Kricchra, Kṛcchra: 16 definitions
Introduction:
Kricchra means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit term Kṛcchra can be transliterated into English as Krcchra or Kricchra, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Alternative spellings of this word include Krichchhra.
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).—A mode of atonement for sins and crimes; prājāpatya, a form of it.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 227. 41-3, 52. Vāyu-purāṇa 18. 21.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) and Atikṛcchra refers to penances for expiating (prāyaścitta) sins (pātaka) according to the Manusmṛti XI.212-214.—Accordingly, “a person who performs the kṛcchra penance shall eat during three days in the morning only , during the following three days food given unasked and shall fast during another three days. A person who performs atikṛcchra penance must take his food during three periods of three days one mouthful only at each meal and fast during the last three days”.
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) refers to “having difficulty” (with evacuating and urinating), according to the 15th century Mātaṅgalīlā composed by Nīlakaṇṭha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.—[Cf. chapter 5, “on marks of the stages of life”]: “20. With ears, shoulders, tail, and trunk hanging limp, body hairs fallen out, falling teeth (or tusks), wasting away in flesh and strength, with loose foot soles, and feet (‘hoof-slippers’) that fall off, eating little, rough-bodied, with a film over the eyes, his body covered with veins, evacuating and urinating with difficulty (kṛcchra) [kṛcchrācchakṛnmūtramuk], thirsty, his nails eaten by multitudes of worms, he is aged and has attained the tenth stage”.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):—Difficult functioning
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) refers to “difficulty (in acquiring)” (the confidence) (of a hawk), according to the Śyainika-śāstra: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by Rājā Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.—Accordingly, [while discussing the training of hawks]: “[The black-eyed class] can be tamed by much ‘watching’. It eats flesh and drinks water. If it bites the falconer’s hand, stones are to be presented to it. Their feigned or apparent confidence can easily be acquired, but to gain their real confidence is difficult (kṛcchra) [ābhyantarastu kṛcchreṇa], therefore great care should be taken in their training”.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (“performing arts”) and Shastras (“sciences”) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) refers to “difficult” (to obtain) [?], according to Pūjyapāda’s Sarvārthasiddhi.—Accordingly, “In one minute living being there are organisms infinite times the emancipated souls. Thus the entire universe is densely filled with one-sensed beings with no interspace. To become a being with more than one sense is as difficult as finding out a very small piece of diamond buried in the sands of an ocean. Even among these most of them are endowed with imperfect senses (i.e. less than five senses). Hence birth as a five-sensed being is as rare (kṛcchra-labhyā—kṛṭajñateva kṛcchralabhyā) as gratitude among the good qualities. [...]”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).—n S A kind of religious penance. 2 Bodily pain. 3 (For mūtrakṛcchra) Strangury. kṛcchrēṅkarūna (dēṇēṃ, karaṇēṃ &c.) With reluctance; with much difficulty--giving, doing &c.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).—a. [cf. Uṇ2.21]
1) Causing trouble, painful; तथात्यजन्निमं देहं कृच्छ्राद् ग्राहाद्विमुच्यते (tathātyajannimaṃ dehaṃ kṛcchrād grāhādvimucyate) Manusmṛti 6.78.
2) Bad, miserable, evil.
3) Wicked, sinful.
4) Being in a difficult or painful situation.
-cchraḥ, -cchram 1 A difficulty, trouble, hardship, misery, calamity, danger; कृच्छ्रं महत्तीर्णः (kṛcchraṃ mahattīrṇaḥ) R.14.6;13.77.
2) Bodily mortification, penance, expiation; Manusmṛti 4.222;5.21;11.16.
3) Torment, torture.
4) A particular kind of religious penance (prājāpatya); कृच्छ्राणि चीर्त्वा च ततो यथ्क्तानि द्विजोत्तमैः (kṛcchrāṇi cīrtvā ca tato yathktāni dvijottamaiḥ) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 13. 1.64.
-cchraḥ Ischury.
-cchram Sin.
-cchram, kṛcchret, kṛcchrat ind. With great difficulty, painfully, miserably; लब्धं कृच्छ्रेण रक्ष्यते (labdhaṃ kṛcchreṇa rakṣyate) H.1.163.
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).—mfn.
(-cchraḥ-cchrā-cchraṃ) 1. Attended with pain, painful. 2. Wicked, sinful. mn.
(-cchraḥ-cchraṃ) Bodily pain. Penance, expiation. 3. Sin. 4. difficulty, labour, trouble. 5. A kind of religious penance, according to some, the same as the Prajapatya: see prājāpatya; (according to others, as the Santapana: (see sāntapana.) E. kṛt to cut, rak Unadi affix, and cha substituted for the final.
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).— (probably from an old pres. base kṛccha of the vb. kṛṣ; cf. e. g. iṣ, pr. base iccha), I. adj., f. rā. 1. Painful, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 74, 29. 2. Difficult, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 46, 16. 3. Dangerous, [Suśruta] 1, 131, 4. 4. Wicked, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 6, 78. 5. Miserable, Mahābhārata 3, 15388. Ii. n. and m. 1. Pain, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 9, 24, 35. 2. Difficulty, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 68, 53. 3. Distress, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 2, 23. 4. Penance, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 4, 222. Iii. acc. ram, adverbially, Miserably, [Rāmāyaṇa] 4, 22, 7. Instr. reṇa, adv. With difficulty, [Pañcatantra] 137, 25; with much ado, [Pañcatantra] 40, 10. Abl. rāt, adv. With difficulty, [Rāmāyaṇa] 3, 73, 11.
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र).—[adjective] troublesome, painful, difficult, dangerous, bad, miserable, [neuter] [adverb] —[masculine] [neuter] trouble, pain, difficulty, danger, misery; austerity, expiation, a cert. slight penance. °—, [instrumental], & [ablative] (*[with] [participle]), & kṛcchratas [adverb] with difficulty, hardly.
1) Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):—mf(ā)n. (perhaps [from] √kṛś, and connected with kaṣṭa), causing trouble or pain, painful, attended with pain or labour, [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa; Pañcatantra; Suśruta]
2) being in a difficult or painful situation, [Rāmāyaṇa ii, 78, 14]
3) bad, evil, wicked, [Horace H. Wilson]
4) mn. difficulty, trouble, labour, hardship, calamity, pain, danger (often ifc. e.g. vana-vāsak, the difficulties of living in a forest; mūtra-k q.v.; artha-kṛcchreṣu, in difficulties, in a miserable situation, [Mahābhārata iii, 65; Nalopākhyāna xv, 3]; prāṇakṛcchra, danger of life, [Mahābhārata ii, 6; Bhāgavata-purāṇa]), [Ṛg-veda x, 52, 4; Nirukta, by Yāska; Aitareya-brāhmaṇa] etc.
5) ischury (= mūtra-k), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) bodily mortification, austerity, penance, [Gautama-dharma-śāstra; Manu-smṛti] etc.
7) a particular kind of religious penance, [Manu-smṛti; Yājñavalkya]
8) m. Name of Viṣṇu, [Mahābhārata xii, 12864]
9) m. (in [compound] with a perf. [Passive voice] p. [Pāṇini 2-1, 39; vi; 3, 2.])
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):—[(cchraḥ-cchraṃ)] 1. m. n. Bodily pain, penance; trouble; a. Painful.
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):—[Die Uṇādi-Affixe 2, 22.]
1) adj. f. ā a) was Beschwerde und Noth verursacht, schlimm, arg: kṛcchrādgrāhādvimucyate [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 6, 78.] itthaṃ ca deśānanusaṃcarāmo vanāni kṛcchrāṇi kṛcchrarūpāḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 1366.] kṛcchrāṃ prāpa sa āpadam [1, 111.] kṛcchrāmāpedire vṛttimannahetoḥ [13, 4423.] kṛcchre vane [Nalopākhyāna 15, 16.] narake [6, 12.] vyasanodaye [Pañcatantra III, 254.] kṛcchrātkṛcchrataram vyasanam [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 74, 29.] amantrayitvā sacivairyo rthaṃ kṛcchrāṃ (eine schwierige Angelegenheit) nṛpaścaret . na sa tiṣṭhecciraṃ rājye puṣkare salilaṃ yathā .. [46, 16.] von schwer heilbaren, gefährlichen Krankheiten: ato nyathā tvasādhyaḥ syātkṛcchro vyāmiśralakṣaṇaḥ (gadaḥ) [Suśruta 1, 131, 4.] kapālikā kṛcchratamā [2, 128, 13. 358, 10.] kṛcchrayonimanuprāptā na sukhaṃ vindate janāḥ welche eine elende, jammervolle Geburt erlangen d. h. als jammervolle Wesen geboren werden [Mahābhārata 3, 15388.] kṛcchram adv. auf eine arge, jämmerliche Weise: eṣāṃ vilapatāṃ kṛcchram [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 22, 7.] — b) sich in Noth und Jammer befindend: amantrayata kṛcchraśca tasyāḥ sarvaḥ sakhījanaḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 78, 14.] —
2) m. (dieses selten) n. [?(Siddhāntakaumudī 249,b],
1) a) Schwierigkeit, Beschwerde, Widerwärtigkeit, Ungemach. Noth, Jammer, Elend, Gefahr: ba.u kṛ.chrā carantam [Ṛgveda 10, 52, 4.] bahuprajāḥ kṛcchramāpadyate [Yāska’s Nirukta 2, 8.] kṛcchrāpattiḥ [7.] necchandasāṃ kṛcchrādavapadyā iti wegen der Schwierigkeit [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa 4, 4.] kṛcchramidamasmākamāgatam [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 19, 7.] kathaṃ cedaṃ mahatkṛcchraṃ prāptavatyasi [Nalopākhyāna 11, 28.] mahatkhalu kṛcchramanubhūtaṃ tatrabhavatyā [Mālavikāgnimitra 68, 21.] kṛcchro mahān [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 4, 22, 40.] saṃprāpya paṇḍitaḥ kṛcchraṃ prajñāmevāvagāhate . bālastu kṛcchramāsādya śilevāmbhasi majjati .. [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 68, 53.] sa kṛcchramahamāpannaḥ [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 1, 34.] kṛcchre vartamānān [Mahābhārata 14, 53.] vyasane vātha kṛcchre vā bhaye vā jīvitāntake [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 6, 10.] sa kṛcchrānmocayātmānam [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 3, 11.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 3, 19, 35.] kṛcchreṣu [Mahābhārata 1, 255.] [Viśvāmitra’s Kampf 8, 19.] [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 71, 12.] [Pañcatantra I, 65.] samrāṭśabdo hi kṛcchrabhāk [Mahābhārata 2, 636.] kṛcchragata sich in Noth, Gefahr befindend [Mahābhārata 1, 1703.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 85, 13. 4, 19, 7.] [Bhartṛhari 2, 23.] kṛcchrāllokasya bibhyatī vor dem Ungemach, welches ihr das Volk anthun könnte, sich fürchtend [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 9, 24, 35] ([BURNOUF]: parce qu'elle craignait les mauvais discours du peuple). vanavāsakṛcchra die Beschwerden des Waldlebens [1, 8, 24.] mūtrakṛcchra (s. auch d.) Harnbeschwerde [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 6.] [Scholiast] Nach dem [Rājanirghaṇṭa im Śabdakalpadruma] auch ohne mūtra in derselb. Bed. arthakṛcchreṣu bei Schwierigkeiten, - Widerwärtigkeiten, in schlimmer Lage [Mahābhārata 3, 65.] [Nalopākhyāna 15, 3.] naivārthakṛcchrādbhavato vinigrahāt (udvijate) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 22, 3.] prāṇakṛcchra Lebensgefahr [Mahābhārata 2, 6.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 7, 20.] dharmakṛcchre in einem Augenblicke wo das Recht gefährdet war, eine Störung erfuhr, [Nalopākhyāna] [?(BOPP) 24, 18.] gamanakṛcchra eine Unterbrechung des Ganges [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 6,] [Scholiast] kṛcchreṇa mit Beschwerde, mit Mühe, mit Anstrengung, mit genauer Noth, schwer [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 33.] kṛcchreṇa bahu mehantam [Suśruta 1, 121, 6. 2, 513, 14.] avāpya saṃjñāṃ kṛcchreṇa laṅkāṃ pratigataḥ purīm [Rāmāyaṇa 3, 42, 43. 4, 16. 46. 59, 10. 6, 37, 27.] [Hiḍimbavadha 1, 15.] [Pañcatantra 137, 25. 217, 23.] [Hitopadeśa 37, 14.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 15, 3. 3, 30, 23.] bhagnaṃ kṛcchreṇa sidhyati heilt schwer [Suśruta 2, 26, 12. 399, 10.] varṣāṇyekādaśātīyuḥ kṛcchreṇa [Mahābhārata 3, 15370.] [Pañcatantra 40, 10.] alpakṛcchreṇa mit geringer Mühe [Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, 13],a. — kṛcchrāt = kṛcchreṇa [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 3, 33.] kṛcchrādudvaheta bhāram [Mahābhārata 3, 335.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 103, 24. 3, 73, 11. 4, 10, 31. 49, 27. 6, 36, 81. 82. 108.] [Daśaratha’s Tod 1, 46. 49.] [Pañcatantra I, 197. 214, 22. 217, 22.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 4, 5] (das Komma müsste vor kṛcchrāt stehen). [81. 123. 6, 95.] [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 8, 3, 32] (BURNOUF: en ce danger). nātikṛcchrādiva [Mahābhārata 1, 1442.] kṛcchrāt mit einem partic. praet. pass. compon. [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 2, 1, 39. 6, 3, 2.] Acc. eines solchen comp. [Siddhāntakaumudī] zu [6,2,49.] — kṛcchratas = kṛcchrāt: saṃvatsaraḥ pūrṇo bhavati kṛcchrataḥ [Mahābhārata 3, 2036.] kṛcchralabdha mit Mühe erlangt [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 6, 14, 36.] Acc. eines solchen comp. gaṇa sukhādi zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 2, 170.] kṛcchrasādhya schwer heilbar [Suśruta 1, 63, 2. 261, 9.] — b) Kasteiung, Busse; eine best. kleine Busse: caretkṛcchram [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 4. 222. 5, 21.] kṛcchraṃ sāṃtapanaṃ caret . yaticāndrāyaṇaṃ vāpi [20.] prājāpatyaṃ caretkṛcchram [11, 105. 124. 139.] kṛtvā prākṛtaṃ kṛcchram [158. 164. 173.] tribhiḥ kṛcchraiḥ [197.] kṛcchraṃ cāndrāyaṇaṃ caiva tadasyāḥ pāvanaṃ smṛtam [177. 212.] tāṃścārayitvā trīṃkṛcchrān [191.] parāko nāma kṛcchro yam [215.] kṛcchrābdena viśudhyati [162.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 50. 260. 264. 282.] kṛcchrāṇi cīrtvā ca tato yathoktāni dvijottamaiḥ [Mahābhārata 13, 495.] snātāḥ kṛcchrādiva [Daśaratha’s Tod 1, 16.] [Weber’s Verzeichniss No. 1165.] kṛcchrakṛt [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 3, 328.] — Die Lexicographen geben dem Worte kṛcchra folgg. Bedd.: kaṣṭa oder ābhīla [Amarakoṣa 1, 2, 2, 4. 3, 4, 9, 42.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1371.] [Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 406] (kāṣṭha st. kaṣṭa). [Medinīkoṣa r. 19.] pragāḍha [Amarakoṣa 3, 4, 12, 47.] atyaya [24, 152.] aṃhas oder pāpa [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] sāṃtapanādika [Amarakoṣa 2, 7, 51. 3, 4, 30, 234.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 842.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] duḥkha und tatkāraṇa [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 7, 2, 22,] [Scholiast] — kṛcchra geht vielleicht auf 1. karṣ hinundherzausen zurück; vor dem suff. ra müsste man einen auch sonst vorkommenden Uebergang von ṣa in cha annehmen. Vielleicht entstammt das gleichbedeutende kaṣṭa derselben Wurzel.
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Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):—
1) a) kṛcchra, ati, mahā und sarva unter den Beiww. Viṣṇu’s [Mahābhārata 12, 12864.] —
2) a) kṛcchra und kāla Gefahr und Stunde der Gefahr [Spr. 4557. fg.] — b) ṣaḍmirvarṣaiḥ kṛcchrabhojī brahmahā pūyate naraḥ [Mahābhārata 12, 1247.]
Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र):——
1) Adj. (f. ā) — a) was Beschwerde und Noth verursacht , schlimm , arg , gefährlich (Krankheit). m Adv. auf eine arge , jämmerliche Weise. — b) sich in Noth und Jammer befindend. v.l. kṛtsna. —
2) m. n. — a) Schwierigkeit , Beschwerde , Widerwärtigkeit , Ungemach , Noth , Jammer , Elend , Gefahr. Instr. , Abl. (*mit eines Partic. praet. pass. componirt) , tas und kṛcchra mit Beschwerde , — Mühe , — Anstrengung , — genauer Noth , schwer. — b) *Harnbeschwerde [Rājan 20,19.] — c) Kasteiung , Busse [Gautama's Dharmaśāstra 26,1,24.] — d) eine best. kleine Busse.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Kannada-English dictionary
Kṛcchra (ಕೃಚ್ಛ್ರ):—
1) [adjective] inflicting pain, affliction, distress.
2) [adjective] not easy; difficult; involving trouble or requiring extra effort, skill or thought.
3) [adjective] wicked; sinful.
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Kṛcchra (ಕೃಚ್ಛ್ರ):—
1) [noun] difficulty a) the condition or fact of being difficult; b) something that is difficult, as a hard problem, an obstacle or objection.
2) [noun] a thing or circumstance that may cause injury, pain, loss, etc.; danger; peril.
3) [noun] an afflicted condition; suffering; affliction.
4) [noun] bodily mortification as fasting, self-denial, etc. as a penance.
5) [noun] a gift of money, land etc. to make amends or reparation for one’s wrongdoing or guilt.
6) [noun] a urinary disease causing pain while discharging urine.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+12): Kricchrabda, Kricchrabhaj, Kricchrabhojin, Kricchradvadasharatra, Kricchradvitiya, Kricchragata, Kricchraghni, Kricchrajivana, Kricchrakala, Kricchrakarman, Kricchrakrit, Kricchralabhya, Kricchralakshyakshara, Kricchram, Kricchramukta, Kricchramutrapurisha, Kricchramutrapurishatva, Kricchrapaka, Kricchrapatita, Kricchraprana.
Full-text (+111): Mutrakricchra, Atikricchra, Taptakricchra, Padakricchra, Parnakricchra, Shitakricchra, Toyakricchra, Mulakricchra, Kricchrata, Pranakricchra, Mahakricchra, Kricchragata, Kricchratikricchra, Arthakricchra, Kricchraprana, Kricchrakarman, Shishukricchra, Kricchrardha, Saumyakricchra, Shrikricchra.
Relevant text
Search found 64 books and stories containing Kricchra, Kṛcchra, Krcchra, Kricchras; (plurals include: Kricchras, Kṛcchras, Krcchras, Kricchrases). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Ritual drink in the Iranian and Indian traditions (by Nawaz R. Guard)
20. The drink associated with various Kricchras < [Chapter 7 - Drinks under Prayashcittas and ordeals]
7. Penances for Govadha < [Chapter 7 - Drinks under Prayashcittas and ordeals]
1. Introduction < [Chapter 8 - Miscellaneous]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 11.158 < [Section XVII - Expiation for the Sin of taking Forbidden Food]
Verse 11.139 < [Section XV - Expiation for the killing of Cats and other Animals]
Verse 5.21 < [Section III - Penalty for eating Forbidden Food]
Narada Purana (English translation) (by G. V. Tagare)
Chapter 14 - Directions Regarding Dharma and Propitiatory rites < [Part 1 - Pūrva-bhāga: Prathama-pāda]
Chapter 30 - The Mode of Expiation < [Part 1 - Pūrva-bhāga: Prathama-pāda]
Chapter 23 - The dialogue with Rukmāṅgada < [Part 5 - Uttara-bhāga]
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (by Rajendralala Mitra)
Devala-smriti (critical study) (by Mukund Lalji Wadekar)
16.2. Rules regarding Anugraha < [Chapter 9 - The distinctive features of the Devalasmriti]
16.3. Description of Kricchras < [Chapter 9 - The distinctive features of the Devalasmriti]
Agni Purana (by N. Gangadharan)
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