Madhuka, Mādhūka, Madhukā, Madhūka: 24 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
Biology
Languages
1. Pali
2. Sanskrit
3. Hindi
4. Kannada
See also
Buy products

Introduction:

Madhuka means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

Alternative spellings of this word include Madhuk.

In Hinduism

Ayurveda (science of life)

Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botany

1) Madhūka (मधूक):—A Sanskrit word referring to Madhuca indica, a species of tropical tree from the Sapotaceae family of flowering plants. It can also be spelled as Madhuka. In English, this plant is known as the “butter tree”. It is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Caraka-saṃhitā. It is a deciduous tree with odorous lightly yellow flowers. It bears greenish fruits which are cultivated. The distilled spirit of the flowers are known among adivasis (Santals in particular).

This plant (Madhūka) is also mentioned as a medicine used for the treatment of all major fevers (jvara), as described in the Jvaracikitsā (or “the treatment of fever”) which forms the first chapter of the Sanskrit work called Mādhavacikitsā.

2) Madhuka (मधुक):—A Sanskrit word referring to “liquorice”, a perennial herb from the Fabaceae (pea/bean) family of flowering plants. It is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Caraka-saṃhitā. It is also known as Madhūka (मधूक), Madhukā (मधुका) or Yaṣṭimadhuka (यष्टिमधुक). Its official botanical name is Glycyrrhiza glabra and is commonly referred to in english as liquorice or ‘sweet root’. It grows best in deep valleys with lots of sun. The sweet flavour is extracted from the root of the plant.

This plant (Madhuka) is also mentioned as a medicine used for the treatment of all major fevers, as described in the Jvaracikitsā (or “the treatment of fever”) which forms the first chapter of the Sanskrit work called Mādhavacikitsā. In this work, the plant is also known by the name Yaṣṭimadhu.

Source: Wisdom Library: Raj Nighantu

Madhuka (मधुक) is the name of a tree (Mahuā) that is associated with the Nakṣatra (celestial star) named Revatī, according to the second chapter (dharaṇyādi-varga) of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rājanighaṇṭu (an Ayurvedic encyclopedia). Accordingly, “these [trees] are propounded in Śāstras, the secret scriptures (śāstrāgama). These pious trees [viz, Madhuka], if grown and protected, promote long life”. These twenty-seven trees related to the twenty-seven Nakṣatras are supposed to be Deva-vṛkṣas or Nakṣatra-vṛkṣas.

Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and Drugs

Madhuka [मधुका] in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Tinospora cordifolia from the Menispermaceae (Moonseed) family. For the possible medicinal usage of madhuka, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.

Madhuka [मधुका] in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam from the Sapotaceae (Mahua) family having the following synonyms: Bassia butyracea, Aesandra butyracea, Madhuca butyracea.

Madhuka in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Cynometra iripa Kostel. from the Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar) family.

Source: Shodhganga: Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval India

Madhūka (मधूक) refers to a type of flower from which wine was extracted, according to the Kumārasambhava III.38 , and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—According to Suśruta, in the preparation of these drinks, when surā is used instead of water it was called surāsavā. Liquors were also prepared with madhūka flowers and honey. [...] Kumārasambhava describes the wine extracted from flowers (puṣpāsava or madhūka) and also deals with the after effects of drinking wine. Sugar was also used as an antidote for the intoxication caused by wine. Flowers of mango and red paṭala were also used to perfume various wines.

Madhūka (the flower) is mentioned in a list of potential causes for indigestion in the 17th century Bhojanakutūhala (dravyaguṇāguṇa-kathana), and is commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra or Pākakalā.—A complete section in Bhojanakutūhala is devoted for the description of agents that cause indigestion [viz., madhūka]. These agents consumed on a large scale can cause indigestion for certain people. The remedies [viz., picumandabīja (nimb tree)] for these types of indigestions are also explained therewith.

Source: Ancient Science of Life: Botanical identification of plants described in Mādhava Cikitsā

Madhūka (मधूक) refers to the medicinal plant Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel, and is used in the treatment of atisāra (diarrhoea), according to the 7th century Mādhavacikitsā chapter 2. Atisāra refers to a condition where there are three or more loose or liquid stools (bowel movements) per day or more stool than normal. The second chapter of the Mādhavacikitsā explains several preparations [including Madhūka] through 60 Sanskrit verses about treating this problem.

Source: Shodhganga: Edition translation and critical study of yogasarasamgraha

1) Madhuka (मधुक) refers to the medicinal plant known as “Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.” and is dealt with in the 15th-century Yogasārasaṅgraha (Yogasara-saṅgraha) by Vāsudeva: an unpublished Keralite work representing an Ayurvedic compendium of medicinal recipes. The Yogasārasaṃgraha [mentioning madhuka] deals with entire recipes in the route of administration, and thus deals with the knowledge of pharmacy (bhaiṣajya-kalpanā) which is a branch of pharmacology (dravyaguṇa).

2) Madhūka (मधूक) refers to the medicinal plant known as “Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Mac Bride” and is dealt with in the 15th-century Yogasārasaṅgraha (Yogasara-saṅgraha) by Vāsudeva: an unpublished Keralite work representing an Ayurvedic compendium of medicinal recipes. The Yogasārasaṃgraha [mentioning madhūka] deals with entire recipes in the route of administration, and thus deals with the knowledge of pharmacy (bhaiṣajya-kalpanā) which is a branch of pharmacology (dravyaguṇa).

Source: eJournal of Indian Medicine: Jajjaṭa’s Nirantarapadavyākhyā and Other Commentaries on the Carakasaṃhitā

1) Madhuka (मधुक) refers to Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., and is a medicinal plant mentioned in the 7th-century Nirantarapadavyākhyā by Jejjaṭa (or Jajjaṭa): one of the earliest extant and, therefore, one of the most important commentaries on the Carakasaṃhitā.—Synonyms of Madhuka: Madhu, Madhukāhva.—(Cf. Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Bṛhattrayī 292, Singh and Chunekar, 1999).—(Cf. Indian Medicinal Plants 3:84, Arya Vaidya Sala, 1993-96.)

2) Madhūka (मधूक) refers to Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel., and is a medicinal plant mentioned in the 7th-century Nirantarapadavyākhyā by Jejjaṭa (or Jajjaṭa): one of the earliest extant and, therefore, one of the most important commentaries on the Carakasaṃhitā.—(Cf. Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Bṛhattrayī 295 , Singh and Chunekar, 1999).—Cf. Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbride (Cf. Indian Medicinal Plants 3:362, Arya Vaidya Sala, 1993-96.).—Note: Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. is a synonym of Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.) A.Chev.—(Cf. The Plant List, A Working List of All Plant Species 34, 461, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden).

context information

Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Dharmashastra (religious law)

Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-śāstra

Madhuka (मधुक) is a Sanskrit word, possibly identified with Bassia latifolia (mahua) by various scholars in their translation of the Śukranīti. This tree is mentioned as having thorns, and should therefore be considered as wild. The King shoud place such trees in forests (not in or near villages). He should nourish them by stoole of goats, sheep and cows, water as well as meat. Note that Bassia latifolia is a synonym of Madhuca longifolia.

The following is an ancient Indian horticultural recipe for the nourishment of such trees:

According to Śukranīti 4.4.110-112: “The powder of the dungs of goats and sheep, the powder of Yava (barley), Tila (seeds), beef as well as water should be kept together (undisturbed) for seven nights. The application of this water leads very much to the growth in flowers and fruits of all trees (such as madhuka).”

context information

Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

Madhuka (मधुक).—A Bhārgava and Madhyamādhvaryu.^*

* Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 33. 16.

context information

The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

Source: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra Tantra

Madhūka (मधूक) is identified with Bassia latifolia or Jonesia asoka and represents one of the four types of Kṣīravṛkṣa (“milk-tree”), according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—[Cf. verse 6.9-15ab]—The mṛtyuvañcana rite begins with a preparatory fire oblation. It consists of standard ritual offerings such as honey, milk, and ghee. The fire is fueled by the wood of milk trees (kṣīravṛkṣa). Milk trees come in four types, Uḍumbara (Ficus glomerata), Aśvattha (Ficus religiosa), Nyagrodha (Ficus indica), and Madhūka (Bassia latifolia or Jonesia asoka). All have white sap. They are used in rites of pacification and prosperity.

context information

Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Biology (plants and animals)

Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)

1) Madhuka in India is the name of a plant defined with Abrus precatorius in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Abrus wittei Baker f. (among others).

2) Madhuka is also identified with Acacia intsia It has the synonym Mimosa caesia L. (etc.).

3) Madhuka is also identified with Glycyrrhiza glabra It has the synonym Amicia glandulosa Kunth (etc.).

Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):

· Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen (1790)
· Willdenowia (1986)
· Soc. Mose. (1866)
· Standard Shona Dictionary. (1959)
· Flora Caroliniana (1788)
· Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2000)

If you are looking for specific details regarding Madhuka, for example pregnancy safety, health benefits, diet and recipes, side effects, chemical composition, extract dosage, have a look at these references.

context information

This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.

Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary

madhuka : (m.) the tree Bassia Latifolia. || madhukā (f.) liquorice.

Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary

Madhukā, (f.) (fr. madhuka) honey drink, sweet drink, liquor Mhvs 5, 52. (Page 519)

— or —

Madhuka, (adj. n.) (fr. madhu) connected with honey. 1. (n.) the tree Bassia latifolia (lit. honey tree) Vin. I, 246; J. V, 324, 405; VI, 529; Miln. 165.—2. the fruit of that tree J. IV, 434.—3. (adj.) (-°) full of honey J. VI, 529 (madhu° containing honey).—4. connected with an intoxicating drink, given to the drink of (-°) J. IV, 117 (surā-meraya°).

context information

Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

Sanskrit dictionary

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Madhuka (मधुक).—a.

1) Sweet.

2) Sweet-speaking, melodious.

3) Of the colour of honey.

-kaḥ 1 Name of a tree (= madhūka q. v.).

2) The Aśoka tree.

3) A kind of bird.

4) The liquorice root.

-kam 1 Tin.

2) Liquorice.

3) The palmliquor.

--- OR ---

Madhūka (मधूक).—1 A bee.

2) Name of a tree; अङ्गैर्मुग्धमधूकपुष्परुचिभिर्लावण्यसारैरयम् (aṅgairmugdhamadhūkapuṣparucibhirlāvaṇyasārairayam) Mv.2.21.

-kam 1 A flower of the Madhūka tree; दूर्वावता पाण्डुमधूकदाम्ना (dūrvāvatā pāṇḍumadhūkadāmnā) Kumārasambhava 7.14; स्निग्धो मधूकच्छविर्गण्डः (snigdho madhūkacchavirgaṇḍaḥ) Gītagovinda 1; R.6.25.

2) Liquorice.

Derivable forms: madhūkaḥ (मधूकः).

--- OR ---

Mādhūka (माधूक).—a. Sweet-speaking, amiable; मैत्रेयकं तु वैदेहो माधूकं संप्रसूयते (maitreyakaṃ tu vaideho mādhūkaṃ saṃprasūyate) Manusmṛti 1.33.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Madhuka (मधुक).—mfn.

(-kaḥ-kā-kaṃ) 1. Sweet, (in taste.) 2. Sweet-speaking or sounding, mellifluous, melodious. m.

(-kaḥ) 1. A bard, a panegyrist, one who recites the lineage and praises of sovereigns in their presence. 2. A kind of bird. 3. A tree, (Bassia latifolia.) mn.

(-kaḥ-kaṃ) Liquorice, &c. n.

(-kaṃ) Tin. f.

(-kā) 1. A plant, (Menis- permum glabrum.) 2. The sweet lime. 3. A kind of panic seed. E. madhu sweet, kai to sound, aff. ḍa; or madhu honey, kan aff. of comparison, &c.

--- OR ---

Madhuka (मधुक).—m.

(-kaḥ) 1. A tree, (Bassia latifolia.) 2. A bee. n.

(-kaṃ) A flower of the Madhuka tree. E. man to respect, ūka aff., and dha substituted for the final.

--- OR ---

Mādhūka (माधूक).—mfn.

(-kaḥ-kī-kaṃ) 1. Sweet-speaking or sounding. 2. Made from the Bassia tree. E. madhūka and aṇ aff.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Madhuka (मधुक).—[madhu + ka], I. adj. Sweet. Ii. m. A bard. Iii. m. and n. Liquorice. Iv. n. Tin.

--- OR ---

Madhūka (मधूक).—derived from madhu, m. A tree, Bassia latifolia, [Kathāsaritsāgara, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 7, 14.

--- OR ---

Mādhūka (माधूक).— (from madhu and madhūka), adj. 1. Sweet-voiced, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 33. 2. Made of the Bassia tree.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Madhūka (मधूक).—[masculine] bee, [Name] of a tree.

--- OR ---

Mādhūka (माधूक).—[adjective] sweet-voiced.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Madhuka (मधुक):—[from madhu] (ifc.) = madhu [gana] ura-ādi

2) [v.s. ...] mfn. honey-coloured (only in -locana, ‘having h°-c° eyes’, Name of Śiva), [Mahābhārata]

3) [v.s. ...] sweet (in taste), [Horace H. Wilson]

4) [v.s. ...] mellifluous, melodious, [ib.]

5) [v.s. ...] m. a species of tree, [Rāmāyaṇa; Varāha-mihira] (Bassia Latifolia or Jonesia Asoka, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.])

6) [v.s. ...] Parra jacana or Goensis, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

7) [v.s. ...] m. liquorice, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.] (cf. n.)

8) [v.s. ...] m. a kind of bard or panegyrist, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

9) [v.s. ...] the son of a Maitreya and a married Āyogavī, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

10) [v.s. ...] (madh) Name of a man, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa]

11) Madhukā (मधुका):—[from madhuka > madhu] f. Menispermum Glabrum, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

12) [v.s. ...] Glycyrrhiza Glabra, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

13) [v.s. ...] black Panic, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

14) [v.s. ...] Name of a river, [Viṣṇu-purāṇa]

15) Madhuka (मधुक):—[from madhu] n. liquorice, [Suśruta] (cf. m.)

16) [v.s. ...] n. old honey, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

17) [v.s. ...] tin, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

18) Madhūka (मधूक):—[from madhu] m. ([from] madhu) a bee, [Śāṅkhāyana-gṛhya-sūtra]

19) [v.s. ...] Bassia Latifolia (from the blossoms and seeds of which arrac is distilled and oil extracted), [ib.; Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.

20) [v.s. ...] n. the blossoms or fruit of B° L°, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

21) [v.s. ...] liquorice, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

22) [v.s. ...] bees-wax, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

23) Mādhuka (माधुक):—mfn. coming from or belonging to the Madhuka tree, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā]

24) m. [plural], ‘mead-makers’, Name of the Maireyakas or of a [particular] mixed caste, [Mahābhārata]

25) Mādhūka (माधूक):—mfn. ([from] madhūka) made from Bassia Latifolia, [Manvarthamuktāvalī, kullūka bhaṭṭa’s Commentary on manu-smṛti on Manu-smṛti xi, 95]

26) (= madhura-bhāṣin) sweet-voiced (said of the Maitreyakas), [Manu-smṛti x, 33] ([Manvarthamuktāvalī, kullūka bhaṭṭa’s Commentary on manu-smṛti]; cf. mādhuka)

27) n. a kind of mead, [Yājñavalkya [Scholiast or Commentator]]

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Madhuka (मधुक):—(kaḥ) 1. m. A bard; a bird; a tree. m. n. Liquorice. f. Menispermum glabrum; a sweet lime. n. Tin. a. Sweet, agreeable.

2) Madhūka (मधूक):—(kaḥ) 1. m. Bassia latifolia.

3) Mādhūka (माधूक):—[(kaḥ-kī-kaṃ) a.] Sweet (toned, &c.)

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Madhūka (मधूक) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Mahua.

[Sanskrit to German]

Madhuka in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

Madhūka (मधूक) [Also spelled madhuk]:—(nm) the tree Bassia Latifolia or its flower (from the blossoms and seeds of this tree arrack is distilled and oil extracted).

context information

...

Kannada-English dictionary

Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Madhuka (ಮಧುಕ):—

1) [adjective] sweet; delicious.

2) [adjective] melodious; tuneful; pleasing to hear.

3) [adjective] of the colour of honey.

--- OR ---

Madhuka (ಮಧುಕ):—

1) [noun] the tree Madhuca indica ( = Bassia latifolia) of Sapotaceae family; Indian butter tree.

2) [noun] the tree Jonesia asoca ( = Saraca indica) of Caesalpiniaceae family; Ashoka tree.

3) [noun] the shore-bird Metopidius indicus of Jacanidae family with white brow, black and dark green body, reddish-brown plumes, a red stripe on the forehead, yellow bill, short tail, long legs; a bronze-winged jacana(?).

4) [noun] the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra ( = G. glandulifera) of Papilionaceae family.

5) [noun] a soft, silver-white, crystalline, malleable metallic chemical element, used in plating, soldering, etc.; tin.

6) [noun] a man who panegyrises; a eulogist; a panegyrist.

7) [noun] the creeper Tinosporia cordifolia ( = Menispermum cordifolium, = Cocculus cordifolius) of Menispermaceae family.

--- OR ---

Madhūka (ಮಧೂಕ):—[noun] the tree Madhuca indica ( = Bassia latifolia) of Sapotaceae family; Indian butter tree.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Relevant text

Search found 60 books and stories containing Madhuka, Mādhūka, Madhukā, Madhūka, Mādhuka; (plurals include: Madhukas, Mādhūkas, Madhukās, Madhūkas, Mādhukas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Chapter 26 - The Observance Called Madhūka Tṛtīyā < [Section 3 - Revā-khaṇḍa]

Chapter 2 - The Greatness of Revā < [Section 3 - Revā-khaṇḍa]

Chapter 252 - Greatness of Trees < [Section 1 - Tīrtha-māhātmya]

+ 13 more chapters / show preview

Chapter 285 - The accomplished recipes that would revive the dead (mṛtasañjīvanī)

Chapter 289 - The treatment of the diseases of the horses (aśvacikitsā)

Chapter 244 - The characteristic features of Women (strī-lakṣaṇa)

+ 7 more chapters / show preview

Verse 10.33 < [Section II - Mixed Castes]

Verse 11.94 < [Section VIII - Expiation of drinking Wine (surā)]

Verse 3.266 < [Section XXI - Relative Merits of the Offering-Materials]

+ 1 more chapters / show preview