Preface

The word Purana means ‘old’. The main object of compilation of Puranas is to preserve old Indian which have come down from remote antiquity. They are the sectarian compilations of different periods of mythology, philosophy, history, geography and sacred law, even if they axe now used for religious instructions. Puranas are not only considered as the store-house of different branches of knowledge but also claimed to be the only species of Indian literature next to the Vedas. In this regard, the Vaisnava or Visnu Puranas is claimed as one of the eighteen Mahapuranas in which Lord Visnu is praised and glorified as the Supreme Being, as one and only one God with whom both Siva and Brahma are identified. He is considered to be the creator as well as protector of the Universe including the terrestrial world. The essence of all Puranas elevates its position and dignity amongst all important Puranas for which it is known as Purana Samhita. In the context of the Maha Puranas, the Visnu occupies the third position next to brahma and Padma (Visnu, III, 6.20-23). But, from historical point of view, the Visnu should be given the status quo of the first and foremost position among all Purana as because, it has been composed by Paradara, the grandson of Vasistha, whereas, all other Puranas have been attributed to Vyasa, the son of Paradara. Besides, the Visnu is perhaps the only Purana whose contents can give the reader the best idea and significance of Puranas in general. However literature surveys and discussions with experts indicate that the Visnu Purana is perhaps the only work that spells out the Parcalaksana of Purana (i.e., sarga, Pratisarga, Vamsa, Manvantara and Vamsanucarita) and also conforms to the definition of Purana exactly.

On the contrary, geography can be defined as that discipline of science which deals with the description of the earth as the home of man where relationship between man and its environment exists. In other wards, it is that branch of science which deals with the description of the earth in terms of its various aspects i.e. land, water, air, flora, fauna and any other phenomena relating to man, The beginning and development of geographical knowledge is directly related to the development of human civilization. As geography is the science of man-land or man-environment relationship, so the earliest record of man’s interest in the nature of physical world around him contains observations and speculations, for which, no science can claim a larger geneology than that of geography. Besides, it is also a known fact that most of the subject matter of geography have been derived from the gist of other disciplines of knowledge (i.e., both from pure sciences and humanities) because of its synthetic nature. In this context, the geographical descriptions in the Visnu Purana are not only found to be concise and condense but also systematic that too touching almost all branches of modern geography. Despite such store-house of geographical knowledge, this Purana has not yet been properly explored in this regard for the sake of the common people, even if, the Sanskrit Text of Visnu Purana have been translated by different scholars at different period of time in different languages.

Therefore, it is a humble attempt not only to bring out the hidden geographical descriptions lying within the text of Visnu but also to examine and assess the geographical knowledge of our ancients with respect to their methodology, approach and accuracy in relation to the system of modern geography.

In the present context, the descriptions of the text of Visnu indicates that the ancient Indians have in their own way, contributed a lot towards the formulation of geographical concepts in the investigation of physical phenomena. The modem scholars, following the sophisticated methods and scientific techniques of investigation developed in the western countries, are sometimes apt to dismiss the works of the ancients as primitive, elementary or orthodox. Nevertheless, even casual references in the original Sanskrit text of Visnu Purana reveal sometimes very consistent and thoroughly worked out concepts which are starting in their approach and accuracy and are compared very favourably with the latest scientific concepts of modem geography. In this respect, the terminology used in the text of Visnu might be very difficult in its character but found to be exceedingly precise, consistent and expressive. Therefore, we may say that a careful perusal of the text of Visnu may bring light to many forgotton ideas which may impart freshness to our modern scientific outlook in the field of geography and provides valuable guidance to work further in the field of Puranic Geography.

As regards previous works in this field, there is a great paucity of literature since no systematic work relating to Geographical Descriptions in Purana has yet been attempted. However, some sporadic and scattered materials collected by different scholars in an attempt to identify place-names or rendering faithful translations of original text of the Visnu are available. In this connection, the works of H.H.Wilson, B.C.Law, B.C.Hazra, S.N.Mazumadar, N.L.Dey, M.S.Ali, M.P.Tripathy, B.Dube, S.Saxena and H.D.Thakur are some of the valuable sources materials for the author to give the shape of the present work. The assessment of the works done in this field suggests that the field is very wide and so far not much investigated. The scholars who undertook such studies displayed little imagination and kept themselves confined to the preconceived patterns of study. Hence, the book entitled, “Geographical Descriptions in Visnu Purana” is nodoubt an attempt to unveil the geographical contents of the text of Visnu it seems to be quite vast, for which, the author has clearly demarcated its limit before giving the final shape of this work. First of all, it is confined to the Puranic descriptions of the Universe in terms of its creation and recreation, its divisions and celestial bodies including the solar system. Secondly, it includes the Puranic concepts of the earth in terms of its lighosphers, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere along with their related phenomena that too in relation to man. Lastly, it also includes the regional account of the Puranic world with special reference to seven insular dvipas (Continents) and seven Samudras (Oceans), the Yambudvipa (Eurasian-Landmass), the (Bharatavarsa (Greater India) and the Kumarika khanda (lndia Proper). Hence, it is clealy indicated that the entire work is based on Puranic descriptions of those facts pertaining to that of physical geography including the concept of the Universe (Le, Cosmology, Cosmogony and Cosmography) and the regional geography as per the text of Visnu.

With these preliminary considerations, the author has attempted to organise the entire work within eight chapters, of which, the first one provides an exhaustive introduction to the conceptual background of Puranas as well as the subject matter of geography along with its relevance and scope in the field of Puranas addition, it spells out the importance of the Visnu Purana along with its contents and age of its compilation; trend and status quo of Puranic researches ; aims and objectives ; scope and limitations; data base, and methodology in order to give a systematic shape of the present work. The second chapter i.e., “Concept of the Universe” is devoted to bring out the Puranic Universe in terms of its origin, shape, size, dimensions and divisions along with different celestial bodies including the solar system.

In the third chapter, an emphasis has been given to spell out the Puranic concept of the earth (Prthivi) in terms of its nomenclature, shape, size, extension and age as per the text of the Visnu. Besides, efforts have also been made in this section to give an account of the cardinal points and directions of the earth; apparent motions of the sun and their consequences; divisions of time, evolution and composition of the earth’s surface, causes and consequences of earthquakes along with oceanic phenomena like waves and tides.

However, the fourth chapter has exclusively attempted to bring out the concept of the atmosphere in terms its extent and structure along with certain important weather and climatic phenomena as per the text of the Visnu, in which, priority has been given to the concept of insolation and terrestrial radiation; concept of clouds and precipitations along with related phenomena like flood, draught and hydrological cycle. Further, attempt has also been given to explain the concept of wind and occurances of cyclones, thunders, lightnings and rainbows.

In the fifth chapter, an attempt has been made to bring out the Puranic description of the seven insular dvipas and seven samudras with respect to their arrangements, shapes, dimensions and nomenclatures in terms of modern geography. On the contrary, the sixth chapter is devoted to bring out the regional account of the Puranic Jambudvipa with respect to her nine Varsas, major mountains, major rivers and lakes. The seventh chapter has been concerned with the regional account of Puranic Bharatavarsa with special reference to Kumarikakhanda (Bharata Proper) along with her Kulaparvatas, major rivers, nations and places of Puranic importances. The last chapter deals with the summary and conclusions of the entire work. Thus, the present piece of work is considered to be very important both in the fields of Sanskrit as well as Geography because of the existence of a strong inter-relationship between these two branches of knowledge, that too, specifically in the field of Puranas verses Geography since long past. The fanciful and legendry Puranic descriptions of the text of Visnu can only be studied in proper ways provided its contents can be properly explored and highlighted through modem means of geography and vice-versa. Therefore, the present work is definitely of immense significance in both the fields (i.e., Sanskrit and Geography) in order to assess and ascertain the ancient Indians with respect to their methodology, approach and accuracy in relation to their geographical knowledge being made available in the form of Puranas.

The author feels to reveal that the present piece of work is the out come of her Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Utkal University, Bhubaneswar in December, 2004 and approved for award of the degree in January, 2006. In this connection, she expresses her deep sense of gratitude to her teacher Dr. G.K. Dash, Professor in Sanskrit, P.G. Dept. of Sanskrit, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar for his scholarly guidance and thought provoking suggestions that enabled her to complete this work. She extends her indebtedness to Dr. H.K. Satpathy, Vice-Chancellor, Rastriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati not only for his voluntary cooperation on behalf of the Vidyapeetha to publish the manuscript in its existing form but also for his timely help as the former professor in Sanskrit, Sri Jagannatha Sanskrit University, Puri in providing some of the secondary source of materials along with certain valuable suggestions for the completion of this inter disciplinary work. She also equally expresses her sincere gratitude to her esteemed husband Dr. D. Tripathy, Reader in Gography, B.J.B. (Auto.) College, Bhubaneswar not only for providing geographical materials and maps but also for his systematic, critical and analytical suggestions in each step of this work failing which the present form of work would not be possible. Her special thanks to Sri P.K. Maharana, Lecturer in Geography, Narasinghpur College, Narasinghpur in the district of Cuttack for the immense pain that he has taken to finalise some of the geographical maps and diagrams in the context of the present work. She is extremely indebted to her father-in-law late I.C. Tripathy and her father late R.K. Tripathy and mother Smt. M.S. Devi for their inspirations that inspired her to complete this work. Last but not least, she records her sincere feelings to her daughters, ‘Amrita’, ‘Arya’ and ‘Atmaja’ not only for their cooperation but also their constant inspirations and encouragements during the entire period of this work.