Upashama, Upasama, Upaśama, Upasamā: 22 definitions
Introduction:
Upashama means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Upaśama can be transliterated into English as Upasama or Upashama, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Upaśama (उपशम) refers to “assuagement”, as mentioned in verse 4.33-34 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] avoidance of offences against wisdom, assuagement of the senses [viz., indriya-upaśama], awareness, knowledge of region, season, and constitution, (and) imitation of the conduct of sages: this method (has been) taught in brief for the non-arising of endogenous and accidental diseases and for the alleviation of (those which have) arisen”.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
Upaśama (उपशम) refers to “having extinguished” (one’s thirst for living, pleasure, knowledge), according to the Aṣṭāvakragītā (5th century BC), an ancient text on spirituality dealing with Advaita-Vedānta topics.—Accordingly, [as Aṣṭavakra says to Janaka]: “Knowing when the dualism of things done and undone has been put to rest, or the person for whom they occur has, then you can here and now go beyond renunciation and obligations by indifference to such things. Rare indeed, my son, is the lucky man whose observation of the world’s behaviour has led to the extinction (upaśama) of his thirst for living, thirst for pleasure and thirst for knowledge [jīvitecchā bubhukṣā ca bubhutsopaśamaṃ gatāḥ]. [...]”.
Vedanta (वेदान्त, vedānta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Upaśama (उपशम) refers to “(inner) peace”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “Then, the Lord went on to speak these verses: ‘[...] (43) The wise people always [remain] in the inner peace (adhyātma-upaśama), not having pride of conceit (agarvita) by means of morality. They are not fixed on the interrupted consciousness and thought, depending on the thought of awakening (bodhicitta). [...]’”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Upaśama (उपशम, “tranquility”) refers to an aspect of samyaktva (right belief) classified under the guṇa, while its synonym śama falls under the liṅga heading, according to various Jain authors (e.g., Cāmuṇḍarāya, Amitagati and Vasunandin). Hemacandra, in his 12th century Yogaśāstra verse 2.15 takes upaśama or śama to imply the stilling of the kaṣāyas.
Upaśama (उपशम) refers to the “subsidence (of karma)”, according to chapter 1.1 [ādīśvara-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.
Accordingly,
“[...] Vajranābha instantly became completely acquainted with the ocean of scriptures, just as if the twelve aṅgas visible to the eye had become combined in one living body. Bāhu and the others were learned in eleven aṅgas. For the wealth of merit is varied in accordance with the variation in destruction (kṣaya) and subsidence (upaśama) of karma”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
upasama : (m.) calmness; appeasement.
Upasama, (Sk. upaśama, upa + śam) calm, quiet, appeasement, allaying, assuagement, tranquillizing Vin I 10 = S. IV, 331 = V. 421 (in frequent phrase upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattati; see nibbāna III, 7); D. I, 50; III, 130 sq. , 136 sq. , 229 (as one of the 4 objects of adhiṭṭhāna, viz. paññā° sacca° cāga° upasama°); M. I, 67; III, 246; S. I, 30, 34 (sīlena), 46 citta-v-ûpasama), 48, 55; II, 223, 277; III, 86 (saṅkhārānaṃ ... v-ūpasamo) D. II, 157; S. I, 158 (see vūpasama and saṅkhāra); (ariyaṃ maggaṃ dukkh°-gāminaṃ); IV, 62, 331; V, 65 (avūpasama), 179, 234 (°gāmin), 378 sq.; A. I, 3 (avūpasama), 30, 42; II, 14 (vitakk°); III, 325 sq.; V, 216, 238 sq.; Sn. 257, 724, 735, 737; It. 18 (dukkh°) 83; Dh. 205; Nd1 351; J. I, 97; Ps. I, 95; Miln. 170, 248; Vism. 197 (°ânussati); Sdhp. 587. Cp. vi° (vū°). (Page 147)
1) upasama (ဥပသမ) [(pu) (ပု)]—
[upasama+guṇa]
[ဥပသမ+ဂုဏ]
2) upasama (ဥပသမ) [(pu) (ပု)]—
[upa+samu+a．upagama-saṃ]
[ဥပ+သမု+အ။ ဥပဂမ-သံ]
3) upasamā (ဥပသမာ) [(thī) (ထီ)]—
[upa+samu+a+ā]
[ဥပ+သမု+အ+အာ]
[Pali to Burmese]
1) upasama—
(Burmese text): (၁) (က) ချုပ်ငြိမ်းခြင်း၊ ငြိမ်းအေးခြင်း၊ ငြိမ်သက်ခြင်း။ (ခ) စောင့်စည်းခြင်း။ (တိ) (၂) ချုပ်ငြိမ်း-ငြိမ်းအေး-ငြိမ်သက်-ရာဖြစ်သော (နိဗ္ဗာန်)။ (၃) ချုပ်ငြိမ်း-ငြိမ်းအေး-ငြိမ်သက်-စေတတ်-ကြောင်းဖြစ်-သော (မဂ်၊ အရဟတ္တဖိုလ်၊ ခန္တိ၊ သောမနဿ၊ ဈာန် စသည်)။
(Auto-Translation): (1) (a) Restraint, calmness, tranquility. (b) Monitoring. (2) Restraint - calmness - tranquility - that leads to (Nirvana). (3) Restraint - calmness - tranquility - that can bring about (Magga, Arahatta, Kanti, Samatha, Jhana, etc.).
2) upasama—
(Burmese text): နိဗ္ဗာန်၏ ဂုဏ်ကျေးဇူး၊ (ပြည်၊သျ)။
(Auto-Translation): The glory of Nibbana.
3) upasamā—
(Burmese text): ဥပသမာ ထေရီမ။
(Auto-Translation): Uputhama Therima.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
upaśama (उपशम).—m S upaśānti f S Assuagement, mitigation, abatement (as of anger, pain, fever): tranquillity or calmness after excitement. Ex. māyēśīṃ hōya upaśānti || kēvaḷa urē jñapti || Let but māyā (Illusion) subside or cease, there will remain Pure knowledge or truth.
upaśama (उपशम).—m upaśānti f Assuagement, mitigation, abatement.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Upaśama (उपशम).—
1) Becoming quiet, assuagement, pacification; कुतोऽस्या उपशमः (kuto'syā upaśamaḥ) Ve.3; मन्युर्दुःसह एष यात्युपशमं नो सान्त्ववादैः स्फुटम् (manyurduḥsaha eṣa yātyupaśamaṃ no sāntvavādaiḥ sphuṭam) Amaruśataka 6; cessation, stopping, extinction.
2) Relaxation, intermission.
3) Tranquility, calmness, patience; उपशमशीलाः परमर्षयः (upaśamaśīlāḥ paramarṣayaḥ) Bhāgavata 5.4.27. उपशमायनेषु स्वतनयेषु (upaśamāyaneṣu svatanayeṣu) Bhāgavata 5.1.29. ज्ञानस्योपशमः (jñānasyopaśamaḥ) Bhartṛhari 2.82.
4) Control or restraint of the senses.
5) (in Astrono.) Name of the twentieth Muhūrta.
Derivable forms: upaśamaḥ (उपशमः).
Upaśama (उपशम).—m.
(-maḥ) 1. Tranquillity, calmness, patience. 2. Intermission, cessation. E. upa much, śam to be tranquil, ap aff.
Upaśama (उपशम).—[upa-śam + a], m. 1. Ceasing, Mahābhārata 1, 758. 2. Calmness, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 2, 80.
Upaśama (उपशम).—[masculine] coming to rest, cessation, tranquillity.
1) Upaśama (उपशम):—[=upa-śama] [from upa-śam] m. the becoming quiet, assuagement, alleviation, stopping, cessation, relaxation, intermission, [Māṇḍūkya-upaniṣad, 12 mantra; Prabodha-candrodaya; Pañcatantra] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] tranquillity of mind, calmness, patience, [Mahābhārata iii; Bhartṛhari; Śāntiśataka]
3) [v.s. ...] (in [astronomy]) Name of the twentieth Muhūrta.
Upaśama (उपशम):—[upa-śama] (maḥ) 1. m. Tranquillity.
Upaśama (उपशम):—(von śam mit upa) m. das zur-Ruhe-Gelangen, Nachlassen, Aufhören: prapañcopaśama [Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad 7.] na hi me manyuradyāpyupaśamaṃ gacchati [Mahābhārata 1, 785.] [Amaruśataka 5.] rogopaśama [Suśruta 1, 1, 11. 20, 2. 21, 2. 4. 2, 1, 8.] dāhopaśama [Pañcatantra 255, 2.] parītāpopa [Śihlana’s Śāntiśataka 1] in der Unterschr. bhayopa [Hitopadeśa 57, 11.] vṛṣṭerupaśamaḥ [80, 21.] Ruhe: jagatyupaśamaṃ (lies: me) jāte naṣṭayajñotsavakriye [Mahābhārata 3, 8753.] tathāyamapi kṛtakartavyaḥ saṃprati paramāmupaśamaniṣṭhāṃ prāptaḥ [Prabodhacandrodaja 5, 15.] Ruhe des Gemüths [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 304.] (vibhūṣaṇam) jñānasyopaśamaḥ [Bhartṛhari 2, 80.]
--- OR ---
Upaśama (उपशम):—, prapañcopaśama [WEBER, Rāmatāpanīya Upaniṣad 338. 343.] karmaṇaḥ [SARVADARŚANAS. 34, 10.] śrutaṃ kiṃ tadvā syādupaśamaphalaṃ yanna bhavati Ruhe des Gemüthes [Spr. 2845. 4821.] [Oxforder Handschriften 354,a,33.] kṣaya m. bei den Jaina das zu-Nichte-Werden des Thätigkeitsdranges in Folge des zur-Ruhe-Kommens [SARVADARŚANAS. 34, 5. Z. 5] ist mit der ed. Bomb. upaśamaṃ yāte zu lesen.
Upaśama (उपशम):—m. —
1) das zur Ruhe Gelangen , Nachlassen , Aufhören , Erlöschen. —
2) Ruhe , — des Gemüths [Mahābhārata 3,102,17.] —
3) Bez. des 20ten Muhūrta [Indische studien von Weber 10,296.]
Upaśama (उपशम) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Uvasama, Uvasāma, Osama.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Kannada-English dictionary
Upaśama (ಉಪಶಮ):—
1) [noun] a control or restraint of the senses.
2) [noun] a control of one’s wrath, aggressiveness, etc.; calmness; collectedness.
3) [noun] the act or fact of becoming or making less hard to bear (pain, suffering, distress, etc.) alleviation; a mitigating.
--- OR ---
Upasama (ಉಪಸಮ):—
1) [noun] a value approximately equal.
2) [noun] (math.) a result in mathematics not rigorously exact, but so near the truth as to be sufficient for a given purpose; approximation.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Sama, Upa, A, Camu, Upashama, Guna.
Starts with: Upasamana, Upashamaka, Upashamakshaya, Upashamamatraka, Upashamaniya, Upashamaniyatva, Upashamaprakarana, Upashamarya, Upashamasamjna, Upashamashila, Upashamavant, Upashamavat, Upashamayana, Upashamayati, Upashamayitri.
Full-text (+110): Vyupashama, Kshayopashama, Rogopashama, Upashamakshaya, Vyadhyupashama, Upashamashila, Upasamadha, Indriyopashama, Upashamavat, Upasamati, Upasamanti, Dukkhupasama, Kilesaupasama, Aupashamika, Anupashama, Upashamaprakarana, Upashamamatraka, Upashamasamjna, Upasamanussati, Upasamapariyaya.
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Search found 39 books and stories containing Upashama, Upa-śama, Upa-sama, Upa-samu-a, Upa-samu-a-a, Upa-samu-a-ā, Upa-shama, Upasama, Upaśama, Upasamā, Upasama-guna, Upasama-guṇa; (plurals include: Upashamas, śamas, samas, as, ās, shamas, Upasamas, Upaśamas, Upasamās, gunas, guṇas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Mandukya Upanishad (Madhva commentary) (by Srisa Chandra Vasu)
Mantra 2.1 < [Chapter 2 - Second Khanda]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 137 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 3]
Page 152 < [Gujarati-Hindi-English, Volume 1]
Page 130 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 3]
Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (by K. A. Subramania Iyer)
Verse 3.14.551 < [Book 3 - Pada-kāṇḍa (14): Vṛtti-samuddeśa (On Ccomplex Formation)]
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Page 320 < [Volume 8 (1886)]
Gommatsara by Acharya Nemichandra (by Bai Bahadur J. L. Jaini)
Index < [Volume 1 - Jiva-kanda (the soul)]
Chapter 1 - The spiritual stages (Gunasthana) < [Volume 1 - Jiva-kanda (the soul)]
The 14 Stages, and 148 Karmas < [Introduction (volume 2)]
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 2.5 - Eighteen kinds of kṣāyopaśamika-bhāva < [Chapter 2 - Category of the Living]
Verse 2.1 - Distinctive characteristics of the soul (jīva) < [Chapter 2 - Category of the Living]
Verse 1.3 - Attainment of right faith < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
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