Parikrama, Parikramā: 18 definitions
Introduction:
Parikrama means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
Source: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammarParikrama (परिक्रम).—The same as परक्रम (parakrama); doubling (द्वित्व (dvitva)) of a subsequent consonant as for example the doubling of स् (s) in इर्मन् स्स्याम (irman ssyāma) ; cf. सान्तःस्थादौ धारयन्तः परक्रमं (sāntaḥsthādau dhārayantaḥ parakramaṃ) (v. I. परिक्रमं (parikramaṃ)) R.Pr. XIV. 23.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
Source: Pure Bhakti: Bhajana-rahasya - 2nd EditionParikramā (परिक्रमा) refers to:—(1) circumambulation; (2) the path that encircles a sacred tract of land, such as Vṛndāvana or Vraja. (cf. Glossary page from Bhajana-Rahasya).
Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Source: Oxford Academic: Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance to Ritual TheoryParikrama (परिक्रम) refers to “circumambulation (of the fire)” and represents one of the various marriage rites of the Hindu Newars, mentioned in the Daśakarmavidhi: a marriage handbook from Bhaktapur containing both Hindu and Newar marriage ceremonies.—Despite many congruencies between Hindu Parbatiyā and Hindu Newar marriage handbooks, it becomes evident that Newar marriage handbooks mention specific ritual elements that cannot be found in the Brahmanical-Sanskritic texts.—The Agni-parikrama rite is usually performed at the House of the Groom and is mentioned under the sub-heading of “other marriage rites”.
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationParikrama (परिक्रम) refers to “circumambulating” (the earth), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.4.19 (“Gaṇapati’s marriage”).—Accordingly, as Gaṇeśa said to Śiva and Pārvatī: “By worshipping you, Pārvatī and Śiva, I have intelligently circumambulated (parikrama) the earth extending to the oceans. Is it not the verdict of the Vedas or the Śāstras or any other sacred code? Is it true or otherwise?—‘He who worships his parents and circumambulates them, will certainly derive the fruit and merit of circumambulating the earth. [...]’”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Shodhganga: Gati in theory and practiceParikrama (परिक्रम) refers to the “movement around the stage”.—The name Kūḍiāṭṭam [Kūḍiāṭṭa], means playing or performing together. It is one of the living tradition of Sanskrit theatre as it still retains the Sanskrit language along with Malayalam dialects. [...] Kūḍiāṭṭam has two varieties of cārī (“dance steps”): one is normal and the other is comical. The parikramas or the movement around the stage is named as cheriya chokka and valiya chokka, a smaller parikrama and bigger one respectively. The movements in the sky is performed with some cārīs it is called ambarayāna.
Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryparikrama (परिक्रम).—m S parikramaṇa n S Walking round or about. 2 Walking for pleasure; strolling, sauntering, roving, rambling.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishparikrama (परिक्रम).—m parikramaṇa n Walking round or about. Walking for pleasure; strolling.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryParikrama (परिक्रम).—
1) Roaming about, moving about; द्रुतपदमभियातुमिच्छितानां गगनपरिक्रमलाघवेन तासाम् (drutapadamabhiyātumicchitānāṃ gaganaparikramalāghavena tāsām) Kirātārjunīya 1.2.
2) Roaming, walking or passing over.
3) Circumambulating.
4) Walking for pleasure.
5) Series, order.
6) Succession.
7) Penetrating.
8) Following the course of a river down from its source to its mouth and then on the other bank upto its source again; MW.
Derivable forms: parikramaḥ (परिक्रमः).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryParikrama (परिक्रम).—m.
(-maḥ) 1. Walking, going. 2. Walking round or about, circumambulating, going about. 3. Roaming about. 4. Series, order. E. pari about, around, krama going, bhāve ghañ aff.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryParikrama (परिक्रम).—[pari-kram + a], m. 1. Walking for pleasure. 2. Walking round, Mahābhārata 4, 1701. 3. Succession, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 3, 214 (see Lois.).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryParikrama (परिक्रम).—[masculine] ṇa [neuter] walking about, roaming.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Parikrama (परिक्रम):—[=pari-krama] [from pari-kram] m. roaming about, circumambulating, walking through, pervading, [Mahābhārata; Purāṇa]
2) [v.s. ...] transition, [Ṛgveda-prātiśākhya] ([varia lectio] parā-kr)
3) [v.s. ...] following the course of a river down from its source to its mouth and then on the other bank up to its source again, [Religious Thought and Life in India 348]
4) [v.s. ...] succession, series, order, [Lāṭyāyana; Kauśika-sūtra; Manu-smṛti iii, 214] (read āvṛt-parikramam)
5) [v.s. ...] a remedy, medicine, [Caraka]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryParikrama (परिक्रम):—[pari-krama] (maḥ) 1. m. Walking about.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryParikramā (परिक्रमा):—(nf) revolution; going round; —[karanā] to go round the idol of a deity or a holy place etc.
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Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusParikrama (ಪರಿಕ್ರಮ):—
1) [noun] the act of proceeding, going, moving in an orderly manner.
2) [noun] a turning round (as in dancing).
3) [noun] a going round a deity, temple, etc. in worship.
4) [noun] a truce entered into between two kings or nations, in which one would give to another a substantial portion of his wealth.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Parikrama (परिक्रम):—n. 1. roaming about; moving about; 2. roaming; walking or passing over; 3. circumambulating; 4. walking for pleasure; 5. series; order; 6. succession; continuation; sequence;
2) Parikramā (परिक्रमा):—n. 1. circumambulation; 2. revolution;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Parikramam, Parikramana, Parikramasaha, Parikramasamdhi, Parikramat, Parikramatmak, Parikramatmaka.
Full-text (+16): Parikramasaha, Aparikrama, Aparikramam, Navadvipaparikrama, Parikramam, Saparikrama, Laghuparikrama, Anuparikramam, Parikramasamdhi, Viparikramam, Parikramana, Utphullaka, Nartanaka, Chinnaka, Praphullaka, Parikram, Shimuli, Pancatirtha, Simuliya, Simantadvipa.
Relevant text
Search found 29 books and stories containing Parikrama, Pari-krama, Parikramā, Parikramas; (plurals include: Parikramas, kramas, Parikramās, Parikramases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Gati in Theory and Practice (by Dr. Sujatha Mohan)
Gati, as found in classical theatres of Kūḍiāṭṭam < [Chapter 4 - Practice of Gati]
Bhāgavata-mela Nāṭaka < [Chapter 4 - Practice of Gati]
Prayoga of Cāris and Karaṇas for depicting the Gati < [Chapter 3 - Application of gati in Dṛśya-kāvyas]
Srila Gurudeva (The Supreme Treasure) (by Swami Bhaktivedanta Madhava Maharaja)
Further Manifestations of Illness < [Chapter 2.19 - The Concluding Transcendental Pastimes]
Bussing Not Allowed During Parikramā < [Chapter 2.14 - Lessons on Service and Absorption]
Residing at Govardhana in Kãrtika < [Chapter 2.19 - The Concluding Transcendental Pastimes]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 6.20.17 < [Chapter 20 - In the Description of the Second Fort, the Glories of Indra-tīrtha, etc.]
Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (Study) (by Padma Sugavanam)
Kohala and Gītā (14): Tālas for specific Gaits < [Chapter 2 - Kohala as seen in citations]
Kohala and Gītā (15): The concept of Prastara < [Chapter 2 - Kohala as seen in citations]
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī)
Verse 1.2.91 < [Part 2 - Devotional Service in Practice (sādhana-bhakti)]