Naigama: 15 definitions
Introduction:
Naigama means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
1) Naigama (नैगम).—Belonging to the Veda, Vedic as opposed to लौकिक (laukika) or भाषिक (bhāṣika); cf. नैघण्टुकानि नैगमानीहेह (naighaṇṭukāni naigamānīheha) Nir.I. 20;
2) Naigama.—Name given to Kāndas 4, 5 and 6 of the Nirukta of Yāska; cf. अनवगत-संस्कारा जहादयो यस्मिन्निगम्यन्ते तन्नैगमं (anavagata-saṃskārā jahādayo yasminnigamyante tannaigamaṃ) Durga Vr. on Nir IV.1.
Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Naigama (नैगम) (or Naigameya) refers to a part of Guha / Kārttikeya (i.e., Śiva’s son), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.4.3 (“The boyhood sports of Kārttikeya”).—Accordingly, as Brahmā narrated to Nārada: “Guha [i.e., Śiva’s son] took the spear and ascended the peak. He hit the peak with his spear and the peak fell down. [...] Then Indra struck his heart with his thunderbolt. Another person very powerful like him named Naigama came out. Then the four of great heroic strength including Skanda rushed to attack Indra. I offered my protection to Indra. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Naigama (नैगम, “figurative”) refers to one of the seven types of naya (standpoint), according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 1.33.—To cognize an entity by looking at its attributes as primary and secondary depending on the intentions of the speaker or listener is called naya (standpoint/viewpoint).
What is meant by figurative viewpoint (naigama-naya)? This viewpoint focuses on the intention of the doer, e.g. a woman who is cleaning the rice says that she is cooking food.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Naigama.—cf. Negama (EI 24; LL), the inhabitant of a nigama (township); a merchant. See Nigama-putra. Note: naigama is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
Naigama (नैगम).—a. (-mī f.) [निगम्-अण् (nigam-aṇ)] Relating to or occurring in the Veda or holy writings; as in °काण्डम् (kāṇḍam). जपन् वै नैगमान् मन्त्रांस्तस्थौ पर्वतराडिव (japan vai naigamān mantrāṃstasthau parvatarāḍiva) Rām.7.34.18.
-maḥ 1 An interpreter of the Vedas or sacred writings; ब्राह्मणा नैगमास्तत्र परिवार्योपतस्थिरे (brāhmaṇā naigamāstatra parivāryopatasthire) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 16.7.8; गोचर्यां नैगमश्चरेत् (gocaryāṃ naigamaścaret) Bhāgavata 11.18.29; इति नैगमाः (iti naigamāḥ)
2) An Upaniṣad q. v.
3) A means, an expedient; तेषां प्रतिविघातार्थं प्रवक्ष्याम्यथ नैगमम् (teṣāṃ prativighātārthaṃ pravakṣyāmyatha naigamam) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12.1.4.
4) Prudent conduct.
5) A citizen, towns-man.
6) A trader, merchant; धाराहारोप- नयनपरा नैगमाः सानुमन्तः (dhārāhāropa- nayanaparā naigamāḥ sānumantaḥ) V.4.4.
7) A name given to a collection of 278 Vedic words, commented on by Yāska.
Naigama (नैगम).—(= Pali ne°; from Sanskrit nigama, town, plus -a), townsman; pl. townspeople: Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 115.5; Mahāvastu i.313.4; 364.5; (?ii.64.16 naigama-sthānāṃ sarvasya, read nigama° ?;) iii.38.2; Lalitavistara 117.17; Divyāvadāna 87.1 and 89.2, read sa- naigamam, compare note p. 706; Divyāvadāna 404.14; janapadeṣu naigamāḥ Lalitavistara 391.13 (verse); often (as in Pali) [compound] or asso- ciated with jānapada, countryman, countryfolk: Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 108.8; Mahāvastu ii.100.14; 424.2; Mahāvyutpatti 3746 (followed by jānapadaḥ); Divyāvadāna 143.17; Jātakamālā 86.24; Avadāna-śataka i.87.9; 184.7; Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā 41.15; Bodhisattvabhūmi 122.2; with janapada, probably only an error for jāna°, Mahāvastu ii.439.7; 440.1 (but here v.l. jāna°, so read); Divyāvadāna 211.13.
Naigama (नैगम).—m.
(-maḥ) An Upanishad or portion of the Vedas. 2. A sectarian, not a heretic. 3. A trader, a merchant. 4. A citizen, a townsman. 5. Guiding, leading, directing. 6. A road, a way E. nigama a religious obligation, aff. svārthe aṇ.
Naigama (नैगम).—i. e. nigama + a, I. adj. Referring to the Vedas (vedic), [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 3, 7, 38. Ii. m. 1. A means, Mahābhārata 12, 3685. 2. A trader, [Yājñavalkya, (ed. Stenzler.)] 2, 192.
Naigama (नैगम).—[feminine] ī relating to Vedic quotations or the Veda itself, Vedic. [masculine] an interpreter of the Veda; means, expedient; citizen, trader.
1) Naigama (नैगम):—[=nai-gama] [from nai] mf(ī)n. relating to the Veda or Vedic words or quotations (a Name given to the collection of 278 separate words occurring in the Nigama or Veda and commented on by Yāska; they are arranged in one chapter of three sections), Vedic, [Nirukta, by Yāska; Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
2) [v.s. ...] m. an interpreter of the sacred writings, [Pāṇini 5-4, 118; Patañjali]
3) [v.s. ...] an Upaniṣad, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) [v.s. ...] = dṛti, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) [v.s. ...] a way, means, expedient, [Mahābhārata xii, 3685]
6) [v.s. ...] prudent conduct, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] a citizen, townsman, [Saddharma-puṇḍarīka]
8) [v.s. ...] a trader, merchant, [Yājñavalkya; Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.
9) [v.s. ...] Name of an ancient teacher, [Catalogue(s)]
Naigama (नैगम):—(maḥ) 1. m. An Upanishad; a sectarian not heretic; a trader; a citizen; a guiding; a road.
Naigama (नैगम):—(von nigama)
1) adj. gaṇa ṛgayanādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 4, 3, 73.] a) die vedischen Citate betreffend [Yāska’s Nirukta 1, 20.] kāṇḍa Titel der 1sten Abtheilung des [NIRUKTA], genaner des 4ten, 5ten und 6ten Buchs, wo die im 4ten Adhyāya des [NAIGHAṆṬUKA] zusammengestellten Nigama behandelt werden. — b) die heilige Schrift betreffend, darauf bezüglich, darin vorkommend, vedisch: jñāna [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 7, 38.] kṛt, dhātu [Yāska’s Nirukta 2, 2.] —
2) m. a) ein Erklärer der heiligen Schriften: iti naigamāḥ [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 4, 118, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 2.] — b) eine Upaniṣad [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 3, 468.] [Medinīkoṣa Manu’s Gesetzbuch 46] (wo naigamaḥ zu lesen ist). — c) Weg, = ṛti [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Halāyudha 5, 29.] Weg so v. a. Mittel: teṣāṃ (dasyūnāṃ) prativighātārthaṃ pravakṣyāmyatha naigamam [Mahābhārata 12, 3685.] — d) = naya [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] wohl kluges Benehmen u. s. w. — e) Städter [Amarakoṣa.3,4,23,143.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [SADDH. Pāṇini’s acht Bücher.4,25,a.] — f) Handelsmann [Amarakoṣa 2, 9, 78. 3, 4, 23, 143.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 867.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Halāyudha 2, 416.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 2, 192.] [Mahābhārata 2, 529. 4, 674.] dvijebhyo balamukhyebhyo naigamebhyaśca [13, 7709.] viprāḥ, kulanaigamāḥ [Harivaṃśa 10982.] brāhmaṇāḥ, naigamāḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 77, 24. 2, 59, 21. 83, 11. 106, 33.] [Rāmāyaṇa] [Gorresio 2, 82, 11. 90, 11. 29. 6, 112, 76.] [Vikramorvaśī 76.] In den unter nigama 8 aufgeführten Beispielen bedeutet nigama viell. nicht Handelsmann, sondern Kaufmannschaft; vgl. mahati nigame naigamānām in einer grossen Versammlung von Kaufleuten [Daśakumāracarita 135, 10.] — g) Nomen proprium eines alten Lehrers [Vāyupurāṇa] in [Oxforder Handschriften 55,a,1]; vgl. [Viṣṇupurāṇa 278, Nalopākhyāna 10.]
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Naigama (नैगम):—
1) adj. (f. ī) b) mantrāḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 7, 34, 18.] maryādā [Lassen’s Anthologie (II) 88, 21.] —
2) a) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 11, 18, 8. 29.] — f) [Rāmāyaṇa 7, 54, 5] (= paura [Scholiast]; vgl. e). [7, 59, 1, 2.]
Naigama (नैगम):——
1) Adj. (f. ī) — a) die vedischen Citate betreffend. — b) den Veda betreffend , darauf bezüglich , darin vorkommend , vedisch. —
2) m. — a) ein Veda-Erklärer. — b) *eine Upaniṣad. — c) Mittel , Weg. — d) *kluges Benehmen ( naya). — e) Städter. — f) Handelsmann. — g) Nomen proprium eines alten Lehrers.
Naigama (नैगम) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Ṇegama.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Kannada-English dictionary
Naigama (ನೈಗಮ):—[adjective] of the Vedas; Vedic.
--- OR ---
Naigama (ನೈಗಮ):—
1) [noun] a street; a road.
2) [noun] a city-dweller.
3) [noun] a man engaged in trade and commerce; a trader.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Nai, Gama.
Starts with (+0): Naigamabhidhana, Naigamagameya, Naigamagamika, Naigamajanapada, Naigamakanda, Naigamopakhya.
Full-text (+0): Naigamakanda, Naigamagameya, Naigamagamika, Naigamajanapada, Naigamopakhya, Naigamabhidhana, Negama, Cheng yi ju luo, Janapati, Aikapadika, Naigameya, Nigama-putra, Zhu ren min, Upakhya, Nana, Li shu, Nigama, Kumara.
Relevant text
Search found 30 books and stories containing Naigama, Nai-gama, Naigamas; (plurals include: Naigamas, gamas, Naigamases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Amarakoshodghatana of Kshirasvamin (study) (by A. Yamuna Devi)
Economics (1): Trade and commerce < [Chapter 3 - Social Aspects]
Yajnavalkya-smriti (Vyavaharadhyaya)—Critical study (by Kalita Nabanita)
Chapter 5.13 - Laws Relating to Transgression of Compacts < [Chapter 5 - Modern Indian Laws reflected from the Vyavahārādhyāya]
Chapter 4.7 - Existence of the Autonomous Bodies or Groups < [Chapter 4 - The Political Aspect Reflected in the Vyavahārādhyāya]
Yajnavalkya-smriti with Mitakshara and Viramitrodaya (by J. R. Gharpure)
Verse 2.192 < [Chapter 15 - Transgression of a Compact]
Verse 2.185 < [Chapter 15 - Transgression of a Compact]
Verse 2.295 < [Chapter 25 - Miscellaneous Disputes (Prakīrṇa)]
The King Must Protect the Difference < [Volume 9, Issue 4 (2018)]
The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Page 150 < [The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal (pages)]