Parikarma: 6 definitions
Introduction:
Parikarma means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Parikarm.
In Hinduism
Ganitashastra (Mathematics and Algebra)
Source: archive.org: Hindu MathematicsParikarma (परिकर्म) refers to “fundamental operations” and represents one of the various subjects treated in the Hindu gaṇita (“science of calculation”).—The term gaṇita is a very ancient one and occurs copiously in Vedic literature. The Vedāṅga-jyotiṣa (c. 1200 B.C.) gives it the highest place of honour among the sciences which form the Vedāṅga: “As the crests on the heads of peacocks, as the gems on the hoods of snakes, so is gaṇita at the top of the sciences known as the Vedāṅga”. The subjects treated in the Hindu gaṇita of the early renaissance period consisted of [e.g., parikarma (“fundamental operations”)] [...].
Ganitashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, gaṇitaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of mathematics, algebra, number theory, arithmetic, etc. Closely allied with astronomy, both were commonly taught and studied in universities, even since the 1st millennium BCE. Ganita-shastra also includes ritualistic math-books such as the Shulba-sutras.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the GaganagañjaparipṛcchāParikarma (परिकर्म) refers to “preparations” (i.e., ‘the twenty-four preparations to accomplish the twenty-four sorts of eloquence’), according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, “Then, they [the twenty-four types of pratibhāna—‘eloquence’] are accomplished by means of the following twenty-four preparations (parikarma). What are the twenty-four? [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha SutraParikarma (परिकर्म) refers to one of the five parts of Dṛṣṭivāda: one of the twelve limbs of the internal-corpus (aṅga-praviṣṭa). The Aṅgapraviṣṭa refers to one of the two types of scriptural knowledge (śruta), which refers to one of the five types of knowledge (jñāna). according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 1.20, “scriptural knowledge (śruta) preceded by sensory knowledge (mati) is of two, or of twelve (e.g., dṛṣṭivāda) or of many kinds”.
How many sub divisions of parikarma are there? There are five sub divisions of parikarma, namely: Vyāykhyā-prajñapti, Dvīpasāgara-prajñapti, Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti, Sūrya-prajñapti and Candra-prajñapti.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryparikarma (परिकर्म).—n S A preparatory, appendent, or appertaining work or act. 2 An elementary rule in arithmetic; any one of eight. Vide infra.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryParikarma (परिकर्म) [Also spelled parikarm]:—(nm) make-up.
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Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusParikarma (ಪರಿಕರ್ಮ):—
1) [noun] the act of putting on clothes ornaments, and using cosmetics to beautify oneself.
2) [noun] that which is used to enhance the beauty, as an ornament.
3) [noun] a religious service; worship.
4) [noun] the act of cleaning; cleansing.
5) [noun] a menial servant.
6) [noun] (math.) any process, as addition, division, etc., involving a change or transformation in a quantity; a mathematical operation.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Parikarmakatha, Parikarman, Parikarmana, Parikarmashtaka, Parikarmay, Parikarmaya, Parikarmayati.
Ends with: Ghanaparikarma, Vargaparikarma.
Full-text (+24): Parikarmana, Parikarm, Parikarmikaroti, Jambudvipaprajnapti, Dvipasagaraprajnapti, Suryaprajnapti, Candraprajnapti, Cittaparikarmam, Vyaykhyaprajnapti, Parikarman, Mutitai, Drishtivada, Guruvacana, Margapratishthita, Bhinna, Parasamtana, Acchedana, Paravacana, Acchimdana, Chimdana.
Relevant text
Search found 5 books and stories containing Parikarma; (plurals include: Parikarmas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Notes on Pādapopagamana < [Notes]
A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 1 (by Surendranath Dasgupta)
Part 23 - Yoga Purificatory Practices (Parikarma) < [Chapter VII - The Kapila and the Pātañjala Sāṃkhya (yoga)]
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 1.20 - Scriptural knowledge (śrutajñāna) < [Chapter 1 - Right Faith and Knowledge]
The backdrop of the Srikanthacarita and the Mankhakosa (by Dhrubajit Sarma)
Part 1 - Rīti or the style < [Chapter III - Literary Assessment Of The Śrīkaṇṭhacarita]
Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön)
Bhūmi 9: the ground of good wisdom (sādhumatī) < [Chapter XX - (2nd series): Setting out on the Mahāyāna]
Bhūmi 1: the joyous ground (pramuditā) < [Chapter XX - (2nd series): Setting out on the Mahāyāna]
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