Jainism in Odisha (Orissa)

by Ashis Ranjan Sahoo | 2015 | 106,639 words

This essay studies the presence of Jainism in Odisha or Orissa by documenting the Art, Architecture and Iconography of Jaina images, relics, structures and establishments from different districts. In Odisha, archaeological evidences show how Jainism flourished during the 1st century BCE during the reign of emperor Kharavela, stating that Jainism wa...

Adinatha Temple, main temple (Khordha)

This temple is the main temple of the complex and has a pidha vimana and jagamohana over a common platform. It preserves a number of Jaina antiquarian remains in the sanctum and jagamohana.

i) Risabhanatha: The Risabhanatha image (75x40cm) carved out of schist stone is represented in kayotsarga posture over a lotus pedestal and is kept over a cemented lotus pedestal at the jagamohana. The chaturvimsatimurti, Risabhanatha being the mulanayaka is flanked by chauri bearers at the bottom and garland bearer, cymbals and drums played with invisible hands on the top. A decorated torana in low relief is marked at the behind of the Tirthankara. The Tirthankara has long elongated ear-lobe, jatamukuta, a two spiral elliptical halo which is flanked by branches of tree and further by chhatravali. The twenty four Tirthankaras are in kayotsarga mudras of diminutive size and represented on either side of the mulanayaka i.e. Risabhanatha.

ii) Ambika with Gomedha: The image of Ambika and Gomedha is represented in a common slab and both are seated in rajalilasana over a common lotus pedestal. Both are bejeweled with crown, necklace, karna-kundalas, waist bands, armlets and yajnapavitas etc. Ambika holds a baby in her left hand while her attributes in the right hand is missing. The Yaksha Gomedha is rest his left palm over his left thigh and attributes in the right hand missing. A tree is represented in the middle where a child is shown swinging. The tree is surmounted by the Tirthankara Neminatha. He is carved seated in dhyanamudra while his lanchana wheel is depicted at the pedestal flanked by crouching lions. The Tirthankara is also flanked by chauri bearers and full blown lotus flower on either side. The pedestal below the Ambika and Gomedha is relived with six instead of usual seven figures in rajalilasana. They rest their left hands on the surface and hold indistinct objects in their uplifted right hands.

iii) Ambika: The beautiful image of Ambika (38x20cm) is found in a side niche of the sanctum. She is carved seated in lalitasana with right leg pendant over a lotus pedestal. She holds a baby in her left lap and a bunch of mangoes in the right hand. The tree laden with fruits is depicted above the head of the Sasanadevi along with her Tirthankara in dhyanamudra.

iv) Broken Tirthankara image

v) Tritirthi image

vi) Vasupujya

vii) Sumatinatha

viii) Risabhanatha

ix) Unidentified

x) Santinatha

xi) Santinatha

xii) Unidentified

xiii) Risabhanatha

xiv) Broken image

xv) Chaumukha: The chaumukha’s (20x18cm) upper part is missing while it represents four tirthankara images on its four cardinal directions.

xvi) Chaumukha: A small triratha design chaumukha (70x24cm) lies scattered outside of the main temple. In one of its cardinal directions, particularly at the raha paga, a tirthankara figure is carved standing in kayotsarga posture. Similar two more chaumukhas are also found at the back side of the temple.

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