Mishra, aka: Miśra; 11 Definition(s)

Introduction

Mishra means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

The Sanskrit term Miśra can be transliterated into English as Misra or Mishra, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).

In Hinduism

Rasashastra (chemistry and alchemy)

Miśra (मिश्र) is a variation of Tin (Vaṅga), according to the Rasaprakāśasudhākara: a 13th century Sanskrit book on Indian alchemy, or, Rasaśāstra. It is considered inferior over the other variation (khura) and not recommended for medicinal use. Tin itself is a metal (dhātu/loha) from the sub-group named Pūtiloha.

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Rasashastra (रसशास्त्र, rasaśāstra) is an important branch of Ayurveda, specialising in chemical interactions with herbs, metals and minerals. Some texts combine yogic and tantric practices with various alchemical operations. The ultimate goal of Rasashastra is not only to preserve and prolong life, but also to bestow wealth upon humankind.

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Miśra (मिश्र) refers to one of the varieties of the catuṣpadā type of song, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 31. Accordingly, “when in a song, the khañja and the natkuṭa have been mixed up, and it is sung in the tryasra or the caturasra tāla, it is called miśra (the mixed one)”.

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Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (śāstra) of performing arts, (nāṭya, e.g., theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing dramatic plays (nataka) and poetic works (kavya).

Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)

Miśra (मिश्र).—Roots taking personal endings of both the Padas; Ubhayapadin roots; this term मिश्र (miśra) is given in Bopadeva's grammar.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

Miśra (मिश्र) or Miśrapūjā refers to a classification of pūjā (ritualistic worship) according to the  Ajitāgama (20.19).—The Āgamas have several different classifications of nityapūjā (daily worship), based on the number of offerings, frequency, time duration and so on. The nomenclature also varies between Āgamas. The essence however is similar. Ajitāgama has a different nomenclature and classifies pūjā into śuddha, miśra and saṅkīrṇa. That which ends with havis or naivedya is termed śuddha. That which ends with nityotsava is termed miśra. That which ends with śuddhanṛtta is termed saṅkīrṇa.

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Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

In Buddhism

Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

Miśra (मिश्र) or Miśravana is the name of one of the four parks of the Sudarśana city according to appendix 8 of the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XIV).—The Trāyastriṃśa gods with Śakra as king live in the city of Sudarśana on the summit of Mount Meru. This city has four parks (viz., Miśra).

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Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.

In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

1) Miśra (मिश्र, “mixed”) or kṣāyopaśamika refers to “destruction-cum-subsidence of karmas” and represents one of the five dispositions (thought-activities) of the soul, according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 2.1. What is meant by mixed-disposition (miśra)? The subsidence-cum-destruction disposition is called mixed disposition.

2) Miśra (मिश्र, “mixed”) refers “living and non living being” to a category of yoni (nuclei), according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 2.32.—The place of birth of a living being is called nucleus (nuclei is the plural). The nucleus is like a container. There are nine nuclei (yoni), eg., miśra. What is the meaning of mixed nucleus? The nucleus, which is a mix of partly cold and partly hot; or partly living and partly non living or partly covered and partly exposed, is called mixed nucleus.

What types of living beings have cold (śīta), hot (uṣṇa) and mixed (miśra) hot and cold nuclei? Some have cold, hot or mixed nuclei. The celestial and infernal beings have cold or hot and cold-hot nuclei. Those with hot body (fire body) take their rise from hot nuclei. Those who possess their body of heat have hot nuclei. All others, besides celestial, infernal and fire body have mixed or cold-hot nuclei.

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Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

India history and geogprahy

Miśra.—(IA 18), an honorific title; cf. Mahāmiśrapaṇdita. Note: miśra is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

miśra (मिश्र).—m (S) The name of a country and of a tribe of Brahmans belonging to it.

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miśra (मिश्र) [or मिश्रित, miśrita].—p (S) Mixed, mingled, blended. 2 In arithmetic. Added.

miśra (मिश्र).—p Mixed. Added.

Sanskrit-English dictionary

Miśra (मिश्र).—a. [miśr-ac]

1) Mixed, blended, mingled, combined; गद्यं पद्यं च मिश्रं च तत् त्रिधैव व्यवस्थितम् (gadyaṃ padyaṃ ca miśraṃ ca tat tridhaiva vyavasthitam) Kāv.1.11, 31,32; R.16.32; (sa rājā) अहन्यहन्यर्थगजाश्वमिश्रैर्वृद्धिं ययौ सिन्धुरिवाम्बुवेगैः (ahanyahanyarthagajāśvamiśrairvṛddhiṃ yayau sindhurivāmbuvegaiḥ) Bu. Ch.2.1.

2) Associated, connected.

3) Manifold, diverse; प्रसूतिमिश्राः स्रिय उद्विग्नचित्ता ऊचुर्विपाको वृजिनस्यैष तस्य (prasūtimiśrāḥ sriya udvignacittā ūcurvipāko vṛjinasyaiṣa tasya) Bhāg.4.5.9.

4) Tangled, intertwined.

5) (At the end of comp.) Having a mixture of, consisting for the most part of.

6) Mixing, adulterating.

-śraḥ 1 A respectable or worthy person; usually affixed to the names of great men and scholars; आर्यमिश्राः प्रमाणम् (āryamiśrāḥ pramāṇam) M.1; वसिष्ठमिश्रः (vasiṣṭhamiśraḥ); मण्डनमिश्रः (maṇḍanamiśraḥ) &c.

2) A kind of elephant.

3) The group of the constellations कृत्तिका (kṛttikā) and विशाखा (viśākhā).

4) (In music) A kind of measure.

-śram 1 A mixture.

2) A kind of radish.

3) (with dhana) Principal and interest.

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