III. 11. 18; XII. Ch. 4 (whole) ; Vāyu-purāṇa 7. 22; 23. 83; 24. 1; 31. 21; Viṣṇu-purāṇa I. 3. 11-15.
• 2) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 13. 115, 147; 21. 131; 24. 57 and 144; 28. 22; Vāyu-purāṇa 31. 28, 49; 32. 57-65; 50. 182; 53. 116; 56. 21; Viṣṇu-purāṇa II. 8. 72.
• 3) Matsya-purāṇa Ch. 165.
• 4) Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 419.

1b) A measurement equal to four hastas or dhanus; equal to a dhanurdaṇḍa.^*

• * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 7. 100; Vāyu-purāṇa 8. 106; 101. 125.

context information

The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)

Yuga (युग).—1. A calendar intercalation cycle. 2. A cosmological time interval, especially a mahāyuga. 3. A period of 4,320,000 years. Note: Yuga is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.

context information

Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

General definition (in Hinduism)

1) Yuga (युग) in the Rigveda and later denotes ‘yoke’. Cf. Ratha.

2) Yuga (युग) in the Rigveda frequently denotes a ‘generation’; but the expression daśame yitge applied to Dīrghatamas in one passage must mean ‘tenth decade’ of life.
 

Yuga (युग) in Hindu philosophy is the name of an epoch or era within a four age cycle. According to Hindu cosmology, life in the universe is created and destroyed once every 4.1 to 8.2 billion years, which is one full day (day and night) for Brahma. The lifetime of a Brahma himself may be 311 trillion and 40 billion years. The cycles are said to repeat like the seasons, waxing and waning within a greater time-cycle of the creation and destruction of the universe. Like Summer, Spring, Winter and Autumn, each yuga involves stages or gradual changes which the earth and the consciousness of mankind goes through as a whole. A complete yuga cycle from a high Golden Age, called the Satya Yuga to a Dark Age, Kali Yuga and back again is said to be caused by the solar system's motion around another star.

The ages see a gradual decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, life span, emotional and physical strength.

• Satya Yuga (Virtue reigns supreme),
• Treta Yuga (3 quarter virtue & 1 quarter sin),
• Dwapar Yuga (1 half virtue & 1 half sin),
• Kali Yuga (1 quarter virtue & 3 quarter sin).

In Buddhism

General definition (in Buddhism)

Yuga (युग) or Caturyuga refers to the “four ages” as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 88):

1. kṛta-yuga (the accomplished age),
2. tretā-yuga (the threefold-life age),
3. dvāpara-yuga (the twofold age),
4. kali-yuga (the dark age).

The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (eg., yuga). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.

India history and geogprahy

Yuga (युग) refers to the tradition where historical time is divided into four ages (yuga), viz. the Kṛta (or Satya), Tretā, Dvāpara and Kali. This system is the peculiarity of India alone. Kṛta age ended with the destruction of the Haihayas by Rāma Jāmadagnya; Tretā began with Sagara and ended with Rāma Dāśarathi’s consecration at Ayodhyā and closed with the Bhārata war; the Kali began immediately after the passing away of the great heroes of the Bharata war, Kṛṣṇa and the Pāṇḍavas and with the changes in the political condition of Northern India that ensued.

Yuga is the name of a land granted by king Subhikṣa (for the merit and fame of his parents and himself) as recorded in the “Plate of Subhikṣarājadeva” (10th century A.D.). It measured one Droṇavāpa. Yuga was dedicated to the goddess Nārāyaṇa-bhaṭṭāraka (Nārāyaṇa) who is said to have been installed on the bank of the Viṣṇugaṅgā.

This inscribed copper plate (mentioning  Yuga) is preserved in the temple of Yogabadarī (one of the Pañcabadarī) at Pāṇḍukeśvar (Pāṇḍukeśvara). It records the grant of many pieces of land, situated in the viṣayas (districts) of Ṭaṅgaṇāpura and Antaraṅga made by king Subhikṣa in favour of three deities.

Yuga.—(IE 7-1-2), ‘four’; rarely, 2 or 12. Note: yuga is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

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Yuga or Yugā.—(EI 1), meaning doubtful; cf. yugā in the sense of ‘a voucher’. Note: yuga is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

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Yugā.—(CII 4), a voucher. Note: yugā is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

yuga : (nt.) a yoke; a pair; a couple; an age or generation.

Yuga, (nt.) (fr. yuj; Vedic yuga (to which also yoga)= Gr. zugόn; Lat. jugum=Goth. juk; Ohg. juh; E. yoke; Lith. jungas) 1. the yoke of a plough (usually) or a carriage DhA. I, 24 (yugaṃ gīvaṃ bādhati presses on the neck); PvA. 127 (ratha°); Sdhp. 468 (of a carriage). Also at Sn. 834 in phrase dhonena yugaṃ samāgamā which Bdhgh. (SnA 542) expl^s as “dhuta-kilesena buddhena saddhiṃ yugaggāhaṃ samāpanno, ” i.e. having attained mastery together with the pure Buddha. Neumann, Sn. trslⁿ not exactly: “weil abgeschüttelt ist das Joch” (but dhona means “pure”). See also below °naṅgala.—2. (what is yoked or fits under one yoke) a pair, couple; appl^d to objects, as —°: dussa° a pair of robes S. V, 71.; DhA. IV, 11; PvA. 53; sāṭaka° id. J. I, 8, 9; PvA. 46; vattha° id. J. IV, 172.—tapassi° a pair of ascetics Vv 22¹⁰; dūta° a pair of messengers S. IV, 194; sāvaka° of disciples D. II, 4; S. I, 155; II, 191; V, 164; in general: purisa° (cattāri p.—yugāni) (4) pairs of men S. IV, 272 sq. =It. 88; in verse at Vv 44²¹ and 53³; expl^d at Vism. 219 as follows: yugaḷa-vasena paṭhamamagga-ṭṭho phala-ṭṭho ti idam ekaṃ yugaḷan ti evaṃ cattāri purisa-yugaḷāni honti. Practically the same as “aṭṭha purisa-puggalā. ” Referring to “pairs of sins” (so the C.) in a somewhat doubtful passage at J. I, 374: sa maṅgala-dosa-vītivatto yuga-yog’âdhigato na jātum eti; where C. expl^s yugā as kilesā mentioned in pairs (like kodho ca upanāho, or makkho ca paḷāso), and yoga as the 4 yojanas or yogas (oghas?), viz. kāma°, bhava°, diṭṭhi°, avijjā°.—Also used like an adj. num. in meaning “two, ” e.g. yugaṃ vā nāvaṃ two boats Dpvs. I, 76.—3. (connected by descent) generation, an age D. I, 113 (yāva sattamā pitāmahā-yugā “back through seven generations. ” Cp. DA. I, 281: āyuppamāṇa); KhA 141 (id.); J. I, 345 (purisa°). There are also 5 ages (or stages) in the (life of the) sāsana (see Brethren, p. 339): vimutti, samādhi, sīla, suta, dāna.

—anta (-vāta) (storm at) the end of an age (of men or the world), whirlwind J. I, 26.—ādhāna putting the yoke on, harnessing M. I, 446.—ggāha “holding the yoke, ” i.e. control, dominance, domineering, imperiousness; used as syn. for palāsa at Vbh. 357=Pug. 19 (so read for yuddha°), expl^d by sama-dhura-ggahaṇaṃ “taking the leadership altogether” at VbhA. 492. See further Nd¹ 177; VvA. 71 (yugaggāha-lakkhaṇo paḷāso); SnA 542; DhA. III, 57 (°kathā=sārambhakathā).—°ṃ ganhāti to take the lead, to play the usurper or lord J. III, 259 (C. for T. palāsin); DhA. III, 346.—ggāhin trying to outdo somebody else, domineering, imperious VvA. 140.—cchidda the hole of a yoke Th. 2, 500 (in famous simile of blind turtle).—naṅgala yoke and plough (so taken by Bdhgh. at SnA 135) Sn. 77= S. I, 172 (“plough fitted with yoke” Mrs. Rh. D.).—nandha (with v. l. °naddha, e.g. at Ps. II, 92 sq.; KhA 27 in T.) putting a yoke on, yoking together; as adj. congruous, harmonious; as nt. congruity, association, common cause Ps. II, 98=Vism. 682; Ps. II, 92 sq. (°vagga & °kathā); KhA 27 (nt.); Vism. 149 (°dhammā things fitting under one yoke, integral parts, constituents).—mattaṃ (adv.) “only the distance of a plough, ” i.e. only a little (viz. the most necessary) distance ahead, with expressions of sight: pekkhati Sn. 410 (“no more than a fathom’s length” Rh. D. in Early Buddhism 32); pekkhin Miln. 398; °dassāvin Vism. 19 (okkhitta-cakkhu+) pekkhamāna SnA 116 (as explⁿ of okkhittacakkhu).—sāṭaka (=s.—yuga) a pair of robes, two robes Dpvs VI, 82. (Page 556)

context information

Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

Marathi-English dictionary

yuga (युग).—n (S) An age, one of the four ages kṛta, trētā, dvāpāra, kali. 2 The period comprising the four ages. 3 A couple, brace, pair. 4 A yoke.

yuga (युग).—n An age; the period comprising the four ages. A yoke. A pair.

Sanskrit-English dictionary

Yuga (युग).—1 A yoke (m. also in this sense); युगव्यायतबाहुः (yugavyāyatabāhuḥ) R.3.34;1.87; Śi.3.68.

2) A pair, couple, brace; कुचयोर्युगेन तरसा कलिता (kucayoryugena tarasā kalitā) Śi.9.72; स्तनयुग (stanayuga) Ś.1.19.

3) A couple of stanzas forming one sentence; see युग्म (yugma).

4) An age of the world; (the Yugas are four:-kṛta or satya, tretā, dvāpara and kali; the duration of each is said to be respectively 1,728,; 1,296,; 864.; and 432, years of men, the four together comprising 4,32, years of men which is equal to one Mahāyuga q. v.; it is also supposed that the regularly descending length of the Yugas represents a corresponding physical and moral deterioration in the people who live during each age, Krita being called the 'golden' and Kali or the present age the 'iron' age); धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय संभवामि युगे युगे (dharmasaṃsthāpanārthāya saṃbhavāmi yuge yuge) Bg.4.8; युगशतपरिवर्तान् (yugaśataparivartān) Ś7.34.

5) (Hence) A long period of years (kālacakra); युगं वा परिवर्तेत यद्येवं स्याद् यथाऽऽत्थ माम् (yugaṃ vā parivarteta yadyevaṃ syād yathā''ttha mām) Mb.5.16.99.

6) A generation, life; आ सप्तमाद् युगात् (ā saptamād yugāt) Ms.1.64; जात्युत्कर्षो युगे ज्ञेयः पञ्चमे सप्तमेऽपि वा (jātyutkarṣo yuge jñeyaḥ pañcame saptame'pi vā) Y.1.96. (yuge = janmani Mit.).

7) An expression for the number 'four', rarely for 'twelve',

8) A period of five years.

9) A measure of length equal to four Hastas.

1) A part of a chariot or plough.

11) Name of a particular configuration of the moon.

Derivable forms: yugam (युगम्).

Yuga (युग).—nt. (Pali id., I believe, in Sn 834 dhonena yugaṃ samāgamā, you have come under subjugation by the Pure, i.e. by Buddha; otherwise PTSD, Chalmers), yoke, in fig. sense of subjugation: yuga-m-antarasmi (for yugāntare) sthita māru LV 338.11 (verse), Māra, abiding under (lit. in the middle of) the yoke (being subjugated).

Yuga (युग).—n.

(-gaṃ) 1. A pair, a couple, a brace. 2. An age, as the Satya or Krita, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali. 3. A lustre, or period of five years. m.

(-gaḥ) 1. A yoke. 2. A measure of four cubits. 3. An expression for the numbers “four and “twelve”. 4. Life, birth. 5. A drug, commonly Ridd'hi. E. yuj to join, aff. aca, the final changed.

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