Jainism in Odisha (Orissa)

by Ashis Ranjan Sahoo | 2015 | 106,639 words

This essay studies the presence of Jainism in Odisha or Orissa by documenting the Art, Architecture and Iconography of Jaina images, relics, structures and establishments from different districts. In Odisha, archaeological evidences show how Jainism flourished during the 1st century BCE during the reign of emperor Kharavela, stating that Jainism wa...

There are seven figures of Ambika preserved in the District Museum collected from Bharava Singhpur. Ambika is either carved independently or along with Yaksha Gomedha in a common slab.

Ambika,

DM-5: Ambika is standing over a pedestal in tri-bhanga posture. She holds a baby in her left lap and a bunch of mangoes in the right hand below which his second son anxiously watching her for mango. She is lavishly decorated with necklace, girdle, earrings, bangles, bracelets and her hairs arranged in plaits. Her lanchana lion is shown in a vigorous posture near her left foot. The chauri bearers are shown on the either side of the image at the bottom. A tree is shown laden with mangoes behind her and her Tirthankara Neminatha is depicted over it. Neminatha is seated in dhaynamudra over a pedestal and flanked by chauri bearers and flying garland bearer.

 DM-21: Ambika carved standing over a lotus pedestal and holds a baby in her left lap and a bunch of mangoes at her right hand. Two boys are shown plucking mangoes from the bunch depicted on the right side of her feet while a lady figure shown offering flower at the left. Her lanchana lion is also seen in a crouching posture at the bottom. She is well decorated with ornaments like earring, necklace, bangles and armlets. She is dressed with folded draperies which fall up to the knee portion of the Sasanadevi. A female figure with folded hands and the seated image of Yaksha Gomedha keeping one hand in varada mudra in the left and right side respectively are depicted at the waist level of the Sasanadevi. The halo behind her head is decorated with lotus leaf and further surmounted by a tree laden with mangoes. Her Tirthankara Neminatha is shown in dhyanamudra over the tree. He is flanked by flying garland bearers.

Ambika with Gomedha

DM-7: This stone slab is a common representation of Yaksha Gomedha and Yakshi Ambika (47x17x06cm) in a single stone slab in maharajaIilasana over a lotus pedestal. But here vertically the Yaksha Gomedha part is missing. The remaining part of the stone slab depicts Ambika in her usual sitting position in the left of the Yaksha. She holds a baby in her left lap but the right hands attribute is not fully distinct. She is decked with beaded headband, elongated karna-kundalas, beaded necklace etc. She has a circular decorated halo with beaded boarder behind their head and a tree is shown right to her. The usual representation of a child swinging in a tree is not found at the center of the two images. Tirthankara Neminatha is carved seated in dhyanamudra over a lotus pedestal just above the tree flanked by chauri bearers and garland bearers. The frieze below the pedestal of Yakshi figures depicts a male figure like a Yaksha in maharajalilasana in the center flanked by three seated female devotee with folded hands on the left side while right part is missing.

DM-16: It is an upper part of the figure Ambika and Gomedha in a common stone slab (14x18x8cm). Only the head portion of the Yaksha and Yakshi is noticed and a boy is swinging on a tree in between them. The portion below their neck is missing. Her Tirthankara is found in dhyanamudra, seated just above the tree. He is flanked by flying gandharvas with garlands in their hands.

DM-20: The Yaksha Gomedha and Yakshi Ambika (32 x21x7cm) is shown in a common stone slab in maharajaIilasana. The attributes of both the images are not distinct due to badly damage but circular decorative halos are marked behind their heads. As usual feature a child is swinging in a tree is not depicted in the center of the two images. The Tirthankara Neminatha is shown seated in dhyanamudra and flanked by garland bearers. The panel below the pedestal of Yaksha and Yakshi image depicts a seated Tirthankara image in the center flanked by devotees with folded hands.

DM-22: The Yaksha Gomedha and Yakshi Ambika (30x20x10cm) is shown in a common stone slab in maharajaIilasana. Neminatha, the Tirthankara of Ambika is carved seated in dhyanamudra just above the tree and flanked by flying garland bearers. The Yakshi Ambika holds a baby in her left hand while her right hand is missing. The attributes of the Yaksha is also not clearly distinct due to partial damage of the stone slab. The panel below the pedestal of them depicts again the Yaksha figure in maharajalilasana in the center flanked by six seated female devotee with folded hands, three on each side. The representation of a child is not found.

DM-23: The Yaksha Gomedha and Yakshi Ambika (21x14x04cm) is shown in a common stone slab in maharajaIilasana over a lotus pedestal. But here Ambika is shown right of the Yaksha Gomadha instead of her usual sitting position in the left of the Yaksha. She holds a baby in her right lap and holds some indistinct object in the left hand while Gomedha holds a conical object in the left hand and right hand rests over the pedestal. Both are well decked with beaded headband, elongated karna-kundalas, beaded necklace and armlets. Their halo is design like a full blown lotus flower with beaded boarder behind their head and a tree is shown in between the two figures. The usual representation of a child is absent here. Tirthankara Neminatha is carved seated in dhyanamudra over a lotus pedestal just above the tree and flanked by four flying garland bearers, two on each side. The frieze below the pedestal of the Yaksha and Yakshi figures depicts a male figure like the Yaksha in maharajalilasana in the center flanked by six seated female devotee with folded hands, three on each side.

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