Tithi, Tithī: 37 definitions
Introduction:
Tithi means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Tithi (तिथि).—Days of the Vedic calendar measured according to the phases of the moon.
Tithi (तिथि) refers to a “lunar day”:—There are approximately 29.5 lunar days in a lunar month. The first fifteen days begin with the first phase of the waxing moon (pratipat) and end with the full moon (pūrṇimā). The list then repeats itself with the first phase of the waning moon (pratipat) and ends with the new moon (amāvasyā).
- pratipat (prathama)
- dvitīyā;
- tṛtīyā;
- caturthī;
- ṣaṣṭhī;
- saptamī;
- aṣṭamī;
- navamī;
- ekādaśī;
- dvādaśī;
- trayodaśī;
- caturdaśī;
- pañcamī;
- daśamī;
- pūrṇimā or amāvasyā;
In accordance with the lunar day, one would utter, for example, ekādaśī-tithau.
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Tithi (तिथि) refers to “lunar day”. The term is used throughout Jyotiṣa literature.
Tithi is the time occupied by the Moon in increasing her distance from the Sun by 12 degrees; in other words, at the exact point of time, when the Moon (whose apparent motion is much faster than that of the Sun), moving eastwards from the Sun after the amavasya, leaving the Sun behind by 12 degrees.
Each of the pakshas consists of fifteen tithis. A tithi is the time required by the moon to increase its distance from the sun westwardby twelve degrees of the zodiac. As the true motions of the sun and the moon vary with their positions in their orbits the length or duration of a tithi is also variable. There are names given to these tithis of the fortnight and the fifteenth tithi of the bright fortnight is called the Paurnamasya-tithi or the full-moon, while the fifteenth tithi of the dark fortnight goes by the name Amavasya-tithi or the new-moon. In fact, the tull-moon and the new-moon mark the ends of the respective fortnights ot the month, bright and dark.
Tithi (तिथि).—Tithi is one lunar day which is defined as the day in which the moon, leaving the sun at the last moment of amāvāsyā or new-moon, traverses twelve degrees towards the east, every day. The tithis are counted from the day next to amāvāsya as pratipad (‘the first’), dvitīyā (‘the second’), tṛtīyā (‘the third’) and so on, up to the fifteenth which is purṇimā (full-moon day). The same calculation is continued after that, in the same way, ending with the amāvāsyā (the new-moon day). The first fortnight is called śuklapakṣa (the bright fortnight) and the second, kṛṣṇapakṣa (the dark fortnight). Consequently a tithi has to be qualified by this also. For instance, the fourth day after amāvāsyā is śukla-caturthī. The eighth day after purṇimā is kṛṣṇa-aṣṭamī.
Tithi (तिथि).—Within the Indian context, the tithi was likely conceived originally as a means to keep track of the phases of the Moon, with the assumption that a lunar month from one Full Moon to the next is always made up of thirty tithis. A tithi was thus defined as one thirtieth of a synodic month (c. 29.5 days), resulting in an average tithi being slightly less than a day.
According to the refers to the Tithikarmaguṇā of the Gārgīyajyotiṣa, tithi refers to a “cycle of time”. The fifteen tithis conceived as a cycle of time, in either white or dark pakṣa, with each tithi associated with a deity and the corresponding auspicious and inauspicious acts for a Brahmin in service to a king. In the Gārgīyajyotiṣa, the tithis are enumerated from after the Full Moon and a tithi is defined as a day less two lavas resulting inevitably in the tithis beginning from different parts of the day.
Tithi (तिथि).—A lunar day, or one-thirtieth of a synodic month. Note: Tithi is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Tithi (तिथि).—An Ārṣeya pravara of Bhārgavas.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 195. 38.
Tithi (तिथि) is described in the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—Accordingly, the necessity and method of determining proper Tithis for various Vedic rites and vows are told in chapter fifty-one while chapter fifty two devotes itself to the definition of Dharma and the enumeration of the different kind of sins and crimes and the requisite manner of purification such as penances, punishments and Śiva worship on different Tithis.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Vastushastra (architecture)
Tithi (तिथि) refers to the sixth of āyādiṣaḍvarga, six principles that constitute the “horoscope” of an architectural or iconographic object, according to the Mānasāra (IX, 63-73). Their application is intended to “verify” the measurements of the architectural and iconographic object against the dictates of astrology that lay out the conditions of auspiciousness.
Tithi is the 30th part of the whole cycle of lunation (thirty lunar days, approximately equal to twenty-seven solar days), fifteen of which is “light” (the waxing phase of the moon, inc1uding full-moon) and fifteen, dark (its waning phase including new-moon). In addition to the days of paurṇamī, full-moon, and āmāvāsī, new-moon, the names of tithi simply follow the numeric order that the days occur before full- and new-moons, as prathamā, first, dvitīyā, second, and so on, up to fourteenth (day). The text states that among these, aṣṭamī, eighth, and navamī, ninth day after the full and new moons, are inauspicious, and must be avoided.
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Shaktism
Tithi (तिथि) refers to a “digit of the moon”, according to the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā, an expansion of the Kubjikāmatatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjikā cult.—Accordingly, “(The fourfold grouping of the sixteen parts of the sacred seats) differentiate the whole of time according to whether it is gross or subtle. Gross, subtle, and ultimate, they resonate, established in the essential nature of time. They arise within the first digit of the moon [i.e., tithi] (and continue to arise in the succeeding digits) up to the end of the left (current of vitality to) then again (enter) the right. (In this way) life and death (alternate) in accord with the division of the Moon and Sun (which symbolize the inhaled and exhaled breath, respectively)”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Tithi (तिथि) represents the number 15 (fifteen) in the “word-numeral system” (bhūtasaṃkhyā), which was used in Sanskrit texts dealing with astronomy, mathematics, metrics, as well as in the dates of inscriptions and manuscripts in ancient Indian literature.—A system of expressing numbers by means of words arranged as in the place-value notation was developed and perfected in India in the early centuries of the Christian era. In this system the numerals [e.g., 15—tithi] are expressed by names of things, beings or concepts, which, naturally or in accordance with the teaching of the Śāstras, connote numbers.
Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Toxicology (Study and Treatment of poison)
Tithi (तिथि) or “date” (of the snake-bite) which is used in ascertaining the condition of the victim, as taught in the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā: an ancient Sanskrit text from the Pāñcarātra tradition dealing with both Tantra and Viṣacikitsā, which represents the Ayurvedic study on Toxicology (Agadatantra or Sarpavidyā).—The malignant asterisms and baneful lunar phases and astral combinations, with reference to snake-bite, are discussed in the tail-end of the fourth Adhyāya. [...] The Kāśyapasaṃhitā mentions the following details regarding the Tithi (Date):—The pañcamī, ṣaṣṭhī, aṣṭamī and the day when there is no tithi of both the pakṣas bode well for recovery for a person to be bitten by snake. More so Dangerous are the pañcamī and trayodaśī of kṛṣṇapakṣa.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Pancaratra (worship of Nārāyaṇa)
1) Tithi (तिथि) refers to the “date (of anniversary celebrations)”, as discussed in chapter 27 of the Pauṣkarasaṃhitā: a Pāñcarātra text of almost 5900 verses divided into forty-three chapters presented as a frame-work dialogue between Pauṣkara and Bhagavān dealing with the esoteric meaning of maṇḍala-designs, worship routines and temple-building.—Description of the chapter [śrāddha-ākhyāna]: [...]
2) Tithi (तिथि) or Tithiyāga refers to “fortnightly worship and offerings”, as discussed in chapter 1 of the Śivarātra section of the Sanatkumārasaṃhitā: an encyclopedic Sanskrit text written in over 3500 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as yoga, temple-building, consecration ceremonies, initiation and dhanurveda (martial arts).—Description of the chapter [tithi-yāga]: Sanatkumāra proposes to deal here briefly with tithiyāga concerns during the bright fortnight. [...] The last śloka (359) assures devotees that observing carefully these preceding instructions in the bright fortnight will bring them realization of all their spiritual desires; if undertaken in the dark fortnight, more mundane aims may be obtained.
Pancaratra (पाञ्चरात्र, pāñcarātra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Tithi (तिथि) refers to “lunar days”.—Either half [of a month, viz., śuklapakṣa and kṛṣṇapakṣa] consists of fifteen lunar days (tithi) of which the full moon day (paurṇimā) and the new moon day (amavāsya) are very important. Of the tithis, the fourth one of the bright half (vināyaki-caturthi) and of the dark half (saṃkaṭa-caturthi) are important for the worship of Ganapati, the eleventh (ekādasī) for the worship of Viṣṇu, Of the days of the week, Monday is a good day for Śiva worship, Tuesday and Friday for Devī, Tuesday also for Ganapati, Thursday for Dattatreya, Saturday for Saturn and—only in Maharashtra—for Hanumat, Sunday for Khaṇḍoba.
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Tithi (तिथि) refers to the “distances between the sun and the moon”, as commonly depicted in Buddhist Iconography, and mentioned in the 11th-century Niṣpannayogāvalī of Mahāpaṇḍita Abhayākara.—The tithis or the distances between the sun and the moon are also deified, but these cannot be properly determined in the absence of definite iconographic information. Some of these tithis (dates) are found represented in the Chinese collection at Peiping.
Tithi (तिथि) refers to a “lunar day” [i.e., tithau amuka], according to the Guru Mandala Worship (maṇḍalārcana) ritual often performed in combination with the Cakrasaṃvara Samādhi, which refers to the primary pūjā and sādhanā practice of Newah Mahāyāna-Vajrayāna Buddhists in Nepal.
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.
India history and geography
Tithi (in the Newari language) translates to “Date” (in English); as mentioned in the appendix of the translation of the Vanshavali or Bansawali (“history and genealogical accounts of Nepal”). The Newari word ‘Tithi’ is known in the Parbatiya language as Miti.
Tithi.—(CII 3; IA 17), a lunar day; one mean tithi is equal to 0.9843529572 of a mean solar day and night; the mean tithis in a solar year are 371, and 3 ghaṭīs and 53.4 palas; gener- ally the term tithi means the end of a tithi, not its beginning or duration, and the week-day of a tithi is the week-day on which that tithi ends; the tithis given in the Pañcāṅga are apparent, not mean, and they are intended to be given from apparent sunrise. Cf. Tamil tiyadi, tedi (SITI), a date. (IE 7-1-2), ‘fifteen’. (EI 16), same as mahā-tithi, an auspicious tithi; cf. saptamī called the tithi of the sun-god and aṣṭamī that of the god Śiva (Ep. Ind., Vol. V, p. 168, note 4). Note: tithi is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
Tithi refers to “Anniversary”.—It is included in the glossary section of the study on the Sonowal and Thengal Kacharis tribes of Assam (India) who possess a rich cultural heritage, folk customs, local traditions and oral histories
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
tithi : (f.) a lunar day.
Tithi, (Sk. tithi) a lunar day DhA. I, 174; PvA. 198. (Page 302)
tithi (တိထိ) [(pu,thī) (ပု၊ထီ)]—
[tanu=tā+ithi．tanotīti tithi,atha vā tā pālane ithi．tithisaddo dvīsu,,ṭī．72．tāyati pāletīti tithi,pāṭipadādi．ṇvādi．93．ata+i．ppapodarādi (6,3,1va9) allo．byākhyāsudhā-ṭīkā．(amara,4．1．vācappati-)．]
[တနု=တာ+ဣထိ။ တနောတီတိ တိထိ၊ အထ ဝါ တာ ပါလနေ ဣထိ။ တိထိသဒ္ဒေါ ဒွီသု၊ ဓာန်၊ ဋီ။ ၇၂။ တာယတိ ပါလေတီတိ တိထိ၊ ပါဋိပဒါဒိ။ ဏွာဒိ။ ၉၃။ အတ+ဣထိန်။ ပ္ပပေါဒရာဒိတွာတ် (၆၊၃၊၁ဝ၉) အလ္လောပး။ ဗျာချာသုဓာ-ဋီကာ။ (အမရ၊ ၄။ ၁။ ဝါစပ္ပတိ-လည်းကြည့်)။]
[Pali to Burmese]
tithi—
(Burmese text): (၁) (လဆန်း,လဆုတ် ၁-ရက်,၂-ရက်-စသော) ရက်။ ဝေဒကျမ်းများလည်းကြည့်ပါ။ မူရင်းကြည့်ပါ။ (၂) တိထီ-သဒ္ဒါ။ တိထိပေက္ခာ,တိထိသဒ္ဒါပေက္ခ-တို့ကြည့်။
(Auto-Translation): (1) (New Moon, Full Moon - 1st day, 2nd day, etc.) days. Also check the religious texts. Refer to the original. (2) Tithis - dates. Look at the specific Tithis and their classifications.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
tithi (तिथि).—f (S) A lunar day, 1&2044;30 of a whole lunation.
tithi (तिथि).—f A lunar day.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Tithi (तिथि).—m. or f. [अत्-इथिन् पृषो° वा ङीप् (at-ithin pṛṣo° vā ṅīp) cf. Uṇādi-sūtra 4.2]
1) A lunar day; तिथिरेव तावन्न शउद्ध्यति (tithireva tāvanna śauddhyati) Mu.5; Kumārasambhava 6.93, 7.1.
2) The number '15'.
Derivable forms: tithiḥ (तिथिः).
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Tithī (तिथी).—f. (= tithiḥ q. v.) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 13.
Tithi (तिथि).—mf. (-thiḥ-thiḥ or -thī) A lunar day, 1-30th of a whole lunation. E. at to go, to proceed, affix ithin and the radical initial rejected; also ṅīṣ being added tithī.
Tithi (तिथि).—m. and f., also tithī, f. A lunar day, (1/30) of a whole lunation, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 30; Mahābhārata 13, 4238.
Tithi (तिथि).—[masculine] [feminine] a lunar day (also tithī [feminine]); viśeṣa a particular i.[drama]*
1) Tithi (तिथि):—mf. ([Siddhānta-kaumudī stry. 25]) a lunar day (30th part of a whole lunation of rather more than 27 solar days; 15 Tithis, during the moon’s increase, constitute the light half of the month and the other 15 the dark half; the auspicious Tithis are Nandā, Bhadrā, Vijayā, Pūrṇā, [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā ic, 2]), [Gobhila-śrāddha-kalpa i f.; Śāṅkhāyana-gṛhya-sūtra; Manu-smṛti] etc.
2) the number 15 [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā; Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhajjātaka; Laghujātaka, by Varāha-mihira; Sūryasiddhānta]
3) cf. janma-, dus-, mahā-.
4) Tithī (तिथी):—[from tithi] f. a lunar day, [Mahābhārata xiii, 4238.]
Tithi (तिथि):—[(thiḥ-thiḥ)] 2. m. f. A lunar day.
Tithi (तिथि):—[UJJVAL.] zu [Uṇādisūtra 4, 2.] m. f. [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 5, 16.] [Siddhāntakaumudī 247], b, ult. [248], a, [1. 2.] ein lunarer Tag, deren 15 auf einen Halbmonat gehen, [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 3, 1. 3, 4, 18, 124.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 147.] [GOBH. 1, 1, 13. 2, 8, 12. 20.] [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 1, 25. 5, 2.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 30. 3, 276.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 324.] [Nalopākhyāna 5, 1.] [Sāvitryupākhyāna 3, 2.] [Mahābhārata 2, 35.] trayodaśī tithiruktā praśastā [3, 10670.] tithiṃ pakṣasya na brūyāt [13, 4992.] [Harivaṃśa 3873.] [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 19, 1.] [Suśruta 1, 6, 13. 15, 5. 104, 17.] [Kumārasaṃbhava 6, 93.] [Pañcatantra 8, 14.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 26, 66.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 4, 31. 5, 18.] die günstigen Tithi sind: Nandā, Bhadrā, Vijayā, Pūrṇā [93, 10.] pañcamī navamī ṣaṣṭhī caturdaśyaṣṭamī tathā . tithayo garhitā hyetā daṣṭasya maraṇātmakāḥ .. [Vetālapañcaviṃśati 16, 14.] [Sūryasiddhānta 1, 13. 2, 64. 66. 69. 4, 16.] tithinirṇaya m. Titel eines Werkes [MACK. Coll. 1, 30. 126.] tithinirṇayasaṃkṣepa m. desgl. [Weber’s Verzeichniss No. 1176.] saṃkṣepatithinirṇayasāra m. desgl. ebend. [1174.] tithī f. [Bharata] zu [Amarakoṣa] [Śabdakalpadruma] tithyaḥ nom. pl. [Mahābhārata 13, 4238.] — Als Bezeichnung der Zahl fünfzehn [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 52, 18.] [LAGHUJ. 1, 21.] [BṚH. 25 (24), 16.] [Sūryasiddhānta 1, 37. 38. 4, 3. 5, 10. 9, 6. 12, 82.] — Vgl. janmatithi .
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Tithi (तिथि):—, dvaidhaprakaraṇa n. Titel eines Werkes [Oxforder Handschriften 283,b, No. 662.] nirṇayasāra desgl. [276,a,22.] viveka desgl. [292,a,24.] sāraṇikā desgl. [327,b, No. 776.] tithyarka desgl. [HALL 176.] — Vgl. dustithi, mahā .
Tithi (तिथि):—m. f. —
1) ein lunarer Tag. Auch tithī f. —
2) Bez. der Zahl fünfzehn.
Tithi (तिथि) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Tihi.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Tithi (तिथि):—(nf) a date; ~[ta] dated.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Tithi (ತಿಥಿ):—
1) [noun] a lunar day (approx. equal to 0.9843 solar day).
2) [noun] a religious, highly ritualistic ceremony observed every year on the day of death (usu.) of one’s father or mother; ತಿಥಿ ಮಾಡು [tithi madu] tithi māḍu to ritualistically offer food to the deceased parent every year on the day of his or her death.
3) [noun] (fig.) to cause to undergo drudgery; to inflict deathly pains.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Tithi (तिथि):—n. 1. date; a day of the month; 2. a lunar day; thirtieth part the lunar month; by which festival dates are calculated; 3. solemnized occasion;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+21): Tithi Khana, Tithi-bhoga, Tithi-dhruva, Tithi-kendra, Tithi-shuddhi, Tithi-spashta-kendra, Tithibhadanika, Tithibheda, Tithibhushana, Tithicakra, Tithicandrika, Tithicintamani, Tithidana, Tithidevata, Tithidvaita, Tithikirtana, Tithikkama, Tithikshaya, Tithimanjari, Tithinirnaya.
Full-text (+995): Atithi, Pitritithi, Tithikshaya, Kulatithi, Janmatithi, Tithiprani, Kulakulatithi, Mahatithi, Ratritithi, Vishnutithi, Kshayatithi, Bhimatithi, Tithyardha, Punyatithi, Dustithi, Purna, Tithisha, Karana, Tithidevata, Tithipattri.
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Search found 160 books and stories containing Tithi, Tithī, Tithis; (plurals include: Tithis, Tithīs, Tithises). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Indian Astronomy (a source book) (by B. V. Subbarayappa)
Chapter 11 - Ancient Indian Calendar (pancanga)
Part 2 - Indian Astronomers (from the 5th-19th century) < [Introduction]
Brahmasphutasiddhanta by Brahmagupta (Introduction) (by Acharyavara Ram Swarup Sharma)
Part 2 - The method of calculating Ahargana < [Chapter 12 - Brahmagupta's Astronomy: Its Highlights]
Part 3 - Major Landmarks in Indian astronomy < [Chapter 4 - Subject-matter classified in the Brahmasphutasiddhanta and Khandakhadyaka]
Part 5 - Contents of the Brahmasphutasiddhanta < [Chapter 4 - Subject-matter classified in the Brahmasphutasiddhanta and Khandakhadyaka]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 613 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 1]
Page 165 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 2]
Page 612 < [Hindi-Marathi-English Volume 1]
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 26.4 < [Chapter 26 - Lost Horoscopes]
Verse 26.3 < [Chapter 26 - Lost Horoscopes]
Verse 26.11 < [Chapter 26 - Lost Horoscopes]
Narada Purana (English translation) (by G. V. Tagare)
Chapter 29 - Determination of Tithis (Lunar days) < [Part 1 - Pūrva-bhāga: Prathama-pāda]
Chapter 2 - Discussion on Tithis < [Part 5 - Uttara-bhāga]
Chapter 56.12 - Description of the Tithis (Lunar days) < [Part 2 - Pūrva-bhāga: Dvitīya-pāda]
Vratas depicted in the Gangajala (study) (by Maitreyee Goswami)
Part 2.3 - A study on the Ekabhakta-vrata < [Chapter 4]
Part 3.1 - Summary Of The Tithi-Prakaraṇa < [Chapter 2]
Part 2.7 - A study on the Yugādi-vrata < [Chapter 4]