Kalamukha, Kālamukha, Kālāmukha, Kala-mukha, Kalamukhā: 12 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
1. Shaivism
2. Purana
In Jainism
1. General definition
India history
Languages
1. Sanskrit
2. Kannada
See also
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Introduction:

Kalamukha means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

In Hinduism

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

Source: DSpace at Pondicherry: Siddha Cult in Tamilnadu (shaivism)

Kālamukha (कालमुख).—Originating in Kaśmir the Kālamukhas formed the principal branch of Pāśupata Śaivism in Karnātaka, Āndhra and Tamiḻnādu regions during 9^th–13^th Centuries C.E. They are closely associated with the Lakulisas as the exponents of the Pāśupata philosophy in the south. They are said to have descended from the third disciple of Lakuliswara by name Kauruṣa or Kālānana.

The Kālamukhas are describes as having the ash mark on their forehead. The spiritual parents of the Kālamukhas were the Pāśupatas, Both sects revere the legendary teacher Lakulīśa. Both of them bear similar or identical names and undertake pilgrimages to Kedārnāth and Śrīparvata.

Source: academia.edu: Kāpālikas

Kālamukha (कालमुख).—The Kālamukhas or Kālāmukhas (lit. the black-faced), known mainly from South Indian inscriptions between the 9th and the 13th centuries, are identical with the Lākulas. They are said not only to cover themselves with ashes but also to eat them and to worship Rudra in a vessel filled with alcohol.

context information

Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia

Kālamukha (कालमुख).—A hybrid race born from the union of men and Rākṣasas. Sahadeva defeated the Kālamukhas also during his conquest of the southern region. (Sabhā Parva, Chapter 31, Verse 67).

Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

Kālamukha (कालमुख) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. II.28.45) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Kālamukha) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

context information

The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

Source: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra

Kālamukha (कालमुख) refers to a group of Mlecchas once conquered by king Bharata, as mentioned in chapter 1.4 [ādīśvara-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.

Accordingly, after king Bharata instructed his general Suṣeṇa to conquer the southern district of the Sindhu:

“[...] Wishing to conquer the whole southern district of the Sindhu the general advanced like the ocean at the end of the world. Eager for battle, cruel with a roar in the form of the twang of the bow, [...] the Kālamukhas were so defeated that they put their five fingers in their mouths (as a sign of submission), though not eating. [...] Then Mleccha-kings approached the general with various gifts as wives approach their husbands with devotion. The general [Suṣeṇa] gave the Cakrin [Bharata] all the tribute taken from the Mlecchas [viz., Kālamukha] which resembled a pregnancy-whim of the creepers of fame”.

Source: academia.edu: Tessitori Collection I

Kālamukha (कालमुख) is the name of an ancient king from Kālapurī, according to the Ratanapālarāsa by Sūra (Sūravijaya) (dealing with the lives of Jain teachers), which is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi’ library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajas than between 1914 and 1919.—Accordingly, “[...] Following an incident where somebody revealed to him that Mumana was not his father, Ratanapāla decided to leave (8v-9r). After an adventurous travel he reached an island which was described to him as very dangerous. (Kālapurī, king Kālamukha). With a medicinal plant he managed to cure the king who gave him his daughter Ratanāvatī. the wedding was celebrated (up to 12r). But Ratanapāla did not want to consummate the marriage before knowing what had happened to his real parents. [...]”.

context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

India history and geography

Source: DSpace at Pondicherry: Siddha Cult in Tamilnadu (historical)

The Kālamukhas enjoyed munificent royal patronage form almost all south Indian dynasties such as Cālukyās, Kākatiyas, Colās and Pāṇdyas during medieval period. They acted as the heads of a large number of Mathas in such important pilgrim centres as Śrisailam, Ālampūr, Bezawada, Amarāvati, Dakṣārama, Agasteśvaram, in Āndhra Pradesh.

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Sanskrit dictionary

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Kālamukha (कालमुख).—a species of ape; Mahābhārata (Bombay) 3.292.12.

Derivable forms: kālamukhaḥ (कालमुखः).

Kālamukha is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms kāla and mukha (मुख).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Kālamukha (कालमुख):—[=kāla-mukha] [from kāla] mfn. black-faced, dark-faced, [Patañjali]

2) [v.s. ...] m. a kind of monkey, [Mahābhārata iii, 16613; Rāmāyaṇa]

3) [v.s. ...] Name of a fabulous people, [Mahābhārata ii, 1171; Rāmāyaṇa]

4) Kālamukhā (कालमुखा):—[=kāla-mukhā] [from kāla-mukha > kāla] f. Name of a woman, [Pāṇini 4-1, 58; Kāśikā-vṛtti]

5) Kālāmukha (कालामुख):—[=kālā-mukha] [from kāla] a m. [plural] Name of a Śaiva sect (cf. kālī-m.)

6) [=kālā-mukha] b See 1. kāla.

[Sanskrit to German]

Kalamukha in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Kannada-English dictionary

Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Kālamukha (ಕಾಲಮುಖ):—

1) [noun] a man whose face is of black complexion.

2) [noun] a large and black kind ofpe.

3) [noun] the tree Aquilaria agallocha of Thymelacaceae family and its wood.

4) [noun] anything that causes death.

5) [noun] imminence of death.

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Kālāmukha (ಕಾಲಾಮುಖ):—[noun] a South Indian sect of Pā śupata cult with tāntric connections, members of which wear a black mark on their foreheads.

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Kāḷāmukha (ಕಾಳಾಮುಖ):—[noun] a South Indian sect of Pāśupata cult with tāntric connections, members of which wear a black mark on their foreheads.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Relevant text

Search found 22 books and stories containing Kalamukha, Kālamukha, Kālāmukha, Kala-mukha, Kalamukhā, Kāla-mukha, Kālamukhā, Kāla-mukhā, Kālā-mukha, Kāḷāmukha; (plurals include: Kalamukhas, Kālamukhas, Kālāmukhas, mukhas, Kalamukhās, Kālamukhās, mukhās, Kāḷāmukhas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Kalamukhas: The politically organized Saivite ascetics < [Chapter 2 - Spread and Transition]

Kalamukhas and Virasaivas: The present day tradition < [Chapter 2 - Spread and Transition]

The Spread and Transition of Lakulisa-Pasupata Order < [Chapter 2 - Spread and Transition]

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9. Dwellings outside the Prākāras < [Chapter 3 - Prākāra Lakṣaṇa]

5.2. Classification of the Āgamas < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]

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Part 8: Conquest of southern district of Sindhu by Bharata < [Chapter IV]

Part 8: Conquest of the southern district of the Sindhu by Sagara < [Chapter IV - Conquest of Bharatavarṣa by Sagara]

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Religion, Religious Myths and Legends (Introduction) < [Chapter 4 - Cultural Aspects]

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