Virodha: 20 definitions
Introduction
Introduction:
Virodha means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Virodh.
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botanyVirodha (विरोध) refers to “incompatibility”, and more specifically, it refers to foods that should not be taken together. It is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Caraka-saṃhitā and the Suśruta-saṃhitā.
Source: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of termsVirodha (विरोध):—Suppression, Obstruction
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1a) Virodha (विरोध).—A son of Vāta, the Rākṣasa.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 7. 96.
1b) A son of Bāṣkala.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 67. 79.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstraVirodha (विरोध, “hindrance”) refers to ‘frustration’ or impediment to the successful progression of the plot. Virodha represents one of the thirteen pratimukhasandhi, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 21. This element is also known by the name Nirodha. Pratimukhasandhi refers to the “segments (sandhi) of the progressing part (pratimukha)” and represents one of the five segments of the plot (itivṛtta or vastu) of a dramatic composition (nāṭaka).
Source: Shodhganga: The Kavyavilasa of Ciranjiva Bhattacarya (natyashastra)Virodha (विरोध) refers to one of the 93 alaṃkāras (“figures of speech”) mentioned by Cirañjīva Bhaṭṭācārya (fl. 17th century) in his Kāvyavilāsa and is listed as one of the 89 arthālaṃkāras (figure of speech determined by the sense, as opposed to sound).—Ancient Ālaṃkārikas Bhāmaha (III/24) Udbhaṭa (V/9), Daṇḍin (II/333) have treated the figure named virodha. Vāmana (IV/3.12), Mammaṭa (X/166) Viśvanātha (X/89) and Jagannātha (II/P. 427) and some others have mentioned the word ābhāsa in the definition of virodha. Some Ālaṃkarikas like Appyyadīkṣita and kavikarṇapura have given the name virodhābhāsa.
Cirañjīva and Jayadeva (the author of Candrāloka) has treated the figures virodha and virodhābhāsa separately. When contradiction appears in mutual connection among genus, attribute, action and substance it is the figure virodha. Cirañjīva (K.V.II/P. 34) defines it as—“virodho’nupapattiśced guṇadravyakriyādiṣu”. This definition occurs verbatim in the Candrāloka of Jayadeva (C.L.V/74). Cirañjīva is silent about the varieties of this virodha. In the Sāhityadarpaṇa of Viśvanātha the varieties of virodha have been mentioned clearly.
Example of the virodha-alaṃkāra:—
sa kīdṛśaḥ śītakaro yo māṃ dahati santatam |
sa ca kālaḥ kathaṃ krūro yo me śaraṇatāṃ gataḥ ||“What type of pacifier is he who always torments me. How the god of death (Yama) under whom I have taken refuge be merciless”.
Notes: In this verse the pacifying nature of a person who is the tormentor is contradictory, similarly the cruelty of Yama under whom one has taken refuge is contradictory in nature. So this verse is an examples of virodha.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (śāstra) of performing arts, (nāṭya, e.g., theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing dramatic plays (nataka) and poetic works (kavya).
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Source: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammarVirodha (विरोध).—Opposition or conflict between two rules where, the rule which is subsequently mentioned is regarded as stronger and given preference to, as far as its application is concerned; cf. तुल्यबलयोर्विरोधो विप्र-तिषेधः । विप्रतिषेधे परं कार्यम् (tulyabalayorvirodho vipra-tiṣedhaḥ | vipratiṣedhe paraṃ kāryam) P.I.4.2; (2) contradiction where one thing prevents another; cf. सर्वनामस्थाने इति अनुवर्तमानमपि विरोधादिह न संबध्यते (sarvanāmasthāne iti anuvartamānamapi virodhādiha na saṃbadhyate) Kāś.on P.VII.1.86.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Kavya (poetry)
Source: Shodhganga: Bhismacaritam a critical studyVirodha (विरोध, “contradiction”) refers to one of the various Alaṅkāras (‘figures of speech’) classified as Artha (‘sense’), as employed in the Bhīṣmacarita (Bhishma Charitra) which is a mahākāvya (‘epic poem’) written by Hari Narayan Dikshit.—In the poem Bhīṣmacarita, the poet has deliberately used ‘virodha-alaṅkāra’. For instance, in VIII.4 the poet has aptly depicted the sorrow of king due to separation from Satyavatī, his beloved lady. During that time the king feels cool breeze of Monsoon even hot. The other example is I.9.
Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionaryvirodha : (m.) opposition; contradiction; obstruction.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionaryVirodha, (vi+rodha1) obstruction, hindrance, opposition, enmity S. I, 111; IV, 71, 210; Sn. 362; Pug. 18, 22; Kvu 485; Miln. 394; DhsA. 39.—avirodha absence of obstruction, gentleness M. II, 105=Th. 1, 875; Pv III, 73. (Page 635)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryvirōdha (विरोध).—m (S) Opposition; action or influence against; antagonism, contrariety, hostility. For ex. of comp. see under viruddha. 2 Inconsistency (in argument). 3 Antithesis or contrast.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishvirōdha (विरोध).—m Opposition. Inconsistency. Contrast.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryVirodha (विरोध).—
1) Opposition, obstruction, impediment.
2) Blockade, siege, investment.
3) Restraint, check.
4) Inconsistency, incongruity, contradiction; विरोधो न विद्यते ब्रह्माद्वितीयमेव सत्यम् (virodho na vidyate brahmādvitīyameva satyam) | (-tripādvibhūtimahānārāyaṇopaniṣat 4.2.)
5) Antithesis, contrast.
6) Enmity, hostility; विरोधो विश्रान्तः (virodho viśrāntaḥ) U.6.11; Pt.1.332; R.1.13.
7) A quarrel, disagreement.
8) A calamity, misfortune.
9) (In Rhet.) An apparent incongruity which is merely verbal and is explained away by properly construing the passage; it consists in representing objects as antithetical to one another though in the nature of things they are not so; representing things as being together though really they cannot be together; (this figure is largely used by Bāṇa and Subandhu; puṣpavatyapi pavitrā, kṛṣṇo'pyasudarśanaḥ, bharato'pi śatrughnaḥ being familiar instances;) it is thus defined by Mammaṭa :-विरोधः सोऽविरोधे- ऽपि विरुद्धत्वेन यद्वचः (virodhaḥ so'virodhe- 'pi viruddhatvena yadvacaḥ) K. P.1; this figure is also called विरोधाभास (virodhābhāsa)).
Derivable forms: virodhaḥ (विरोधः).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryVirodha (विरोध).—m.
(-dhaḥ) 1. Enmity, animosity. 2. Restraint, check, control, confinement. 3. Opposition, contradiction. 4. Preventing, hindrance. 5. War. 6. Calamity, misfortune. 7. Surrounding, investing, siege, blockade. 8. Impediment to a successful progress of the story, (in a play.) 9. Antithesis, contrast. 10. Opposition of qualities, (in articles of food or medicine, &c.) 11. Inconsistency, (in argument.) f. (-dhī) Fixed rule, ordinance, institute. E. vi before rudh to stop, aff. ghañ .
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryVirodha (विरोध).—i. e. vi-rudh + a, I. m. 1. Hindrance, impediment. 2. Restraint, check. 3. Opposition, [Pañcatantra] 162, 14;
Virodha (विरोध).—[masculine] obstruction, hindrance, disturbance; opposition, contradiction; adversity, injury, detriment, calamity; hostility, contest between ([instrumental] ±saha or —°).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Aufrecht Catalogus Catalogorum1) Virodha (विरोध) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—[nyāya] Oppert. Ii, 887. 1164.
—by Gadādhara. Oppert. Ii, 3802.
2) Virodha (विरोध):—[nyāya] by Gadādhara. Gov. Or. Libr. Madras 85.
3) Virodha (विरोध):—[nyāya] by Gadādhara. Hz. 1248.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Virodha (विरोध):—[=vi-rodha] [from vi-rudh] m. opposition, hostility, quarrel, strife between ([genitive case], rarely [instrumental case], or [compound]) or with ([instrumental case] with or without saha, or [compound]), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] hostile contact of inanimate objects (as of planets etc.), [Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā]
3) [v.s. ...] (logical) contradiction, contrariety, antithesis, inconsistency, incompatibility, [Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra; Kaṇāda’s Vaiśeṣika-sūtra] [Kapila] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] (ifc.) conflict with, injury of ([instrumental case] = at the cost or to the detriment of), [Yājñavalkya; Mahābhārata]
5) [v.s. ...] hindrance, prevention, [Gautama-dharma-śāstra]
6) [v.s. ...] blockade, siege, [Horace H. Wilson]
7) [v.s. ...] adversity, calamity, misfortune, [Sāhitya-darpaṇa]
8) [v.s. ...] perversity, [Kathāsaritsāgara]
9) [v.s. ...] (in [rhetoric]) an apparent contradiction or incongruity (e.g. bharato pi śatru-ghnaḥ), [Kāvyaprakāśa]
10) [v.s. ...] (in [dramatic language]) impediment to the successful progress of a plot, [Horace H. Wilson]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryVirodha (विरोध):—[vi-rodha] (dhaḥ) 1. m. Enmity; barrier; restraint; opposition; obstacle; contrast; incompatibility; inconclusiveness; siege. f. Fixed rule, institute.
[Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch)
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Böhtlingk and Roth Grosses Petersburger WörterbuchVirodha (विरोध):—(wie eben) m.
1) feindseliges Auftreten, Feindseligkeit, Zwist, Hader, Streit [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 7, 25. 3, 4, 24, 154.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 730.] uttarottaravākyaṃ tu virodha iti saṃjñitaḥ [Bharata] [NĀṬYAŚ. 19, 92. 65.] anurodhavirodhābhyām [Mahābhārata 12, 9980.] virodhāya zum Streite [?1, 2502. 4, 1588. Harivaṃśa 5271. Spr. 5185. Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 8, 51 (pl.).] ko virodhaḥ wozu nützt das Streiten [Prabodhacandrodaja 22, 19.] antara [86, 19] (Gegens. sāhitya). pūrva [Pañcatantra 148, 10.] virodhaṃ nādhigacchati [Spr. 4354.] viśrānta [UTTARAR. 107, 17 (146, 1).] śamana [DAŚAR. 1, 42.] naisargiko tyutsasṛje virodhaḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 6, 46.] devānāṃ daityānāṃ ca [Harivaṃśa 238.] yādavānām mit [5266.] virodho vā sneho vāpīha dehinām [Kathāsaritsāgara 23, 30.] kurupāṇḍavānāṃ tīvro virodhaḥ [Spr. (II) 1406.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 47, 13.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 13, 44.] tatastayormithastatra virodhaḥ samajāyata [Mahābhārata 1, 3285.] teṣāṃ virodho nyonyamudyayau [Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 687.] virodhaṃ janayāmāsa tayoḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 75, 15.] virodhe tu mahadyuddhamabhavat [16 (77, 19] [Gorresio).] virodhaḥ syādyathā tābhyāmanyonyena [Mahābhārata 1, 7699.] iṣṭamitraiḥ [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 89, 11.] virodhe devadānavaiḥ zwischen den Göttern und den Dānava [Mahābhārata 9, 2949.] bhrātrā jyeṣṭhena virodhaṃ gantumarhati [Harivaṃśa 7385.] na virodho balavatā kṣamo rāvaṇa tena te [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 49 (53 Gorresio).] [Spr. 1950.] mitraiḥ saha virodhaṃ ca prāpnute [Mahābhārata 3, 1046. 13080.] [Mṛcchakaṭikā 98, 14.] kṛtvā virodhaṃ viṣayasthitānām (rājā) [Spr. (II) 1760.] virodhaṃ kurute cānyā daṃpatyoḥ verwickelt sie in Streit [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 51, 29.] [Spr. (II) 1760] (die Uebersetzung demnach zu verbessern). [Pañcatantra 91, 8.] akāraṇavirodhaṃ ca vayaṃ tāvanna kurmahe einen Streit beginnen [Kathāsaritsāgara 45, 166.] anyonyaṃ na kartavyo virodhaḥ [50, 114.] yadubhiḥ [Harivaṃśa 8024.] [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 11, 14.] yatibhiḥ saha [Harivaṃśa 15648.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 6, 126.] [Pañcatantra 162, 14.] brāhmaṇa Streit mit [Mahābhārata 13, 2108. 2162.] [Raghuvaṃśa 10, 13.] [Spr. (II) 316. 2224. (I) 2147.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 45, 147. 49, 66.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 7, 5, 47.] pitāputra zwischen Vater und Sohn [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 239.] [Mahābhārata 13,] [?2878.Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 3, 27. 5, 21. 9, 32. 11, 10. 17, 4. 53, 41.] paraspara [Kathāsaritsāgara 15, 140.] a freundliches Verhältniss: kriyatāmavirodhastu rāghaveṇa [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 95, 14.] brahmakṣatrāvirodhena pūjāṃ ca prāpnuyāmaham [Mahābhārata 13, 1935.] devāsurāṇāṃ sarveṣāmavirodhaḥ [Harivaṃśa 8752.] feindliche Berührung unbelebter Gegenstände: aṃśuvirodhe wenn die Strahlen (zweier Planeten) in feindliche Berührung mit einander kommen [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 17, 5.] —
2) (logischer) Widerstreit, Widerspruch, Unvereinbarkeit; = vipratipatti, vyāghāta, asahabhāva Comm. zu [NYĀYAS. 1, 1, 23.] arthadravya [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 4, 16. 5, 5. 4, 3, 9. 25, 11, 10.] [KAṆ. 10, 1, 1.] [Kapila 1, 36. 114.] [Yogasūtra 2, 15.] [Amarakoṣa 3, 6, 8, 46.] smṛtyoḥ [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 21.] daivaṃ hi mānuṣopetaṃ bhṛśaṃ sidhyati parasparavirodhāddhi siddhirasti na caitayoḥ [Mahābhārata 5, 7471.] visarjayati yadyeka (Vogel) ekaśca pratiṣedhati . sa virodho śubho yātuḥ [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 86, 54.] cittaceṣṭā [104, 7.] ekagrahasya phalayorvirodhe [BṚH. 8, 23.] iti mahati virodhe vartamāne samāne [Spr. 1443.] [] zu [Bṛhadāranyakopaniṣad] [S. 30. 39.] tarkaiḥ [Madhusūdanasarasvatī’s Prasthānabheda] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 19, 24. 26. 20, 2. 3.] svavacana [Sāhityadarpana 6, 19. 718.] tulyabalayoḥ [?738. Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 4, 2, Scholiast Kullūka zu Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 82.] nahi virodha ubhayam [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 6, 9, 35.] [Vedānta lecture No. 90.] [KUSUM. 17, 3. 30, 1.] loka das im Widerspruch-Stehen mit der Ansicht des Volkes [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 58, 29.] [Nīlakaṇṭha 164.] [Siddhāntakaumudī] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 1, 150. 7, 2, 10.] [SARVADARŚANAS. 9, 15. fg. 14, 20. 16, 1. 22, 15. 42, 15. 45, 1. 61, 20. 122, 7.] a (s. auch bes.) [89, 2.] virodha unter den Arthālaṃkāra [Oxforder Handschriften 208,b,5.] —
3) Conflict mit so v. a. Beeinträchtigung: prāṇavirodhena auf Kosten von [Mahābhārata 3, 16960.] a Abwesenheit eines Conflictes mit so v. a. Nichtbeeinträchtigung: pitṛdravyāvirodhena ohne Nachtheil für [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 118. 175.] avirodhena dharmasya [Mahābhārata 1, 3270.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 27, 4. 109, 8.] dharmāvirodhena [66, 4.] śarīrasyāvirodhena [Mahābhārata 3, 16959.] svārthāvi [Spr. (II) 1460. 1684.] [KĀM. NĪTIS. 14, 39.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 7, 32. 22, 33.] —
4) das in Noth-Gerathen (vyasanaprāpti) [Sāhityadarpana 359.] Widerwärtigkeit [WEBER, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad 356] (pl.). —
5) Verkehrtheit: kurvaṃścāvidhinā karma virodhaphalamaśnute [Kathāsaritsāgara 64, 14.] —
6) fehlerhaft für nirodha [Mahābhārata 14, 573] (ed. Bomb. ni) . [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 76] in der Unterschr. cittavṛtti [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 22, 19.fg.]
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Virodha (विरोध):—
2) am Ende [VĀMANA 4, 3, 12] hinzuzufügen. Es ist die scheinbare Ungereimtheit als eine Form der Upamā gemeint.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryVirodha (विरोध) [Also spelled virodh]:—(nm) opposition, antagonism; hostility; resistance, objection; antimony, contrariety; protest; contradiction; —[karanā] to oppose; to resist; to object; to protest; to contradict; to contest; to strike a blow against; to set one’s face against.
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See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+8): Virodhabhaj, Virodhabhakti, Virodhabhanjani, Virodhabhanjini, Virodhabhas, Virodhabhasa, Virodhacarana, Virodhaka, Virodhakaraka, Virodhakarin, Virodhakrit, Virodhakriya, Virodhalamkara, Virodhana, Virodhaparihara, Virodhaphala, Virodhasatpratipakshavada, Virodhashamana, Virodhavacana, Virodhavachana.
Ends with (+3): Agamavirodha, Amttarvirodha, Anurodhavirodha, Arthadravyavirodha, Avirodha, Hridayavirodha, Kalavirodha, Lokavirodha, Nirvirodha, Nyayavirodha, Pativirodha, Pitaputravirodha, Pratijnavirodha, Prativirodha, Purvaparavirodha, Shabdavirodha, Shastravirodha, Smritivirodha, Upajivyavirodha, Vacanavirodha.
Full-text (+56): Vacanavirodha, Avirodha, Pratijnavirodha, Shastravirodha, Smritivirodha, Virodhokti, Virodhabhasa, Virodhopama, Virodhakrit, Virodhacarana, Virodhaparihara, Hridayavirodha, Sarvarodhavirodhasamprashamana, Shabdavirodha, Virodhavada, Virodhavaruthininirodha, Virodhavaruthini, Virodhakriya, Virodhashamana, Virodhavat.
Relevant text
Search found 22 books and stories containing Virodha, Virōdha, Vi-rodha; (plurals include: Virodhas, Virōdhas, rodhas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 2.4.44 < [Chapter 4 - Vaikuṇṭha (the spiritual world)]
A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 3 (by Surendranath Dasgupta)
Part 21 - Śaila Śrīnivāsa < [Chapter XX - Philosophy of the Rāmānuja School of Thought]
Part 22 - Raṅgācārya < [Chapter XX - Philosophy of the Rāmānuja School of Thought]
Part 4 - Rāmānuja Literature < [Chapter XVIII - An Historical and Literary Survey of the Viśiṣṭādvaita School of Thought]
A study of the philosophy of Jainism (by Deepa Baruah)
Chapter II.e - The doctrine of Anekāntavāda (the theory of manifoldness) < [Chapter II - Jaina theory of Knowledge]
Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī)
Verse 2.5.34 < [Part 5 - Permanent Ecstatic Mood (sthāyī-bhāva)]
The backdrop of the Srikanthacarita and the Mankhakosa (by Dhrubajit Sarma)
Part 5o - Alaṃkāra (15): Virodhābhāsa or contradiction < [Chapter III - Literary Assessment Of The Śrīkaṇṭhacarita]
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön)
Definition of distraction (vikṣepa) < [Part 5 - The virtue of meditation]
1. The teaching of the Piṭaka < [Part 3 - The Prajñā and the teaching of the Dharma]
II.6. Dharma of unhindered penetration < [II. Recollection of the Dharma (dharmānusmṛti)]