Pratikara, Pratikāra: 17 definitions
Introduction:
Pratikara means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Pratikar.
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English TranslationPratikāra (प्रतिकार) refers to the “remedy (for illusion)”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.49 (“The delusion of Brahmā”).—Accordingly, as the Gods eulogised Śiva: “[...] You are the One, both Sat and Asat. You are non-dual. Gold whether as the basic metal or as the ready made ornament does not alter in its basic and intrinsic essence. People have doubts in you by their ignorance. The remedy (pratikāra) for illusion lies in thinking on your Nirguṇa aspect, not by itself. O supreme lord, we are blessed by your very vision. O Śiva, you are the bestower of supreme bliss to the people who are steady in their devotion. Have mercy. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Source: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार) refers to “that which must be done” (by trusted emissaries), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, “[...] It has been said that there are eighteen addictions. These are the outcome of the desire for earthly enjovments. [...] Fault-finding is defined as divulgence of other people’s faults. This should be carefully heard from spies: and then the course of action determined after deliberation within oneself, and the needful done (pratīkāra) by trusted emissaries. [...]”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve ReflectionsPratīkāra (प्रतीकार) refers to “counteractions”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Where this wicked Yama is not stopped by the 30 [gods] even with a hundred counteractions (pratīkāra-śata), what should one say of [Yama being stopped] there by the insects of men? O fool, sentient beings, having begun from the womb, are continually led by [their own] action to Yama’s abode by means of uninterrupted journeys”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical GlossaryPratikara.—cf. kara; also a-kiñchit-pratikara (EI 23), ‘land without any yield of revenue’. (HRS), compensatory allowance paid by the government to dispossessed owners of rent-fee land, as indicated by the Rāja- taraṅgiṇī. Note: pratikara is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionarypratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m S (Or pratīkāra) Counterworking, counteracting, re-acting in general; remedying or repairing; opposing or resisting: also revenging, retaliating, requiting.
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pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—& pratīkāraka S See pratikāra & pratikāraka.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishpratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m (Or pratikāra.) Counterworking. Remedy. Antidote.
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pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—See pratikāra.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryPratikara (प्रतिकर).—Requital, compensation; न सुप्रतिकरं तत् तु मात्रा पित्रा च यत् कृतम् (na supratikaraṃ tat tu mātrā pitrā ca yat kṛtam) Rām.2.111.9.
Derivable forms: pratikaraḥ (प्रतिकरः).
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) or Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—
1) Requital, reward, return; उपकारेण वीरस्तु प्रतिकारेण युज्यते (upakāreṇa vīrastu pratikāreṇa yujyate) Rām.4.27.45.
2) Revenge, retaliation, retribution.
3) Counter-action, obviating, prevention, remedy, application of a remedy; विकारं खलु परमार्थतोऽज्ञात्वाऽनारम्भः प्रतीकारस्य (vikāraṃ khalu paramārthato'jñātvā'nārambhaḥ pratīkārasya) Ś.3; प्रतीकारो व्याधे (pratīkāro vyādhe); सुखमिति विपर्यस्यति जनः (sukhamiti viparyasyati janaḥ) Bhartṛhari 3.92.
4) Opposition, obstruction.
5) Help.
6) A kind of treaty where one party requites the services of the other.
7) Imitating; नैव स्म सीता विनिवृत्तभावा प्रियस्य भर्तुः प्रतिकारकामा (naiva sma sītā vinivṛttabhāvā priyasya bhartuḥ pratikārakāmā) Rām.2.37.37 (com. bhartuḥ pratikārakāmā veṣādibhistadavasthāsadṛśāvasthāsaṃpādanakāmā).
Derivable forms: pratikāraḥ (प्रतिकारः), pratīkāraḥ (प्रतीकारः).
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—= प्रतिकार (pratikāra) q. v. अवश्यंभाविभावानां प्रतीकारो भवेद्यदि । तदा दुःखैर्न लिप्येरन् नलरामयुधिष्ठिराः (avaśyaṃbhāvibhāvānāṃ pratīkāro bhavedyadi | tadā duḥkhairna lipyeran nalarāmayudhiṣṭhirāḥ) ||
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryPratikara (प्रतिकर).—m.
(-raḥ) Requital, compensation. E. pra + kṛ-ap .
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Revenge, requital, retribution, retaliation. 2. Remedying, counteracting. 3. Remedy, prevention. 4. Opposition. E. prati again, against, and kāra making; also pratīkāra .
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Revenge, reataliation. 2. Remedying, obviating, correcting. 3. Remedying, administering medicines. E. prati against, (re), and kāra making, re-action, the is made long in consequence of the aff. being ghañ .
Pratīkāra can also be spelled as Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryPratikara (प्रतिकर).—i. e. prati-kṛ + a, I. adj., f. rī, Counteracting, [Suśruta] 2, 270, 6. Ii. m. Compensation, [Rājataraṅgiṇī] 5, 169 (read rājāpratikareṇa, i. e. rājā apratikareṇa, ‘Without compensation’).
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—pratīkāra, i. e. prati-kṛ + a, m. 1. Obviating, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 370. 2. Remedying, help, [Hitopadeśa] 85. 6, M.M.; help against, alleviation, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 20, 9. 3. A remedy, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 185. 4. Requital, Rām 4. 27, 20. 5. A kind of peace or alliance, concluded in the hope that the one part will requite services received from the other, [Hitopadeśa] iv. [distich] 113, 114.
Pratikāra can also be spelled as Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—and pratīkāśa pratīkāśa, see pratikº.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryPratikara (प्रतिकर).—[feminine] ī counteracting; [masculine] requital, compensation.
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—[masculine] requital, retaliation, counteraction, remedy.
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—[masculine] = pratikāra.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Pratikara (प्रतिकर):—[=prati-kara] a etc. See prati- √1. kṛ.
2) [=prati-kara] [from prati-kṛ] b mf(ī)n. acting against, counteracting (ifc.), [Suśruta]
3) [v.s. ...] m. requital, compensation, [Rāmāyaṇa; Rājataraṅgiṇī]
4) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—[=prati-kāra] [from prati-kṛ] m. (cf. pratīk) requital, retaliation, reward, retribution, revenge, [Rāmāyaṇa; Kathāsaritsāgara; Rājataraṅgiṇī]
5) [v.s. ...] opposition, counteraction, prevention, remedy, [Mahābhārata; Suśruta]
6) [v.s. ...] = sama and bhaṭa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—[=pratī-kāra] [from pratī] m. = prati-k (See under prati-√kṛ), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
8) [v.s. ...] an alliance resting on the requital of former services, [Kāmandakīya-nītisāra]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—[prati-kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. Revenge, retaliation; remedy.
2) Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—[pratī-kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. Revenge, retaliation; remedying, curing.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Paḍiāra, Paḍīāra.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary1) Pratikara (प्रतिकर) [Also spelled pratikar]:—(nm) return; compensation.
2) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) [Also spelled pratikar]:—(nm) revenge, retaliation; return; ~[kāraka] antidote, counter; ~[kārātmaka] retaliatory, born of a sense of revenge; ~[kārī] retaliator; one who takes revenge; ~[kāryatā] reactance/counterability/retaliativity.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusPratikāra (ಪ್ರತಿಕಾರ):—[noun] he who copies (a book, passage, etc.).
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Pratikāra (ಪ್ರತಿಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] an action, service, done in gratitude.
2) [noun] anything given as an equivalent or to make amends for a loss, damage, unemployment, etc.; recompense; compensation.
3) [noun] returning like for like, esp. returning evil for evil; a paying back injury for injury; retaliation.
4) [noun] a return or opposing action, force, influence, etc.; opposition.
5) [noun] the act of decorating ornamenting oneself.
6) [noun] a turning away or keeping from happening; a warding off; prevention.
7) [noun] a remedying or counteracting a disease.
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Pratīkāra (ಪ್ರತೀಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] the act or fact of removing, preventing or warding of (an evil).
2) [noun] the act of retaliating; return of like for like; reprisal; retaliation.
3) [noun] the medical treatment given or to be given to a sick person.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Pratikarajna, Pratikaraka, Pratikarakarman, Pratikarana, Pratikaraniya, Pratikarasamdhi, Pratikarashata, Pratikaratmaka, Pratikaravidhana.
Ends with (+6): A-kincit-pratikara, Apatpratikara, Apratikara, Bhayapratikara, Duhkhapratikara, Dushpratikara, Hridrogapratikara, Jvarapratikara, Kanthakubjapratikara, Kshutpratikara, Mulapratikara, Nipatapratikara, Nishpratikara, Pranipatanapratikara, Pranipatapratikara, Rogapratikara, Sampratikara, Shakyapratikara, Supratikara, Svapratikara.
Full-text (+33): Apratikara, Bhayapratikara, Kshutpratikara, Shakyapratikara, Padiara, Pratikarakarman, Vipratikara, Pratikaravidhana, Nitpratikaram, Nishpratikara, Vairapratikara, Pranipatapratikara, Piratikaram, Mulapratikara, Pratikarajna, Pitikaram, A-kincit-pratikara, Pratikarma, Apratikarena, Apratikarman.
Relevant text
Search found 10 books and stories containing Pratikara, Prati-kara, Prati-kāra, Pratī-kāra, Pratiikara, Pratiīkāra, Pratikāra, Pratīkāra; (plurals include: Pratikaras, karas, kāras, Pratiikaras, Pratiīkāras, Pratikāras, Pratīkāras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Shishupala-vadha (Study) (by Shila Chakraborty)
Ṣāḍguṇya in the Śiśupālavadha < [Chapter 3 - Six fold policies of a king (Ṣāḍguṇya)]
Consultation and Pañcāṅga-mantra < [Chapter 1 - Concept of Vijigīṣu king]
Amātya in the Śiśupālavadha < [Chapter 2b - Activities of Minister (Amātya)]
Chaitanya Bhagavata (by Bhumipati Dāsa)
Verse 3.5.2 < [Chapter 5 - The Pastimes of Nityānanda]
Verse 2.6.6 < [Chapter 6 - The Lord’s Meeting with Advaita Ācārya]
Verse 3.3.370 < [Chapter 3 - Mahāprabhu’s Deliverance of Sarvabhauma, Exhibition of His Six-armed Form, and Journey to Bengal]
Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 4.9 - Pleasures of the rest < [Chapter 4 - The Celestial Beings]
Atharvaveda and Charaka Samhita (by Laxmi Maji)
Hārīta (Āyurveda scholar) < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
Jivanandana of Anandaraya Makhin (Study) (by G. D. Jayalakshmi)
Analysis of Vidūṣaka < [Chapter 6 - Dramatic aspects of the Jīvanandana Nāṭaka]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 7.162-163 < [Section XII - Daily Routine of Work]
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