Vishama, Viṣama, Viṣamā, Visama: 29 definitions
Introduction:
Vishama means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Buddhism, Pali, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms Viṣama and Viṣamā can be transliterated into English as Visama or Vishama, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Hinduism
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Viṣama (विषम) refers to “eating coarse things” (resulting in undigested food), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 1, “on the origin of elephants”]: [After Dīrghatapas cursed the elephants]: “13. The elephants of the quarters, attended by all the elephant tribes, went and said to the Lotus-born (=Brahmā): ‘O god, when our kinsfolk have gone to earth by the power of fate, they may be a prey to diseases, because of unsuitable and undigested food due to eating coarse things (viṣama) and overeating, and other causes’. Thus addressed by them in their great distress, the Lotus-born replied to them: ‘[...]’.”.
Agriculture (Krishi) and Vrikshayurveda (study of Plant life)
1) Viṣama (विषम) or Viṣamadala refers to “unequal-sized corolla lobes”; representing a type of the Corolla (dala) part of a Puṣpa (“flower”); and representing a technical term related to the morphology branch of “plant science”, which ultimately involves the study of life history of plants, including its origin and development, their external and internal structures and the relation of the members of the plant body with one another.— The different parts of puṣpa (flower) are, e.g., puṣpa-dala (Corolla):—The outermost whorl which covers the floral bud is called jālaka. Enclosed within it is the puṣpadala, the Corolla. The Corolla encloses the keśara. Within it lies the bījadhāra; on the top of it, the varāṭaka or the Style is placed, being encircled by the staminal whorl. [...] In some flowers the petals or the corolla lobes are equal in size. They are called sama-dala. In some other flowers the petals or corolla lobes are unequal. They are called viṣama-dala.
2) Viṣama (विषम) or Viṣamakeśara refers to “stamens that are of different length”; representing a classification of the Keśara (stamen) part of a Puṣpa (“flower”). The outermost whorl which covers the floral bud is called jālaka. Enclosed within it is the puṣpadala, the Corolla. The Corolla encloses the keśara (stamen). Within it lies the bījadhāra; on the top of it, the varāṭaka or the Style is placed, being encircled by the staminal whorl. The Style is the seat of seed formation. The Stamens (keśara) may be again divided into two types, sama-keśara, viṣama-keśara. If they are of different length they are called viṣama-keśara.
3) Viṣama (विषम) or Viṣamagaṇīya refers to “those flowers having an unequal number of petals and stamens”; it is a type of Puṣpa (“flower”).—The word ‘puṣpa’ denotes the blossomed stage when the parts of the flower such as petals, stamens etc. are opened and manifested. Flowers may be classified into sama-gaṇīya or viṣama-gaṇīya. When in a flower there are equal number of petals and stamens, it is called sama-gaṇīya (Isomerous). When the number is unequal it is called viṣama-gaṇīya (Heteromerous).
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Viṣama (विषम) is a Sanskrit technical term translating to “irregular”, reffering to a particular state. The term is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Suśruta-saṃhitā and the Caraka-saṃhitā.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
1) Viṣama (विषम, “uneven”) refers to a class syllabic metres (vṛtta), of which the different pādas (‘feet’) belong to different metrical patterns (vṛtta), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 15.
2) Viṣama (विषम, “metrical defect”) refers to one of the faults (doṣa) of a dramatic play (kāvya), according to Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 17. ( Description): Lapse in the metrical structure is called “metrical defect” (viṣama, lit. “unevenness”).
Viṣama (विषम, “incongruity”) refers to a type of Alaṃkāra (figure of speech).—When the qualities or the actions of a cause and its effect are opposed to each other; when an effort fails and some evil result follows; or when there is an association (bringing together or connection) between two things that are incongruous, there is Viṣama.
Viṣamā (विषमा) refers to one of the six types of Yati or “regulated manifestation” of Laya, i.e., the “gap (viśrānti) between two consecutive kriyās (actions) in a tāla (time-measure)”, according to the Tālalakṣaṇam, a work ascribed to Kohala—a celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Yāṣṭika, Śārdūla, Kāśyapa etc.—The Tālalakṣaṇa describes yati as a regulated manifestation of laya. [...] The author of Caturasabhāvilāsam mentions six varieties of yati namely, śrotovahā, gopucchā, samā, yavamadhyā (mṛdaṅgā-yati), vedimadhyā (pipīlikā-yati), and viṣamā-yati. He also lists out some other yatis as given by Śārṅgadeva. [...]
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Viṣama (विषम) or simply Viṣa refers to “poisoned weapons”, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 5), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “If the sun and moon should begin to be eclipsed when only half risen, deceitful men will suffer as well as sacrificial rites. [...] If they should be eclipsed when in the sign of Sagittarius (Dhanuṣa), ministers, fine horses, the Videhas, the Mallānas, the Pāñcālas, physicians, merchants and persons skilled in the use of destructive weapons [i.e., viṣama-āyudha-jñā] will perish. If when in the sign of Capricornus (Makara), fishes, the families of ministers, the Cāṇḍālas, skilled magicians, physicians and old soldiers will perish”.
Viṣama (विषम).—A quadrilateral with unequal sides; a cyclic quadrilateral. Note: Viṣama is a Sanskrit technical term used in ancient Indian sciences such as Astronomy, Mathematics and Geometry.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Kavyashastra (science of poetry)
Viṣama (विषम) refers to one of the 93 alaṃkāras (“figures of speech”) mentioned by Cirañjīva Bhaṭṭācārya (fl. 17th century) in his Kāvyavilāsa and is listed as one of the 89 arthālaṃkāras (figure of speech determined by the sense, as opposed to sound).—Among the ancient Ālaṃkārikas, Rudraṭa is the first to deal with the figure of speech viṣama in his kāvyālaṃkāra (IX/45). It has also been admitted by Mammaṭa (X/194) Ruyyaka (A.S. P. 130), Viśvanātha (X/91), Jagannātha (V/96), and Jayadeva (V/80).
Cirañjīva has defined viṣama-alaṃkāra as follows—“viṣamaṃ yadyanaucityamanyonyānvayakalpane”.—“When impropriety or incongruiety is detected in the mutual relation of objects, it is the figure viṣama”. This definition has similarity with that of Candrāloka composed by Jayadeva. Jayadeva’s definition runs thus—“viṣamaṃ yadyanaucityādanekānvayakalpanam”.
Example of the viṣama-alaṃkāra:—
kvaitatte navatāruṇyaṃ kva kāntaviraho’pyayam |
saivā’ vivekitā dhāturiha heturahetukī ||“Where is this your new youth and where is the separation from the beloved. It is surely the lack in conscience of the creator and here the reason is causelessness”.
Notes: Here the incumbent is full of new youth and at this stage he is separated from the beloved. This is surely not proper. They should have lived together. But the separation has fallen upon the person who has attained youth recently. This impropriety between the facts describe above has been expressed by the word kva. The use of the word kva twice, hints extreme impropriety—“dvau kvaśabdau mahadantaraṃ sūcayataḥ”. On account of the impropriety between the two facts this is an example of viṣama.
Kavyashastra (काव्यशास्त्र, kāvyaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian tradition of poetry (kavya). Canonical literature (shastra) of the includes encyclopedic manuals dealing with prosody, rhetoric and various other guidelines serving to teach the poet how to compose literature.
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Visama (विसम) refers to “quadrangle having each angle different”, as described in the Kṣetragaṇitaśāstra, as mentioned in A. Rahman’s Science and Technology in Medievel India: A bibliography of source materials in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian.—Ancient and medieval India produced a wide range of scientific manuscripts and major contributions lie in the field of medicine, astronomy and mathematics, besides covering encyclopedic glossaries and technical dictionaries.—The Kṣetragaṇita-śāstra is a Sanskrit mathematical treatise dealing with the art of measuring lands, containing well-defined and established technical terms [e.g., Visama] wanted for practical use in the Tamil language.
Ganita (गणित) or Ganitashastra refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Viṣamā (विषमा) refers to “undulated lands” (suitable for hunting), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the outlines of hawking]: “[...] In plains, horsemen should go, in undulated lands (viṣamā) foot soldiers, and on the tops of hills, dogs should search for the game. [...]”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Gitashastra (science of music)
Viṣama (विषम) refers to one of the three types of Gītaka [i.e., sama, ardhasama and viṣama].—[Cf. Saṅgītanārāyaṇa, Vol. I, p.310]—When all four pādas have equal number if mātras, it is known as sama. When the first and third pādas are equal and the second and fourth are equal, it is ardhasama, and when the four pādas have different number if mātras it is viṣama-gītaka.
Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, gītaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Viṣama (विषम) refers to “dissimilar [akṣaras]”, as taught in the Paṇhavāgaraṇa (Sanskrit: Praśnavyākaraṇa): the tenth Anga of the Jain canon which deals with the prophetic explanation of queries regarding divination.—The Praśnavyākaraṇa deals with the praśnavidyā in a rather complex way. It is divided into at least 33 short chapters [e.g., sama-viṣama-prakaraṇa], some of which are further divided into sub-chapters. Some contents of the text, mainly those related with articulation and pronunciation can have significance far beyond the scope of the praśnavidyā.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
visama : (adj.) uneven; unequal; disharmonious.
Visama, (adj.) (vi+sama3) 1. uneven, unequal, disharmonious, contrary A. I, 74; PvA. 47 (vāta), 131 (a°=sama of the “middle” path).—2. (morally) discrepant, lawless, wrong A. III, 285; V, 329; Sn. 57 (cp. Nd2 599); Miln. 250 (°diṭṭhi).—3. odd, peculiar, petty, disagreeable A. II, 87; Miln. 112, 304, 357; J. I, 391 (nagaraka). ‹-› As nt. an uneven or dangerous or inaccessible place, rough road; (fig.) unevenness, badness, misconduct, disagreeableness A. I, 35 (pabbata°); S. IV, 117; Vbh. 368 (two sets of 3 visamāni: rāga, etc.); Miln. 136, 157, 277, 351; J. V, 70; VvA. 301.—visamena (Instr.) in a wrong way Pv IV. 14. (Page 639)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
viṣama (विषम).—a (S) Odd, not even. 2 Unequal, uneven, irregular. 3 Unpropitious, adverse, hostile, contrary: also vile, difficult, disagreeable, or troublesome generally. 4 Unparalleled.
viṣama (विषम).—a Odd. Unequal. Hostile. Unparalleled.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Viṣama (विषम).—a. [vigato viruddho vā samaḥ]
1) Uneven, rough, rugged; पथिषु विषमेष्वप्यचलता (pathiṣu viṣameṣvapyacalatā) Mu.3.3; व्यालाकीर्णाः सुविषमाः (vyālākīrṇāḥ suviṣamāḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 1.64; Meghadūta 19.
2) Irregular, unequal; तोषं ततान विषमग्रथितोऽपि भागः (toṣaṃ tatāna viṣamagrathito'pi bhāgaḥ) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 9.44.
3) Odd, not even.
4) Difficult, hard to understand, mysterious; विषमोऽपि विगाह्यते नयः (viṣamo'pi vigāhyate nayaḥ) Kirātārjunīya 2.3; विषमाः कर्मगतयः (viṣamāḥ karmagatayaḥ) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 4.5.
5) Impassable, inaccessible; Kirātārjunīya 2.3; भ्रान्तं देशमनेकदुर्गविषमम् (bhrāntaṃ deśamanekadurgaviṣamam) Bhartṛhari 3.5.
6) Coarse, rough.
7) Oblique; ईषत्तिर्यग्वलन- विषमम् (īṣattiryagvalana- viṣamam) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 4.2.
8) Painful, troublesome; कान्ताविश्लेषदुःख- व्यतिकरविषमे यौवने विप्रयोगः (kāntāviśleṣaduḥkha- vyatikaraviṣame yauvane viprayogaḥ) Bhartṛhari 3.16; H.4.3.
9) Very strong, vehement; व्यनक्त्यन्तस्तापं तदयमतिधीरोऽपि विषमम् (vyanaktyantastāpaṃ tadayamatidhīro'pi viṣamam) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 3.9.
1) Dangerous, fearful; सर्वंकषः कषति हा विषमः कृतान्तः (sarvaṃkaṣaḥ kaṣati hā viṣamaḥ kṛtāntaḥ) Mv.5.56; Mṛcchakaṭika 8.1,27; Mu.1.18; 2.2.
11) Bad, adverse, unfavourable; येन च हसितं दशासु विषमासु (yena ca hasitaṃ daśāsu viṣamāsu) Pañcatantra (Bombay) 4.16.
12) Odd, unusual, unparalleled.
13) Dishonest, artful.
14) Intermittent (as fever).
15) Wicked.
16) Different.
17) That which cannot be equally divided; अजाविकं सैकशफं न जातु विषमं भजेत् (ajāvikaṃ saikaśaphaṃ na jātu viṣamaṃ bhajet) Manusmṛti 9.119.
18) Unsuitable, wrong; Suśr.
-maḥ 1 Name of Viṣṇu.
2) (In music) A kind of measure.
-mam 1 Unevenness.
2) Oddness.
3) An inaccessible place, precipice, pit &c.
4) A difficult or dangerous position, difficulty, misfortune; सुप्तं प्रमत्तं विषमस्थितं वा रक्षन्ति पुण्यानि पुरा कृतानि (suptaṃ pramattaṃ viṣamasthitaṃ vā rakṣanti puṇyāni purā kṛtāni) Bhartṛhari 2.97; कुतस्त्वा कश्मलमिदं विषमे समुपस्थितम् (kutastvā kaśmalamidaṃ viṣame samupasthitam) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 2.2.
5) Rough or uneven ground.
6) Name of a figure of speech in which some unusual or incompatible relation between cause and effect is described; (said to be of four kinds; see K. P. Kārikās 126 and 127).
7) A kind of stanza or verse; भिन्नचिह्नचतुष्पादं विषमं परिकीर्तितम् (bhinnacihnacatuṣpādaṃ viṣamaṃ parikīrtitam).
-mam ind. Unequally, unevenly, unfairly, dangerously &c.
Viṣama (विषम).—mfn.
(-maḥ-mā-maṃ) 1. Difficult, (of access,) rough, uneven. 2. Difficult, &c., (of comprehending,) as a book. 3. Painful, difficult, troublesome. (in general.) 4. Odd, (in numbers.) 5. Unparalleled, unequalled. 6. Wicked, dishonest. 7. Fearful, frightful, awful. 8. Irregular, unequal. 9. Adverse, unpropitious. n.
(-maṃ) 1. Difficulty, pain. 2. Unevenness, inequality. 3. Oddness, (in numeration.) 4. An inaccessible place, a thicket, a precipice. 5. (In rhetoric.) Description of unusual or incompatible cause and effect. E. vi privative or contra-indicative, before sama even, smooth, equal, &c. and sa after the i of the prefix, changed to ṣa .
Viṣama (विषम).—i. e. vi-sama, I. adj., f. mā. 1. Unequal, different, [Kirātārjunīya] 5, 40. 2. Inconstant, [Hitopadeśa] ii. [distich] 104. 3. Odd (in numbers), figurat., [Pañcatantra] i. [distich] 126. 4. Unhappy, [Hitopadeśa] iv. [distich] 3. 5. Unparalleled, unequalled, [Daśakumāracarita] in
Viṣama (विषम).—[adjective] uneven, unequal, odd (number); different, changing; difficult, hard, adverse, cross, inimical; bad, mean, dishonest, false, wrong. [neuter] unevenness, bad road, pit, precipice; difficulty, pain, distress, adversity; unequality, incongruency, incompatibility.
1) Viṣama (विषम):—[=vi-ṣama] [from vi] a See sub voce
2) [=vi-ṣama] b mf(ā)n. ([from] vi + sama) uneven, rugged, rough, [Mahābhārata; Harivaṃśa; Kāvya literature] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] unequal, irregular, dissimilar, different, inconstant, [Brāhmaṇa; Śāṅkhāyana-gṛhya-sūtra; Manu-smṛti] etc.
4) [v.s. ...] odd, not even (in numbers etc.), [Varāha-mihira; Kāvyādarśa]
5) [v.s. ...] that which cannot be equally divided (as a living sheep among three or four persons), [Manu-smṛti ix, 119]
6) [v.s. ...] hard to traverse, difficult, inconvenient, painful, dangerous, adverse, vexatious, disagreeable, terrible, bad, wicked ([in the beginning of a compound] ‘terribly’ [Śiśupāla-vadha]), [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
7) [v.s. ...] hard to be understood, [Golādhyāya; Kāvya literature]
8) [v.s. ...] unsuitable, wrong, [Suśruta; Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha]
9) [v.s. ...] unfair, dishonest, partial, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata]
10) [v.s. ...] rough, coarse, rude, cross, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
11) [v.s. ...] odd, unusual, unequalled, [Horace H. Wilson]
12) [v.s. ...] m. a kind of measure, [Saṃgīta-sārasaṃgraha]
13) [v.s. ...] Name of Viṣṇu, [Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary]
14) [=vi-ṣama] n. unevenness, uneven or rough ground or place (sama-viṣameṣu, ‘on even and uneven ground’ [Śiśupāla-vadha]), bad road, [Vājasaneyi-saṃhitā; Taittirīya-saṃhitā; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa] etc.
15) [v.s. ...] oddness (of numbers), [Horace H. Wilson]
16) [v.s. ...] a pit, precipice, [Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc.
17) [v.s. ...] difficulty, distress, misfortune, [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.
18) [v.s. ...] n. unevenness, inequality (meṇa ind. ‘unequally’), [Kāśikā-vṛtti]
19) [v.s. ...] n. (in [rhetoric]) incongruity, incompatibility, [Kāvyādarśa; Pratāparudrīya; Kuvalayānanda]
20) [v.s. ...] [plural] (with bharad-vājasya), Name of Sāmans, [Sāma-veda; Ārṣeya-brāhmaṇa]
Viṣama (विषम):—[vi-ṣama] (maḥ-mā-maṃ) a. Uneven; inaccessible; difficult; painful; troublesome. n. Unevenness; difficulty; pain; inaccessible place.
Viṣama (विषम):—(2. vi + sama) [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 3, 88.] = sthapuṭa [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 3, 1, 2.] [Hārāvalī 124.] viṣamam adv. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 121, Scholiast] gaṇa tiṣṭhadgvādi zu [2, 1, 17.]
1) adj. (f. ā) uneben: kālaḥ samaviṣamakaraḥ [Spr. (II) 1693.] samaṃ ca viṣamaṃ caiva na prājñāyata (so ed. Bomb.) kiṃ ca na [Mahābhārata 6, 5644.] Boden [3, 651. fg. 7, 1954.] [Harivaṃśa 360. 362.] [KĀM. NĪTIS. 15, 6. 19, 14.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 51, 4.] adhvan [Suśruta 1, 198, 3.] [Rāmāyaṇa] [Gorresio 2, 86, 17.] kāpatha [Rāmāyaṇa] [SCHL. 2, 108, 7.] laṅkā (su) [5, 9, 27.] upalaviṣame vindhyapāde [Meghadūta 19.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 9, 12.] nadyā iva pravāho viṣamaśilāsaṃkaṭaskhalitavegaḥ [Spr. 1403.] [Pañcatantra 188, 9] (śilā st. śīla zu lesen). Brust [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 68, 29.] Hände [70, 22]. Perlen [81, 4. 6. 19.] — b) ungleich, unähnlich, verschiedenartig, wechselnd [Yāska’s Nirukta 6, 23.] [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 2, 26. 6, 13.] [Taittirīyabrāhmaṇa 1, 8, 7, 1.] raśanāḥ [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 6, 2, 1, 19.] stomāḥ [12, 2, 2, 3.] viṣamarca [Śāṅkhāyana’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 1, 8.] ṛtavaḥ [Suśruta 1, 23, 8.] Augen [115, 7.] grāhin [25, 21.] vraṇa [68, 6. 2, 6, 11.] mā kṛḍhvaṃ viṣamaṃ samam [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4, 225.] putrabhāga [9, 215.] [Sūryasiddhānta 2, 30.] vṛṣṭi [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 8, 50.] nābhi [68, 22.] viṣamavalayo manuṣyāḥ [25. 27.] dantāḥ [70,21.] [Weber’s Indische Studien 8,180. 309. 326. 468.] [Oxforder Handschriften 54,b,16.] [ 78.] svaśivikāyāṃ viṣamagatāyām [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 10, 7. 2.] viṣamamuhyate yānam [ebend. 8, 23, 8. 1, 8, 29. 3, 15, 32. 6, 16, 41.] [Daśakumāracarita 91, 3.] rūpa [Yāska’s Nirukta 11, 23. 12, 17.] rāgatā [Prātiśākhya zum Ṛgveda 14, 4.] a (dṛṣṭi) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 15, 29.] — c) unpaar, ungerade (der Zahl nach) [Spr. 1357.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 50, 1. 20. 78, 23. 96, 9. 102, 7. 104, 51.] [BṚH. 4, 11.] [LAGHUJ. 1, 9] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 2, 279.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 15.] was nicht mehr ohne Bruch getheilt werden kann [?(z. B. 1 unter 2, 2 unter 3, 3 unter 4 u.s.w.):] ajāvikaṃ saikaśaphaṃ na jātu viṣamaṃ bhajet . ajāvikaṃ tu viṣamaṃ jyeṣṭhasyaiva vidhīyate .. [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 119.] — d) worüber man nicht glatt hinwegkommen kann, beschwerlich, schwierig, schlimm, gefährlich, bösartig: daśā [Spr. (II) 962. (I) 2862.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 24, 137. 101, 132.] kāla [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 88, 15.] grīṣmaviṣamaḥ kālaḥ [Rājataraṅgiṇī 8, 1634.] amitraviṣame mārge [2052.] rājopasevana [2188.] nayanaviṣamairvidyududayaiḥ [1558.] viṣamā vāmā vidhervṛttayaḥ [Spr. 1240.] roga [Suśruta 1, 171, 16.] viṣa [Spr. 2866.] [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 41, 3.] vāyu [Mahābhārata 7, 8622.] vajrāvapātaviṣamaṃ bhayam [Harivaṃśa 5024.] yuddha [8871.] vyasana [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 99, 20.] aṭavī [Kathāsaritsāgara 20, 39.] bhāvaḥ parvatasūkṣmamārgaviṣamaḥ strīṇām [Spr. (II) 75.] viṣaviṣamabāṇa [1129.] viṣavallībījaviṣamāḥ kleśāḥ [1312.] śokadahana [(I) 4270.] karmormīṇāṃ viṣamavalanaiḥ [(II) 1909.] asidhārāvrata [(I) 1859.] virahaviṣamaḥ kāmaḥ [2834.] pravṛtti eine schlimme Nachricht [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 33, 42.] kāntāviśleṣaduḥkhavyatikaraviṣamo yauvane copabhogaḥ [Spr. (II) 1851.] vidyā guruvinayavṛttyātiviṣamā [1871.] ativiṣamaviṣayaviṣajalāśaya [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5. 1, 22. 38.] lakṣmī so v. a. Unglück [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 81, 27.] kaṭhinaviṣamāmekaveṇīm unbequem [Meghadūta 89.] schwer zu verstehen: viṣamoktayaḥ [GOLĀDHY. Anf.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 256, Scholiast] nayane grässlich, fürchterlich [Rāmāyaṇa 5, 24, 18.] von bösen, gefährlichen Thieren und Menschen: yoṣitsarpa [Spr. (II) 410.] hayāḥ [1357.] jihmagāḥ und khalāḥ [(I) 2864.] nakra [2865.] Fürsten und Berge [1176] (su) . [2863.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 7, 27.] [Spr. (II) 55.] jñātayaḥ [2443.] striyaḥ [(I) 1393.] viṣadharato pyativiṣamaḥ khalaḥ [2860.] vākyavajraviṣame jane [2928. 3298.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 4, 358. 6, 280.] viṭairasūyāviṣamaiḥ [8, 2032.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 5, 41.] suhṛtsu viṣamaḥ [BṚH. 18, 5. 21 (19), 8.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 7, 1. 1. 13, 42.] dhī feindselig [PAÑCAR. 3, 9, 22.] samaviṣamamati [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 6, 9, 36.] cetas [Spr. 1333.] viṣamāśayā [Rājataraṅgiṇī 6, 198.] nṛśaṃsaviṣamakriya schlecht, gemein [5, 350.] viṣamācāra [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 76, 28.] aviṣamamabhisamīkṣamāṇayoḥ so v. a. freundlich [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 5, 1, 21.] — e) unpassend, falsch, unrichtig: upacāra [Suśruta 1, 117, 7.] upanyāsa [SARVADARŚANAS. 50, 9.] dṛṣṭānta [] zu [BRAHMAS. 1, 1, 5.] — f) unehrlich: vyavahārāśca viṣamāścaiva vṛddhiṣu . lābheṣu viṣamāścaiva te vai nirayagāminaḥ .. [Mahābhārata 13, 1640.] samairhi viṣamaṃ yastu caret [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 287.] —
2) n. a) Unebenheit, rauher —, unwegsamer Boden, schlechter Weg [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā 30, 16.] [Taittirīyasaṃhitā 2, 1, 3, 1.] sad [The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa 6, 7, 3, 11.] laṅghana [Pāraskara’s Gṛhyasūtrāṇi 2, 7.] [GOBH. 2, 4, 2.] [Aśvalāyana’s Śrautasūtrāni 12, 6, 8.] samāni viṣamāṇi ca [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 1, 24.] [Mahābhārata 1. 4650. 5888. 3, 13069. 14, 181.] [Harivaṃśa 361.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 52, 91. 79, 13.] [Rāmāyaṇa] [Gorresio 2, 87, 4. 3, 45, 12. 4, 41, 12.] [Suśruta 1, 134, 18.] viṣamāvatāra [Vikramorvaśī 10, 9.] [Spr. (II) 2177.] viṣamaṃ ca pade pade [(I) 2484. 5179.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 17, 4.] so v. a. Abgrund [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 232.] [Mahābhārata 3, 2545.] tyakṣye viṣame dehamātmanaḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 51, 40. 4, 60, 22.] parvataṃ ghoram [Spr. 1740. 2731.] gartāviṣame vā prapatitaḥ [Pañcatantra 142, 6.] rauhe Pfade bildlich so v. a. Noth, Bedrängniss, Ungemach: durgeṣu viṣameṣu ca [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 21, 18.] [Spr. 3078.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 123, 339.] viṣame [Bhagavadgītā 2, 2.] [Mahābhārata 5, 1037.] viṣame samupasthite [Spr. 2567. 2574.] viṣame sthitaḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 74, 19.] sthita [Spr. 1312. 2720.] patita [2396.] — b) in der Rhetorik Incongruenz, Unvereinbarkeit (zweier Begriffe, der Ursache und Wirkung u.s.w.) [PRATĀPAR. 91,b,9.] [KUVALAY. 101.] — c) bharadvājasya viṣamam Name eines Sāman [Weber’s Indische Studien.3,227,b.] — Vgl. vaiṣamya .
Viṣama (विषम) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Visama.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Viṣama (विषम) [Also spelled visham]:—(a) odd; heterogeneous, incongruous; uneven, rough; adverse, dissimilar; difficult (to traverse); disagreeable; ~[koṇa] an oblique angle; ~[tā] contrast; dissimilarity; inequity, oddity; difficulty; disproportion, incongruity, heterogeneousness; ruggedness; —[rūpa] heterogeneous; incongruous; dissimilar.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
1) Visama (विसम) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Viṣama.
2) Visāma (विसाम) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Viśrāma.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Viṣama (ವಿಷಮ):—
1) [adjective] not level, smooth or flat; rough; irregular; uneven.
2) [adjective] not orderly; untidy; unsystematic; disorderly.
3) [adjective] rare; not common or usual; uncommon; unusual.
4) [adjective] causing terror; fearful; frightful; terrible.
5) [adjective] bad; wicked; evil.
6) [adjective] painful; vexatious; grievous.
7) [adjective] involving peril or risk; dangerous; perilous.
8) [adjective] difficult to understand.
9) [adjective] (said of numbers) having a remainder of one when divided by two; not even; odd.
10) [adjective] lacking coherence or consistency; incoherent; in consistent.
11) [adjective] uneven in occurrence or succession; variable or erratic; irregular.
--- OR ---
Viṣama (ವಿಷಮ):—
1) [noun] the quality or fact of being viṣama [in all senses, see ವಿಷಮ [vishama]1).
2) [noun] the digestive faculty or power.
3) [noun] a man having extraordinary power, intellect, skill, etc.
4) [noun] a kind of nṛtta, involving movements of limbs using rope; dancing round and round with ropes.
5) [noun] one of the one hundred eight tāḷas (musical time-cycles).
6) [noun] (rhet.) a figure of speech in which heterogeneous objects are clubbed and explained together.
7) [noun] (pros.) any of several types of metrical verses having four lines the metrical lengths of which are not equal.
--- OR ---
Visama (ವಿಸಮ):—[adjective] gen. bad, painful, unpleasant, etc., but without any moral considerations involved; wicked; evil.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Viṣama (विषम):—n. 1. unevenness;2. oddness; 3. name of a figure of speech in which some unusual or incompatible relation between cause and effect is described;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+22): Vishama dhaari, Vishama-citatosham, Vishama-tirikonam, Vishamabana, Vishamabhagara, Vishamabhojana, Vishamacakacam, Vishamacakra, Vishamacakravala, Vishamacaturasra, Vishamacaturbhuja, Vishamacchada, Vishamacchaya, Vishamachada, Vishamachaya, Vishamachhada, Vishamacuram, Vishamadampatya, Vishamadari, Vishamadhatu.
Full-text (+299): Vishamajvara, Vishamam, Vishamashila, Vishamastha, Avishama, Vishamatribhuja, Vishamanayana, Vishamaksha, Vishamayudha, Vishamavritta, Vishamasahasa, Vishameshu, Vishamakala, Vishamakarman, Vishamacchada, Vishamacaturasra, Shamavishama, Vishamakarna, Vishamekshana, Vishamarupya.
Relevant text
Search found 117 books and stories containing Vishama, Vi-ṣama, Vi-sama, Vi-shama, Viṣama, Viṣamā, Visama, Visāma; (plurals include: Vishamas, ṣamas, samas, shamas, Viṣamas, Viṣamās, Visamas, Visāmas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 10.203 [Viṣama] < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 11.29 < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Text 11.34 < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 9.119 < [Section XV - Non-partition oif the Odd Cattle]
Verse 9.287 < [Section XXXVIII - Treatment of Criminals and their Punishment]
Verse 7.27 < [Section II - Punishment (daṇḍa)]
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 21.8 < [Chapter 21 - Support Yogas]
Verse 4.12 < [Chapter 4 - Impregnation]
Verse 18.5 < [Chapter 18 - Disposition of the Zodiac Signs]
Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (Study) (by Padma Sugavanam)
Kohala and Gītā (12): Musical Compositions < [Chapter 2 - Kohala as seen in citations]
Kohala and Nṛtya (2): Varieties of Tāṇḍava and Lāsya < [Chapter 2 - Kohala as seen in citations]
Part 2.2 - Contents of Dattilakohalīyam < [Chapter 4 - Works attributed to Kohala]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 146 < [Hindi-Gujarati-English Volume 1]
Page 150 < [Hindi-Assamese-English Volume 1]
Page 150 < [Hindi-Bengali-English Volume 1]
Understanding the concept of vikruthi vishama samvetha < [Volume 3, issue 1: Jan- Feb 2016]
A clinical study of charakokta sauvarchaladi churna in shwas (asthma) < [Volume 4, issue 5: September- October 2017]
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease < [Volume 11, Issue 2: March-April 2024]
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