Parushya, Pāruṣya: 17 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
1. Dharmashastra
2. Arts
In Buddhism
Languages
1. Marathi
2. Sanskrit
3. Kannada
See also

Introduction:

Parushya means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

The Sanskrit term Pāruṣya can be transliterated into English as Parusya or Parushya, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).

In Hinduism

Dharmashastra (religious law)

Source: Google Books: Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣya

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) refers to “assault”, according to the Manusmṛti 7.50. Accordingly, “[...] tale-bearing (paiśunya), Treachery (droha?), Envy (īrṣya), Slandering (sāhasa?), Misappropriation of property (arthadūṣaṇa), Cruelty of speech (vāgdaṇḍa) and of Assault (pāruṣya);—these constitute the eightfold set born of Anger. [...] in the set born of anger (krodhaja),—Assault (daṇḍapātana), Cruelty of speech (vākpāruṣya) and Misappropriation of property (arthadūṣaṇa),—are to be regarded as the three most pernicious (kaṣṭatama)”.

context information

Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)

Source: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) or Daṇḍapāruṣya refers to “severity (of punishment)”, and represents one of the eighteen Addictions or Vices (vyasana) which are to be practised within proper bounds for the delight of the enjoyments of the world, according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, “[...] It has been said that there are eighteen addictions. These are the outcome of the desire for earthly enjovments. [...] Severity of punishment (pāruṣya) means hard sentences on those who do not deserve them. It becomes tolerable in critical times for the sake of prestige. It should not otherwise be resorted to. [...]”.

context information

This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.

In Buddhism

Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

1) Pāruṣya (पारुष्य, “harmful speech”) refers to one of the four sins of speech (mithyāvāda) according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra chapter X. Accordingly, Bodhisattvas speak with a smiling face (smitamukha) because they have (among others) avoided the four kinds of evil speech (mithyāvāda).

2) Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) or Pāruṣyavana is the name of one of the four parks of the Sudarśana city according to appendix 8 of the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XIV).—The Trāyastriṃśa gods with Śakra as king live in the city of Sudarśana on the summit of Mount Meru. This city has four parks (viz., Pāruṣya).

According to the Tch’ang a han, “Why is it called Pāruṣya-vana? Because when one enters it, one’s thoughts (chen t’i) become harsh (paruṣa)… Why is it called Nanadana-vana? Because when one enters it, one is happy and joyful”.

According to the P’i p’o cha, “In the Pāruṣya-vana, when the gods want to go to war, armor and weapons appear according to their needs… In the Nanadana-vana, all kinds of marvels and joys are gathered and they go from one to another without getting tired”.

3) Pāruṣya (पारुष्य, “coarseness”) refers to one of the three kinds of contemplations (anupaśyanā) among ordinary people (pṛthagjana), according to the 2nd century Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XVI). Accordingly, “To try to escape from desire (kāma) and form (rūpa), they contemplate the coarseness (pāruṣya), deceitfulness (vañcana) and corruption (kaṣāya) of the desire realm (kāmadhātu) and the form realm (rūpadhātu)”.

context information

Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Sydney eScholarship Repository: A Study of the Karma Chapter of the Abhidharmakośa Commentaries

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) (Tibetan: tshig rtsub) refers to “adultery”.—The Grub bde'i dpyid 'jo, the mChims mdzod, and the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya do not discuss this actional path in detail. The Eighth Karmapa defines harsh speech as unpleasant words spoken to others in an understandable and unmistakable manner with the desire to speak with an afflictive mind. Other commentaries including the mChims mdzod and the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya also speak in a similar vein. For instance, Abhidharmakośabhāṣya defines it in this manner: “Discourse pronounced with a defiled mind, outraging, understood by him whom one addresses, addressed to him whom one wants to address, is injurious speech”.

context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.

General definition (in Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgraha

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) refers to “rough speech” and represents one of the “ten unwholesome things” (kuśala) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 56). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., pāruṣya). The work is attributed to Nagarguna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.

Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—n S Harshness, roughness, violence (of speech, of treatment, of action).

Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—n Harshness, roughness.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—[paruṣasya bhāvaḥ ṣyañ]

1) Roughness, ruggedness, hardness.

2) Harshness, cruelty, unkindness (as of disposition).

3) Abusive language, abuse, reproach, scurrilous language, insult; Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 16.4; Y.2.12,72; हिंसा तदभिमानेन दण्ड्यपारुष्ययोर्यथा । वैषम्यमिह भूतानां ममाहमिति पार्थिव (hiṃsā tadabhimānena daṇḍyapāruṣyayoryathā | vaiṣamyamiha bhūtānāṃ mamāhamiti pārthiva) || Bhāgavata 7.1.23.

4) Violence (in word or deed); Manusmṛti 7.48,51;8.6,72.

5) The garden of Indra.

6) Aloe-wood.

-ṣyaḥ An epithet of Brihaspati.

Derivable forms: pāruṣyam (पारुष्यम्).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—n.

(-ṣyaṃ) 1. Abuse, reproach, scurrilous, opprobrious or unfriendly speech. 2. The property of harshness, &c. in speaking. 3. The forest or grove of Indra. 4. Aloe wood or Agallochum. 5. Severity, violence, either in word or deed, as vākṣāruṣyaṃ defamation, abuse, or violence words, and daṇḍapāruṣyaṃ personal injury, assault or violence of blows. m.

(-ṣyaḥ) A name of Vrihaspati. E. paruṣa harsh, contumelious, &c. aff. ṣyañ.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—i. e. paruṣa + ya, n. 1. Roughness, [Suśruta] 1, 267, 17 (of the skin). 2. Squalor, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 1472. 3. Violence, either in word (vākpāruṣya, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 266), or deed (daṇḍa-, 278). 4. Abuse, contumelious speech, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 12, 6.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य).—[neuter] harshness, [especially] harsh speech, insult.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Paruṣya (परुष्य):—[from paru] mfn. variegated, manifold, [Aitareya-brāhmaṇa]

2) Pāruṣya (पारुष्य):—[from pāruṣika] n. ([from] paruṣa) roughness, [Suśruta] (cf. tvak-p)

3) [v.s. ...] shagginess, dishevelled state (of the hair), [Subhāṣitāvali]

4) [v.s. ...] harshness ([especially] of language), reproach, insult (also [plural]), [Atharva-veda] etc. etc.

5) [v.s. ...] violence (in word or deed; cf. daṇḍa-p, vāk-p)

6) [v.s. ...] squalor, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]

7) [v.s. ...] the grove of Indra, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] (also -ka, [Divyāvadāna])

8) [v.s. ...] aloe wood, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

9) [v.s. ...] m. Name of Bṛhas-pati, the planet Jupiter, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य):—(ṣyaṃ) 1. n. Abuse, reproach; harshness; severity; aloe wood; Indra's grove. With (vāk) prefixed, defamation; with (daṇḍa) assault. m. Vrihashpati.

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Pāruṣya (पारुष्य) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Pharusiyā, Phārusiya.

[Sanskrit to German]

Parushya in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Kannada-English dictionary

Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Pāruṣya (ಪಾರುಷ್ಯ):—

1) [noun] the quality of being harsh, strict, rough, gruff, etc.

2) [noun] the quality of being harsh or unkind.

3) [noun] a blame; reproach; harsh objection.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Relevant text

Search found 11 books and stories containing Parushya, Pāruṣya, Parusya, Paruṣya; (plurals include: Parushyas, Pāruṣyas, Parusyas, Paruṣyas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Verse 7.48 < [Section IV - Duties of the King]

Verse 8.278 < [Section XLI - Verbal Assault (Abuse and Defamation)]

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Verse 16.4 < [Chapter 16 - Daivāsura-sampada-yoga]

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Verse 2.4.168 < [Part 4 - Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vyābhicāri-bhāva)]

Verse 2.5.63 < [Part 5 - Permanent Ecstatic Mood (sthāyī-bhāva)]

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Education (5): Linguistic principles < [Chapter 4 - Cultural Aspects]

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Bodhisattva quality 16: speak with a smiling face < [Chapter X - The Qualities of the Bodhisattvas]

Appendix 8 - The four gardens of the Trāyastriṃśa gods < [Chapter XIV - Emission of rays]