Pratikara, Pratikāra: 19 definitions
Introduction:
Pratikara means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Pratikar.
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) refers to the “remedy (for illusion)”, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.49 (“The delusion of Brahmā”).—Accordingly, as the Gods eulogised Śiva: “[...] You are the One, both Sat and Asat. You are non-dual. Gold whether as the basic metal or as the ready made ornament does not alter in its basic and intrinsic essence. People have doubts in you by their ignorance. The remedy (pratikāra) for illusion lies in thinking on your Nirguṇa aspect, not by itself. O supreme lord, we are blessed by your very vision. O Śiva, you are the bestower of supreme bliss to the people who are steady in their devotion. Have mercy. [...]”.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shyanika-shastra (the science of Hawking and Hunting)
Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार) refers to “that which must be done” (by trusted emissaries), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, “[...] It has been said that there are eighteen addictions. These are the outcome of the desire for earthly enjovments. [...] Fault-finding is defined as divulgence of other people’s faults. This should be carefully heard from spies: and then the course of action determined after deliberation within oneself, and the needful done (pratīkāra) by trusted emissaries. [...]”.
Shyanika-shastra (श्यैनिकशास्त्र, śyainikaśāstra) deals with ancient Indian skill of hawking/falconry (one of the ways of hunting) which were laid down in a systematic manner in various Sanskrit treatises. It also explains the philosophy behind how the pleasures derived from sense-experience could lead the way to liberation.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Kalpa (Formulas, Drug prescriptions and other Medicinal preparations)
Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार) or Pratīkārakathana refers to one of the topics discussed in the Yogāmṛta, a Sanskrit manuscript collected in volume 4 of the catalogue “Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (first series)” by Rajendralal Mitra (1822–1891), who was one of the first English-writing historians dealing with Indian culture and heritage.—The Yogāmṛta is a large Ayurvedic compilation dealing with the practice of medicine and therapeutics authored by Gopāla Sena, Kavirāja, of Dvārandhā. It is dated to the 18th century and contains 11,700 ślokas.—The catalogue includes the term—Pratīkāra-kathana in its subject-matter list’ or Viṣaya (which lists topics, chapters and technical terms). The complete entry reads: tvakpakvāśayagatādiviṣe pratīkārakathanaṃ .
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार) refers to “counteractions”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Where this wicked Yama is not stopped by the 30 [gods] even with a hundred counteractions (pratīkāra-śata), what should one say of [Yama being stopped] there by the insects of men? O fool, sentient beings, having begun from the womb, are continually led by [their own] action to Yama’s abode by means of uninterrupted journeys”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Pratikara.—cf. kara; also a-kiñchit-pratikara (EI 23), ‘land without any yield of revenue’. (HRS), compensatory allowance paid by the government to dispossessed owners of rent-fee land, as indicated by the Rāja- taraṅgiṇī. Note: pratikara is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m S (Or pratīkāra) Counterworking, counteracting, re-acting in general; remedying or repairing; opposing or resisting: also revenging, retaliating, requiting.
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pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—& pratīkāraka S See pratikāra & pratikāraka.
pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m (Or pratikāra.) Counterworking. Remedy. Antidote.
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pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—See pratikāra.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Pratikara (प्रतिकर).—Requital, compensation; न सुप्रतिकरं तत् तु मात्रा पित्रा च यत् कृतम् (na supratikaraṃ tat tu mātrā pitrā ca yat kṛtam) Rām.2.111.9.
Derivable forms: pratikaraḥ (प्रतिकरः).
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) or Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—
1) Requital, reward, return; उपकारेण वीरस्तु प्रतिकारेण युज्यते (upakāreṇa vīrastu pratikāreṇa yujyate) Rām.4.27.45.
2) Revenge, retaliation, retribution.
3) Counter-action, obviating, prevention, remedy, application of a remedy; विकारं खलु परमार्थतोऽज्ञात्वाऽनारम्भः प्रतीकारस्य (vikāraṃ khalu paramārthato'jñātvā'nārambhaḥ pratīkārasya) Ś.3; प्रतीकारो व्याधे (pratīkāro vyādhe); सुखमिति विपर्यस्यति जनः (sukhamiti viparyasyati janaḥ) Bhartṛhari 3.92.
4) Opposition, obstruction.
5) Help.
6) A kind of treaty where one party requites the services of the other.
7) Imitating; नैव स्म सीता विनिवृत्तभावा प्रियस्य भर्तुः प्रतिकारकामा (naiva sma sītā vinivṛttabhāvā priyasya bhartuḥ pratikārakāmā) Rām.2.37.37 (com. bhartuḥ pratikārakāmā veṣādibhistadavasthāsadṛśāvasthāsaṃpādanakāmā).
Derivable forms: pratikāraḥ (प्रतिकारः), pratīkāraḥ (प्रतीकारः).
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—= प्रतिकार (pratikāra) q. v. अवश्यंभाविभावानां प्रतीकारो भवेद्यदि । तदा दुःखैर्न लिप्येरन् नलरामयुधिष्ठिराः (avaśyaṃbhāvibhāvānāṃ pratīkāro bhavedyadi | tadā duḥkhairna lipyeran nalarāmayudhiṣṭhirāḥ) ||
Pratikara (प्रतिकर).—m.
(-raḥ) Requital, compensation. E. pra + kṛ-ap .
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Revenge, requital, retribution, retaliation. 2. Remedying, counteracting. 3. Remedy, prevention. 4. Opposition. E. prati again, against, and kāra making; also pratīkāra .
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—m.
(-raḥ) 1. Revenge, reataliation. 2. Remedying, obviating, correcting. 3. Remedying, administering medicines. E. prati against, (re), and kāra making, re-action, the is made long in consequence of the aff. being ghañ .
Pratīkāra can also be spelled as Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).
Pratikara (प्रतिकर).—i. e. prati-kṛ + a, I. adj., f. rī, Counteracting, [Suśruta] 2, 270, 6. Ii. m. Compensation, [Rājataraṅgiṇī] 5, 169 (read rājāpratikareṇa, i. e. rājā apratikareṇa, ‘Without compensation’).
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—pratīkāra, i. e. prati-kṛ + a, m. 1. Obviating, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 370. 2. Remedying, help, [Hitopadeśa] 85. 6, M.M.; help against, alleviation, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] 20, 9. 3. A remedy, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 185. 4. Requital, Rām 4. 27, 20. 5. A kind of peace or alliance, concluded in the hope that the one part will requite services received from the other, [Hitopadeśa] iv. [distich] 113, 114.
Pratikāra can also be spelled as Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—and pratīkāśa pratīkāśa, see pratikº.
Pratikara (प्रतिकर).—[feminine] ī counteracting; [masculine] requital, compensation.
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार).—[masculine] requital, retaliation, counteraction, remedy.
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार).—[masculine] = pratikāra.
1) Pratikara (प्रतिकर):—[=prati-kara] a etc. See prati- √1. kṛ.
2) [=prati-kara] [from prati-kṛ] b mf(ī)n. acting against, counteracting (ifc.), [Suśruta]
3) [v.s. ...] m. requital, compensation, [Rāmāyaṇa; Rājataraṅgiṇī]
4) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—[=prati-kāra] [from prati-kṛ] m. (cf. pratīk) requital, retaliation, reward, retribution, revenge, [Rāmāyaṇa; Kathāsaritsāgara; Rājataraṅgiṇī]
5) [v.s. ...] opposition, counteraction, prevention, remedy, [Mahābhārata; Suśruta]
6) [v.s. ...] = sama and bhaṭa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—[=pratī-kāra] [from pratī] m. = prati-k (See under prati-√kṛ), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.
8) [v.s. ...] an alliance resting on the requital of former services, [Kāmandakīya-nītisāra]
1) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—[prati-kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. Revenge, retaliation; remedy.
2) Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—[pratī-kāra] (raḥ) 1. m. Revenge, retaliation; remedying, curing.
Pratikara (प्रतिकर):—(von 1. kar mit prati)
1) adj. f. ī entgegen wirkend: viṣa [Suśruta 2, 270, 6.] —
2) m. Ersatz: grāmāndevagṛhagrāhyānrājāpratikareṇa (so ist zu schreiben) saḥ . svayaṃ svīkṛtya cotpattim ohne Entgelt [Rājataraṅgiṇī 5, 169.] svapratikaraṃ [Rāmāyaṇa Gorresio 2, 120, 9] fehlerhaft für supratikaraṃ . — Vgl. a, su .
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—(von 1. kar mit prati) m. = pratīkāra [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 122, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 3,] [Scholiast]
1) Vergeltung (im Guten oder Bösen): upakāraḥ kṛtajñeṣu pratikāreṇa yujyate [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 27, 20.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 10, 67.] [Rājataraṅgiṇī 3, 525.] āgamapratikāraśca vānaraistatra ceṣṭitaḥ so v. a. sie suchten des Lohnes für ihr Kommen theilhaftig zu werden [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 47, 17.] —
2) Entgegenwirkung, Anwendung von Gegenmitteln, - Heilmitteln, Widerstand, Abhilfe: āyatyāṃ pratikārajñaḥ wer da weiss, wie in der Zukunft einem Uebel entgegenzutreten ist, [Spr. 370.] karman [Rājataraṅgiṇī 6, 208.] aśakya adj. unheilbar [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 183.] apratikārasevin keine Heilmittel anwendend [Suśruta 2, 361, 16.] vidhāna ärztliche Behandlung [Raghuvaṃśa 8, 40.] — Nach [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 4, 264] ist pratikāra = sama (!) und bhaṭa . (!) — Vgl. pratīkāra .
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—(von 1. kar mit prati) m. = pratikāra gaṇa prativeśādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 122, Vārttika von Kātyāyana. 3.]
1) Wiedervergeltung, Rache [Amarakoṣa 2, 8, 2, 79.] [Spr. 1306.] kariṣyāmi pratīkāramadya [Rāmāyaṇa 6, 75, 13.] khalīkāra [Kathāsaritsāgara 12, 175.] a der keine Wiedervergeltung übt, Alles ruhig über sich ergehen lässt [Bhagavadgītā 1, 46.] —
2) Entgegenwirkung, Heilverfahren, Abhilfe; Heilmittel, Schutzmittel; = cikitsā [Śabdamālā im Śabdakalpadruma] kṣut [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 10, 105.] [Kapila 1, 3.] vipat [Kumārasaṃbhava 5, 76.] [Spr. 1533.] [Vikramorvaśī 20, 10.] [Pañcatantra 43, 17. 92. 4. 186, 19.] yasya kāryaḥ pratīkāraḥ sa tannaivopapādayet [Raghuvaṃśa 17, 55.] vyādheḥ [Spr. 1050.] [Suśruta 1, 48, 21. 81, 19. 127, 17. 377, 10. 2, 1, 12. 4, 10. 338, 10.] [Siddhāntakaumudī] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 5, 4, 49.] kṛtvā mūlapratīkāraṃ gulmaiḥ sthāvarajaṅgamaiḥ [Mahābhārata 5, 5158.] [Hitopadeśa 13, 19.] sthale gacchataḥ kaḥ pratīkāraḥ Rettungsmittel [Hitopadeśa 39, 10.] [Dhūrtasamāgama 76, 1.] duḥkhārtasya was einem von Leiden Geplagten Linderung schafft [Spr. 1491.] Am Ende eines adj. comp.: praṇipātapratīkāraḥ saṃrambho hi mahātmanām [Raghuvaṃśa 4, 64.] jarāṃ caivāpratīkārām unheilbar [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 80.] apratīkārapāruṣyāḥ striyaḥ [Spr. 1473.] aśakya [Prabodhacandrodaja 25, 13.] —
3) Bez. eines auf Wiedervergeltung beruhenden Bündnisses [KĀM. NĪTIS. 9, 2.] upakāraṃ karomyasya mamāpyeṣa kariṣyati . ayaṃ cāpi pratīkāro rāmasugrīvayoriva .. [?11 = Hitopadeśa IV, 105. 114.] Fälschlich pratīhāra [Hārāvalī 16.] — Vgl. niṣpratīkāra und pratikāra .
Pratikara (प्रतिकर):——
1) Adj. (f. ī) am Ende eines Comp. entgegenwirkend. —
2) m. Vergeltung , Ersatz , Entgelt in 1. apratikara und supratikara.
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Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—m. —
1) Vergeltung (im Guten oder Bösen) , Entgelt für (im Comp. vorangehend). —
2) Entgegenwirkung , Anwendung von Gegenmitteln , — Heilmitteln , Abhülfe. —
3) * = sama und bhaṭa.
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Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—m. (adj. Comp. f. ā) —
1) Wiedervergeltung , Rache. —
2) Entgegenwirkung , Heilverfahren , Abhülfe. —
3) Heil- , Schutz- , Rettungsmittel. —
4) Bez. eines auf Wiedervergeltung beruhenden Bündnisses. Vgl. pratīkāra.
Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Paḍiāra, Paḍīāra.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
1) Pratikara (प्रतिकर) [Also spelled pratikar]:—(nm) return; compensation.
2) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार) [Also spelled pratikar]:—(nm) revenge, retaliation; return; ~[kāraka] antidote, counter; ~[kārātmaka] retaliatory, born of a sense of revenge; ~[kārī] retaliator; one who takes revenge; ~[kāryatā] reactance/counterability/retaliativity.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
Pratikāra (ಪ್ರತಿಕಾರ):—[noun] he who copies (a book, passage, etc.).
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Pratikāra (ಪ್ರತಿಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] an action, service, done in gratitude.
2) [noun] anything given as an equivalent or to make amends for a loss, damage, unemployment, etc.; recompense; compensation.
3) [noun] returning like for like, esp. returning evil for evil; a paying back injury for injury; retaliation.
4) [noun] a return or opposing action, force, influence, etc.; opposition.
5) [noun] the act of decorating ornamenting oneself.
6) [noun] a turning away or keeping from happening; a warding off; prevention.
7) [noun] a remedying or counteracting a disease.
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Pratīkāra (ಪ್ರತೀಕಾರ):—
1) [noun] the act or fact of removing, preventing or warding of (an evil).
2) [noun] the act of retaliating; return of like for like; reprisal; retaliation.
3) [noun] the medical treatment given or to be given to a sick person.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
1) Pratikāra (प्रतिकार):—n. 1. retribution; revenge; retaliation; 2. compensation; counter-action; remedy;
2) Pratīkāra (प्रतीकार):—n. → प्रतिकार [pratikāra]
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Prati, Kara.
Starts with (+0): Pratikaarak, Pratikarabhuta, Pratikarabuddhya, Pratikarajna, Pratikaraka, Pratikarakarman, Pratikarakathana, Pratikarana, Pratikaranata, Pratikaraniya, Pratikarasamdhi, Pratikarashata, Pratikaratmak, Pratikaratmaka, Pratikaravidhana.
Full-text (+41): Apratikara, Nishpratikara, Shakyapratikara, Vipratikara, Pratikarakarman, Pratikaravidhana, Bhayapratikara, Kshutpratikara, Hridrogapratikara, Nitpratikaram, Vairapratikara, Pranipatapratikara, Pratikarajna, Supratikara, Mulapratikara, Duhkhapratikara, Svapratikara, Pratikarasamdhi, Kanthakubjapratikara, Nipatapratikara.
Relevant text
Search found 33 books and stories containing Pratikara, Prati-kara, Prati-kāra, Pratī-kāra, Pratiikara, Pratiīkāra, Pratikāra, Pratīkāra; (plurals include: Pratikaras, karas, kāras, Pratiikaras, Pratiīkāras, Pratikāras, Pratīkāras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Shishupala-vadha (Study) (by Shila Chakraborty)
Ṣāḍguṇya in the Śiśupālavadha < [Chapter 3 - Six fold policies of a king (Ṣāḍguṇya)]
Consultation and Pañcāṅga-mantra < [Chapter 1 - Concept of Vijigīṣu king]
Amātya in the Śiśupālavadha < [Chapter 2b - Activities of Minister (Amātya)]
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 296 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Page 520 < [Kannada-English-Malayalam (1 volume)]
Page 515 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 2]
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Chaitanya Bhagavata (by Bhumipati Dāsa)
Verse 1.6.13-14 < [Chapter 6 - The Lord Begins Studying and His Childhood Mischief]
Verse 2.20.105-112 < [Chapter 20 - The Glories of Murāri Gupta]
Verse 3.3.370 < [Chapter 3 - Mahāprabhu’s Deliverance of Sarvabhauma, Exhibition of His Six-armed Form, and Journey to Bengal]
Ratnakarandak Shravakachar by Acharya Samantabhadra (by Vijay K. Jain)
Verse 1.90 < [Section 4 - Right Conduct–Subsidiary Vows (guṇa-vrata)]
Verse 1.122 (introduction to sallekhanā) < [Section 6 - On Sallekhanā (embracing voluntary, passionless death)]
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Appendix 2.3: new and rare words < [Appendices]