Shasana, Sasana, Sāsana, Śāsana, Śasana, Sāsanā, Sashana: 28 definitions
Introduction:
Shasana means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms Śāsana and Śasana can be transliterated into English as Sasana or Shasana, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Shasan.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationŚāsana (शासन) refers to “one’s dictum” (e.g., of Śiva), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.29. Accordingly as Brahmā narrated to Nārada:—“[...] Then inciting the fury of Dakṣa further, she said to Viṣṇu and all other devas and sages unhesitatingly.. Satī said:—‘[...] It is surprising that you are so wicked as to harbour ill feelings against Śiva who is the lord of all, whose dictum (śāsana) is untransgressable and who is the holiest of the holy. You are certainly enemy of Śiva’”
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana IndexŚāsana (शासन).—One of the eleven Rudras.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 153. 19.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Dietetics and Culinary Art (such as household cooking)
Source: Shodhganga: Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval IndiaŚasana (शसन) refers to a “slaughter house”, according to the Ṛgveda 10.89.14, and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—Meat eating in India is as old as Ṛgvedic period. [...] The description of slaughter house (śasana) can also be seen in Ṛgveda. The flesh of horses, rams, barren cows, sheep and buffaloes was cooked.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Source: academia.edu: Religious Inclusivism in the Writings of an Early Modern Sanskrit Intellectual (Shaivism)Śāsana (शासन) refers to the “teaching” (of Śiva), according to Rāmakaṇṭha’s commentary on Sadyojyotis’s Mokṣakārikā. Accordingly, while proving the validity of Śaiva teachings: “So this [teaching of Śiva (śiva-śāsana)] is not heretical (pāṣaṇḍa) even from your point of view. This is because it does not conflict with the Veda, and because there is [Brahminical] scriptural evidence that it was accepted by men learned in the Veda (vedavit)”.
Source: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric TraditionsŚāsana (शासन) refers to “teaching”, according to the 13th-century Matsyendrasaṃhitā: a Kubjikā-Tripurā oriented Tantric Yoga text of the Ṣaḍanvayaśāmbhava tradition from South India.—Accordingly, “[Devī spoke]:—O God, what kind of a woman is a Yoginī? Who is Māyā and who is Pāśavī? Tell me, O Bhairava, the pros and cons of having sex with them. [Bhairava spoke]:—A woman who is on the Kula Path [of the Yoginī clans], who avoids the path of bound souls [i.e. the path of the uninitiated], who is elevated by intoxication induced by liquor, and is free of the bonds that fetter the soul, and whose mind is filled with the bliss of wine, is [called] a Yoginī in Śiva’s teaching (śāsana)”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Source: Google Books: ManthanabhairavatantramŚāsana (शासन) refers to “teaching”, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—Accordingly, “(She is) the Vidyā who bears Bhairava’s form. The energy of Kālī in the Age of Strife, she is Kaulinī come forth from the divine in Hara’s teaching [i.e., hara-śāsana]. On the Krama path she should be praised as Umā and Carcikā. She is Khecarī marked with Śrīnātha, to whom the gods bow. She is the mistress of the wheel (cakreśvarī), Vakrikā within the couple (of Śiva and Śakti) and the supreme energy”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Access to Insight: A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist TermsLiterally, "message." The dispensation, doctrine, and legacy of the Buddha; the Buddhist religion (see Dhamma vinaya).Source: Dhamma Dana: Pali English GlossaryN (Teaching, discourse, message). Buddhas teaching.
Generally, the term designates everthing that is related to Buddhas teaching, its propagation, its study and its putting into practice. We also say buddha sasana.
sasana also designates the period during which Buddhas teaching is made known to beings and practised.
Source: Pali Kanon: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines(lit. 'message'): the Dispensation of the Buddha, the Buddhist religion; teaching, doctrine.
Navanga-Buddha (or satthu)-sāsana, the nine-fold Dispensation of the Buddha (or the Master) consists of
- suttas (sutta),
- mixed prose (geyya),
- exegesis (veyyākarana),
- verses (gāthā),
- solemn utterances (udāna),
- sayings of the Blessed One (itivuttaka),
- birth stories (jātaka),
- extraordinary things (abbhutadhamma), and
- analysis (vedalla).
This classification is often found in the suttas (e.g. M.22).
According to the commentaries, also the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitaka are comprised in that nine-fold division (see Atthasālini Tr., I, 33).
It is a classification according to literary styles, and not according to given texts or books.
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve ReflectionsŚāsana (शासन) refers to the “teaching” (of the venerable omniscient one), according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “The doctrine freely bestows the power of the venerable omniscient one [com.—śrīmatsarvajña-śāsana—‘the teaching of the venerable omniscient one’] which is furnished with the great eminences [and] is the great abode of the auspicious [events]. It goes along with [sentient beings to the other world], then it protects, produces benefit always [and], having saved [them] from the mire of life it sets [them] on the pure path [of liberation]”.
Synonyms: Vacana.
Source: Singhi Jain Series: Ratnaprabha-suri’s Kuvalayamala-kathaŚāsana (शासन) refers to the “teaching (of the Jaina religion)”, according to Uddyotanasūri in his 8th-century Kuvalayamālā (a Prakrit Campū, similar to Kāvya poetry).—The Kuvalayamala (779 A.D.) is full of cultural material which gains in value because of the firm date of its composition. [...] Page 175.10: Here is a reference to Jaina Śāsana in which the word Jaina has been used for the teaching of religion of the Tīrthaṃkaras. During the 7th century, in the writings of Bāṇa, the terms Jina, Jinendra, Jinanātha and Jaina were used with reference to Buddha and Buddhism, and the same is the case in the Amarakośa and the Lalitavistara, etc. It is an open question as to when for the first time the word Jaina was used in its present meaning.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical GlossaryŚāsana.—(EI 19; IA 20), order, a royal edict; any royal record (cf. vijaya-śāsana). (IE 8-4; EI 13, 23; CII 3; BL), a charter; land or village granted by a charter; rent-free land or village; some- times suffixed to the names of localities which were once rent- free holdings. See also tāmra-śāsana, a technical term for a deed of conveyance on copper-plates. (EI 9, 10), a doctrine; religion or religious faith. Note: śāsana is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionarysāsana : (nt.) teaching; order; message; doctrine; a letter.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionarySāsana, (nt.) (cp. Vedic śāsana) order, message, teaching J. I, 60, 328; II, 21; Pv IV. 354 (Buddhānaṃ); KhA 11 sq.; the doctrine of the Buddha Vin. I, 12; D. I, 110; II, 206; A. I, 294; Dh. 381; Sn. 482 etc.; J. I, 116. sāsanaṃ āroceti to give a message (dūtassa to the messenger) Vin. III, 76.
—antaradhāna the disappearance or decline of the teaching of the Buddha. Said of the doctrine of Kassapa Bhagavā SnA 156 (cp. sāsane parihāyamāne SnA 223), and with ref. to the Pāli Tipiṭaka VbhA. 432 sq. , where 3 periods of the development of the Buddhist doctrine are discussed, viz. sāsana-ṭhita-kāla, °osakkana-kāla, °antaradhāna.—kara complying with one’s order and teaching M. I, 129;—kāraka the same Sn. 445;—kārin the same A. II, 26; susāsanaṃ dussānaṃ J. I, 239 (English transl. : “true and false doctrine, ” “good and bad news”).—hara (+°jotaka) taking up (& explaining) an order SnA 164. (Page 707)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryśāsana (शासन).—n (S) Punishing, chastising, correcting. 2 Governing, ruling, directing. 3 Ordering or commanding: also an order or a command; an edict, enactment, decree. 4 A grant (of land or of privileges); a charter, a royal deed.
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sasāṇā (ससाणा).—m (śyēna S) A falcon, Falco calidus.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishśāsana (शासन).—n Punishing. Governing. Order- ing. A charter.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryŚasana (शसन).—[śas-lyuṭ]
1) Wounding, killing.
2) Immolation (of an animal at sacrifice).
Derivable forms: śasanam (शसनम्).
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Śāsana (शासन).—a.
1) Teaching, instructing; इति मे न तु बोधाय कल्पते शासनं वचः (iti me na tu bodhāya kalpate śāsanaṃ vacaḥ) Bhāgavata 1.8.5.
2) Punishing, chastising.
-nam [śās-lyuṭ]
1) Instruction, teaching, discipline.
2) Rule, sway, government; अनन्यशासनामुर्वीम् (ananyaśāsanāmurvīm) R.1.3; so अप्रतिशासन (apratiśāsana).
3) An order, a command, direction; तरुभिरपि देवस्य शासनं प्रमाणीकृतम् (tarubhirapi devasya śāsanaṃ pramāṇīkṛtam) Ś.6; R.3.69;14.83. 18.28.
4) An edict, enactment, a decree.
5) A precept, rule.
6) A royal grant (of land &c.), charter; अहं त्वां शासनशतेन योजयिष्यमि (ahaṃ tvāṃ śāsanaśatena yojayiṣyami) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1; Y.2.24.295.
7) A deed, writing, written agreement शासनप्रधाना हि राजानः स्युः (śāsanapradhānā hi rājānaḥ syuḥ) Kau. A.2.9.
8) Control of passions.
9) A written book of authority.
1) A (religious) doctrine.
11) A message. (At the end of comp. śāsana often means 'punisher, destroyer, killer'; as in smaraśāsanaḥ, pāka- śāsanaḥ).
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Sasana (ससन).—Immolation.
Derivable forms: sasanam (ससनम्).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryŚasana (शसन).—n.
(-naṃ) Immolation, offering an animal in sacrifice. E. śas to hurt, aff. lyuṭ; also śamana .
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Śāsana (शासन).—n.
(-naṃ) 1. An order, an edict, a command. 2. A royal grant of land or of privileges, a charter, &c. usually inscribed on stone or copper. 3. A writing, a deed, a written contract or agreement. 4. A Shastra or scripture. 5. Devotion, or devotional tranquillity, the government of the passions. 6. Governing, ruling, government. E. śās to order, to direct, aff. lyuṭ .
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Sasana (ससन).—n.
(-naṃ) Immolation, offering a living victim. E. sam to sleep, &c., aff. lyuṭ; also śasana .
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Saṣaṇā (सषणा).—f.
(-ṇā) A mother.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryŚasana (शसन).—[śas + ana], n. Immolation.
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Śāsana (शासन).—[śās + ana], n. 1. Governing, chastisement, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 873. 2. An order, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 51, 8; [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] [distich] 155; precept, [Nala] 26, 9; edict, nal. 2, 10. 3. A royal grant of land or privileges, [Pañcatantra] 4, 25. 4. A deed, a written contract. 5. A śāstra or scripture. 6. The government of the passions. 7. Instruction, [Johnson's Selections from the Mahābhārata.] 57, 165.
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Sāśana (साशन).—adj. consisting of nourishment, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 2, 6, 30.
Sāśana is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms sa and aśana (अशन).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryŚasana (शसन).—[neuter] śasā [feminine] slaughter, killing.
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Śāsana (शासन).—[adjective] ([feminine] ī) & [neuter] chastising, punishing, instructing, teaching; [neuter] also chastisement, punishment, discipline, government, order, command, edict, precept.
— śāsanaṃ kṛ, ne vṛt or sthā obey the orders of ([genetive] or —°).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Śasana (शसन):—[from śas] n. slaughtering, killing, [Ṛg-veda]
2) Śāsana (शासन):—[from śās] mf(ī)n. punishing, a punisher, chastiser (See pāka-, pura-, rukmi-, smara-ś)
3) [v.s. ...] teaching, instructing, an instructor, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
4) [from śās] n. (ifc. f(ā). ) punishment, chastisement, correction (śāsanaṃ-√kṛ, to inflict punishment), [Baudhāyana-dharma-śāstra; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
5) [v.s. ...] government, dominion, rule over ([compound]), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
6) [v.s. ...] an order, command, edict, enactment, decree, direction (śāsanaṃ-√kṛ [kāṅkṣ, [Baudhāyana-dharma-śāstra]] or śāsane-√vṛt or sthā, ‘to obey orders’; śāsanāt with [genitive case], ‘by command of’; f(śāsanā). [Scholiast or Commentator] on [Śiśupāla-vadha xiv, 36]), [Ṛg-veda] etc. etc.
7) [v.s. ...] a royal edict, grant, charter (usually a grant of land or of [particular] privileges, and often inscribed on stone or copper), [Yājñavalkya; Kāvya literature; Rājataraṅgiṇī] etc.
8) [v.s. ...] a writing, deed, written contract or agreement, [Horace H. Wilson]
9) [v.s. ...] any written book or work of authority, scripture (= śāstra), [ib.]
10) [v.s. ...] teaching, instruction, discipline, doctrine (also = ‘faith’, ‘religion’), [Mahābhārata; Kāmandakīya-nītisāra; Kathāsaritsāgara]
11) [v.s. ...] a message (See [compound])
12) [v.s. ...] self-control, [Horace H. Wilson]
13) Sāśana (साशन):—mfn. having food (See next).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Śasana (शसन):—(naṃ) 1. n. Immolation.
2) Śāsana (शासन):—(naṃ) 1. n. An order, royal grant; deed; shāstra; devotion; government.
3) Sasana (ससन):—(naṃ) 1. n. Immolation.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Śāsana (शासन) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Sāsaṇa, Sāsaṇā, Sāsaṇāvaṇa.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryŚāsana (शासन) [Also spelled shasan]:—(nm) government, administration; rule; command; ~[karttā] a ruler, administrator; -[taṃtra] polity, system of government; government, regime; -[patra] governmental decree; white paper; -[paddhati/praṇālī] polity, system of government; -[vyavasthā] government, system of government.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary1) Sasaṇa (ससण) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Śvasana.
2) Sāsaṇa (सासण) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śāsana.
3) Sāsaṇā (सासणा) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Śāsanā.
4) Sāsāṇa (सासाण) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Sāsvādana.
Sāsāṇa has the following synonyms: Sāsāyaṇa.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusŚasana (ಶಸನ):—
1) [noun] a killing, slaughtering.
2) [noun] a killing of an animal in a religious sacrifice as an oblation to a deity.
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Śāsana (ಶಾಸನ):—
1) [noun] the act of ruling a state or nation; rule.
2) [noun] an order; a direction; a mandate; a command.
3) [noun] an authoritative regulation, rule.
4) [noun] the right, virtuous manner of conducting; righteousness.
5) [noun] anything that is written down and preserved as evidence; anything that serves as evidence of an event; a record.
6) [noun] a punishing or being punished.
7) [noun] a penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing; punishment; chastisement.
8) [noun] a controlling or being controlled; control; restraint.
9) [noun] the process of training and developing the knowledge, skill and character; education.
10) [noun] the act of inscribing; inscription.
11) [noun] something inscribed or engraved (as on metal plates, stones, etc.); an inscription.
12) [noun] a written contract or agreement (as entered between two or more parties).
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Sāśana (ಸಾಶನ):—[adjective] taking, consuming food.
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Sāśana (ಸಾಶನ):—[noun] he who is taking or has taken, food.
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Sāsana (ಸಾಸನ):—
1) [noun] (correctly, ಶಾಸನ [shasana]) 1. the act of ruling a state or nation; rule.
2) [noun] an order; a direction; a mandate; a command.
3) [noun] an authoritative regulation, rule.
4) [noun] the right, virtuous manner of conducting; righteousness.
5) [noun] anything that is written down and preserved as evidence; anything that serves as evidence of an event; a record.
6) [noun] a punishing or being punished.
7) [noun] a penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing; punishment; chastisement.
8) [noun] a controlling or being controlled; control; restraint.
9) [noun] the process of training and developing the knowledge, skill and character; education.
10) [noun] the act of inscribing; inscription.
11) [noun] something inscribed or engraved (as on metal plates, stones, etc.); an inscription.
12) [noun] a written contract or agreement (as entered between two or more parties).
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Śāsana (शासन):—n. 1. rule; governance; reign; 2. an order; a command; direction; 3. an edict; a decree; 4. a precept; rule; 5. control of passion;
2) Śāsanā (शासना):—n. punishment; suppression;
3) Sāsanā (सासना):—n. punishment; suppression;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Asana, Sha, Ca.
Starts with (+10): Sasanahara, Sasanakara, Shasana-adhikarika, Shasana-adhikarin, Shasana-ardhika, Shasana-baddha, Shasana-bhandarin, Shasanabahira, Shasanabahirate, Shasanadevata, Shasanadevi, Shasanadharaka, Shasanadhina, Shasanadipaka, Shasanadushaka, Shasanaharaka, Shasanailakhe, Shasanakavi, Shasanambidisu, Shasanamtargata.
Full-text (+467): Duhshasana, Anusasana, Asasana, Rajashasana, Kutashasana, Jinasasana, Kushasana, Prashasana, Vishasana, Dharmashasana, Pakashasana, Sasanahara, Pratishasana, Tamra-shasana, Shabdashasana, Bhimashasana, Shasanapatra, Brahmashasana, Raktashasana, Purashasana.
Relevant text
Search found 106 books and stories containing Shasana, Sa-aśana, Sa-asana, Sa-ashana, Sasana, Sāsana, Śāsana, Sasāṇā, Śasana, Saṣaṇā, Sāśana, Sasaṇa, Sāsaṇa, Sāsaṇā, Sāsāṇa, Śāsanā, Sāsanā, Sashana; (plurals include: Shasanas, aśanas, asanas, ashanas, Sasanas, Sāsanas, Śāsanas, Sasāṇās, Śasanas, Saṣaṇās, Sāśanas, Sasaṇas, Sāsaṇas, Sāsaṇās, Sāsāṇas, Śāsanās, Sāsanās, Sashanas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
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4. The Characteristics of Saddhā (faith) < [Chapter 4 - The Accomplishment of Faith and Charity]
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Chapter 5.4 - Laws Relating to Written Document (likhita) < [Chapter 5 - Modern Indian Laws reflected from the Vyavahārādhyāya]
Chapter 2.2b - The Vyavahāramātṛkā Delineated in the Vyavahārādhyāya < [Chapter 2 - The Vyavahārādhyāya of the Yājñavalkyasmṛti]
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Vedic Sacrifices < [Chapter 4 - Cultural Aspects]
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Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Kathasaritsagara (cultural study) (by S. W. Chitale)
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Chapter 211 - Greatness of Śaṅkha Tīrtha < [Section 1 - Tīrtha-māhātmya]
Chapter 14 - The Legend of Vajrāṅga < [Section 2 - Kaumārikā-khaṇḍa]
Chapter 5 - Dialogue between Nārada and Sutanu < [Section 2 - Kaumārikā-khaṇḍa]