Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana
by Gaurapada Dāsa | 2015 | 234,703 words
Baladeva Vidyabhusana’s Sahitya-kaumudi covers all aspects of poetical theory except the topic of dramaturgy. All the definitions of poetical concepts are taken from Mammata’s Kavya-prakasha, the most authoritative work on Sanskrit poetical rhetoric. Baladeva Vidyabhushana added the eleventh chapter, where he expounds additional ornaments from Visv...
Text 7.2
विशेष-लक्षणम् आह,
viśeṣa-lakṣaṇam āha,
He mentions the definitions of the particulars:
duṣṭaṃ padaṃ śruti-kaṭu cyuta-saṃskṛty aprayuktam asamartham |
nihatārtham anucitārthaṃ nirarthakam avācakaṃ tridhāślīlam ||7.50||
sandigdham apratītaṃ grāmyaṃ neyārtham atha bhavet kliṣṭam |
avimṛṣṭa-vidheyāṃśaṃ viruddha-mati-kṛt samāsa-gatam eva ||7.51||
A faulty word (pada-doṣa) is as follows: (1) śruti-kaṭu (hard on the ears), (2) cyuta-saṃskṛti (grammatical mistake), (3) aprayukta (not in usage), (4) asamartha (unable to be meaningful), (5) nihatārtha (obstructed meaning; obsolete meaning), (6) anucitārtha (unsuitable meaning), (7) nirarthaka (meaningless) (also called vyartha), (8) avācaka (inexpressive), (9) aślīlam (unpleasant), which is threefold, (10) sandigdha (ambiguous) (also called sandeha), (11) apratīta (not understood), (12) grāmya (vulgar) (either rustic or obscene) (or colloquial), (13) neyārtha (the meaning can only be guessed), (14) kliṣṭa (hard to understand), (15) avimṛṣṭa-vidheyāṃśa (an aspect of the predicate is wrongly positioned) (or not giving proper eminence to an important aspect of the predicate), and (16) viruddha-matikṛt (it causes a contradictory thought). The last three only occur in a compound.
śoḍaṣa-vidhaṃ padaṃ duṣṭam iti sambandhaḥ. tatra kliṣṭādi-trikaṃ samāsa-gatam eva bhavet, anyathā kliṣṭatvādy-asambhavāt. anyat tv asamastaṃ ca. krameṇodāharaṇam.
The syntactical connection is: śoḍaṣa-vidhaṃ padaṃ duṣṭam, “There are sixteen kinds of faulty words.” Among them, in this category, kliṣṭa, avimṛṣṭa-vidheyāṃśa and viruddha-mati-kṛt only occur in a compound. All the others occur in a compound and in non-compounded words. Examples are shown in order.
Commentary:
There are five broad categories of literary faults: (1) pada-doṣa (a fault in a word), (2) padāṃśa-doṣa (a fault in a part of a word), (3) vākya-doṣa (a fault in a sentence), (4) artha-doṣa (a fault in a meaning), and (5) rasa-doṣa (a fault as regards a rasādi). However, the above-mentioned faults only occur in the first three. In addition, other vākya-doṣas are stated later on (7.52). The artha-doṣas are altogether different (7.84), and so are the rasa-doṣas (7.137).