Face, Facing, Faced, Fā cè, Fa ce: 8 definitions

Introduction
Image gallery
In Hinduism
1. Natyashastra
2. Yoga
Languages
1. Chinese
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Introduction:

Face means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Christianity. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

Images (photo gallery)

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In Hinduism

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

1) The Face includes minor Body Parts through which are expressed various gestures (in Sanskrit Dramas), as conveyed through Āṅgikābhinaya: one of the four divisions of Abhinaya or “ways to convey or represent one’s emotion to others”, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—The āṅgikābhinaya includes the histrionic representation of the limbs which is simply known as physical gestures.

The upāṅgas denote different parts of the Face. These are also six in numbers viz.,

eyes,
eyebrows,
nose,
lower
lip,
cheeks and
chin.

2) The Face and other Limbs (in Indian Dramas) were commonly painted, as conveyed through the Aṅgaracanā division of Āhāryābhinaya.—Aṅgaracanā meaning painting of limbs of different characters, also falls under the category of makeover. [...] Applying of moustaches and beard can be called an important make-up in facial decoration. The Nāṭyaśāstra says that after painting the face and other limbs the characters are provided with beard according to their territory, profession and spiritual rites.

Source: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (natya)

context information

Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

Yoga (school of philosophy)

Facing (the highest reality) is denoted by the Sanskrit term Saṃmukha, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] [Now], I will teach the practice of that, which produces absorption. [...] The Yogin, who is free from all thoughts in regard to [everything] internal and external, should meditate with [his] mind on nothing. [Then,] he becomes one who faces (saṃmukha) the highest reality. [...]”.

Source: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch

context information

Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).

Languages of India and abroad

Chinese-English dictionary

[The following represents an unverified English translation. For all purposes consult the original Chinese text.]

發策 [fā cè] [fa ce]—
“策 [ce] (cè)” refers to “策問 [ce wen] (cèwèn)”, a type of imperial examination question. Originally, “(fācè)” meant to unseal and read the examination questions for “策問 [ce wen] (cèwèn)”. Later, responding to the questions that were issued was also called “(fācè)”. In Song Shi (宋史 [song shi]) (History of Song), Volume 428, Daoxue Zhuan Er (道學傳二 [dao xue chuan er]) (Biographies of Dao Scholars, Part 2), Yin Tun Zhuan (尹焞傳 [yin tun chuan]) (Biography of Yin Tun): "Junior Tutor Cheng Yi (程頤 [cheng yi]), when he once took the imperial examination, his '(fācè)' contained a proposal to punish various officials from the Yuanyou (元祐 [yuan you]) period."

發策：策，策問。發策指拆閱策問的試題。後來應對所發出的問題也稱為「發策」。《宋史．卷四二八．道學傳二．尹焞傳》：「少師程頤，嘗應舉，發策有誅元祐諸臣議。」

fā cè: cè, cè wèn. fā cè zhǐ chāi yuè cè wèn de shì tí. hòu lái yīng duì suǒ fā chū de wèn tí yě chēng wèi “fā cè” . < sòng shǐ． juǎn sì èr bā． dào xué chuán èr． yǐn tūn chuán>: “shǎo shī chéng yí, cháng yīng jǔ, fā cè yǒu zhū yuán yòu zhū chén yì.”

fa ce: ce, ce wen. fa ce zhi chai yue ce wen de shi ti. hou lai ying dui suo fa chu de wen ti ye cheng wei "fa ce" . < song shi. juan si er ba. dao xue chuan er. yin tun chuan>: "shao shi cheng yi, chang ying ju, fa ce you zhu yuan you zhu chen yi."

Source: moedict.tw: Mengdian Mandarin Chinese Dictionary

context information

Chinese language.

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