Text 10.11

क्रमेणोदाहरणानि,

krameṇodāharaṇāni,

Examples are shown in order:

bibhrāṇaḥ paritaś chaviṃ nava-ghana-śyāmāṃ sakhīyan natān
  prāsādīyati yo vaneṣu vanitā-vṛndeṣu kāmāyate |
dṛṣṭvā paṅkaja-darśam āsyam ali-sañcāraṃ caranty uttṛṣo
  yasya brahma-śivādayaḥ sa bhagavān kṛṣṇaḥ punītāṃ jagat ||

bibhrāṇaḥ—bearing; paritaḥ—all over; chavim—a luster; nava—new; ghana—[like] a raincloud; śyāmām—darkish; sakhīyan—He treats […] as if they were His friends; natān—those who have bowed; prāsādīyati—He acts in […] like He acts in palaces; yaḥ—who; vaneṣu—in the forests; vanitā—women; vṛndeṣu—toward the multitudes; kāmāyate—He acts like Cupid; dṛṣṭvā—after seeing; paṅkaja-darśam—which is like seeing a lotus; āsyam—face; ali-sañcāram—like bees rove; caranti—they go; uttṛṣaḥ—they are highly thirsty; yasya—whose; brahma-śiva-ādayaḥ—Brahmā, Śiva, and so on; saḥ—He; bhagavān—Lord; kṛṣṇaḥ—Kṛṣṇa; punītām—may He purify; jagat—the world.

Bearing a bodily luster dark like a new raincloud, and treating humble persons as if they were His friends, He behaves in the forests like He behaves in palaces: Toward women, He acts like Cupid. Seeing His face, which is like seeing a lotus, Brahmā, Śiva and others become greedy and hover like bees. May He, Lord Kṛṣṇa, purify the world.

atra ghana-śyāmām iti upamānāni sāmānya-vacanaiḥ iti samāsaḥ. natān sakhīn ivācaratīti karmaṇaḥ kyac. prāsādeśv ivācaratīty ādhārāc ca. kāma ivācaratīti kartari kyaṅ. paṅkajam iva dṛṣṭveti karmaṇi ṇamul. alina iva sañcarantīti kartari cety upamā-vācini lope ṣoḍhā. kyaj-ādau dharma-lope lupteti kecit.

This verse illustrates six instances of an elliptical simile characterized by the deletion of the word of comparison:

✡ In ghana-śyāmām (darkish like a raincloud), compounding is done by the rule: upamānāni sāmānya-vacanaiḥ, “An upamāna is compounded with a word expressive of a common attribute” (Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.1.55) (and the word iva is deleted: ghana-śyāmām = ghanaḥ iva śyāmā tām).

✡ The suffix [k]ya[c] is applied after the object of the verb: natān sakhīyan means natān sakhīn iva ācarati, “He treats those who are humble as if they were His friends.”^[1]

✡ The suffix [k]ya[c] is applied after a location: prāsādīyati means prāsādeśu iva ācarati, “He acts [in the forests] like He acts in palaces.”^[2]

✡ The suffix [k]ya[ṅ] is applied after the doer: kāmāyate means kāmaḥ iva ācarati, “He acts like Cupid.”^[3]

✡ The suffix [ṇ]am[ul] is applied after the karma (the thing which is the object of the action): paṅkaja-darśaṃ dṛṣṭvā means paṅkajam iva dṛṣṭvā, “seeing [His face,] which was like seeing a lotus.”^[4]

✡ The suffix [ṇ]am[ul] is applied after the doer: ali-sañcāraṃ caranti means alina iva sañcaranti, “They proceed like bees.”^[5]

Moreover, some venerable person says the elliptical simile characterized by an ellipsis of the common attribute occurs when [k]ya[c], and so on, is used.

Commentary:

At the end of the elaboration, Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa refers to Viśvanātha Kavirāja, who says that [k]ya[c], [k]ya[ṅ], and [ṇ]am[ul] are in the category of the ellipsis of a common attribute.^[6] Paṇḍitarāja Jagannātha follows Mammaṭa’s methodology. Jagannātha illustrates the usage of [k]ya[c] and [k]ya[ṅ] as follows:

malayānilam analīyati manī-bhavane kānanīyati kṣaṇataḥ |
viraheṇa vikala-hṛdayā nirjala-mīnāyate mahilā ||

“The wind from the Malaya Hills acts like fire. She behaves in the jewel-studded palace as if she were in the forest. Her heart is perturbed only because of a slight moment of separation. She acts like a fish out of water” (Rasa-gaṅgādhara).

Jagannātha exemplifies the twofold usage of [ṇ]am[ul],

nirapāyaṃ sudhā-pāyaṃ payas tava pibanti ye |
jahnuje nirjarāvāsaṃ vasanti bhuvi te narāḥ ||

“O Ganges, people who unimpededly drink your water, which is like drinking nectar, abide on Earth like the gods abide” (Rasa-gaṅgādhara).

Footnotes and references:

[1]:

The rule is: upamānād ācāre (Aṣṭādhyāyī 3.1.10).

[2]:

adhikaraṇāc ceti vyaktavyam (Vārttika 3.1.10).

[3]:

kartuḥ kyaṅ salopaś ca (Aṣṭādhyāyī 3.1.11).

[4]:

The suffix [ṇ]am[ul] is applied after a double of the verbal root which is being used. The verbal root in dṛṣṭvā is dṛś[ir] (to see), thus dṛś + [ṇ]am[ul] = darśam.

[5]:

Below, Jagannātha shows that the prefix is not always reduplicated. The rule for [ṇ]am[ul] in a simile is: upamāne karmaṇi ca (Aṣṭādhyāyī 3.4.45).

[6]:

pūrṇā-vad dharma-lope sā vinā śrautīṃ tu taddhite || ādhāra-karma-vihite dvi-vidhe ca kyaci kyaṅi |
karma-kartror ṇamuli ca syād evaṃ pañcadhā punaḥ || (Sāhitya-darpaṇa 10.18-19)