Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana

by Gaurapada Dāsa | 2015 | 234,703 words

Baladeva Vidyabhusana’s Sahitya-kaumudi covers all aspects of poetical theory except the topic of dramaturgy. All the definitions of poetical concepts are taken from Mammata’s Kavya-prakasha, the most authoritative work on Sanskrit poetical rhetoric. Baladeva Vidyabhushana added the eleventh chapter, where he expounds additional ornaments from Visv...

अपदम् उक्तोऽस्थान-समाप्यः. यथा,

apadam ukto'sthāna-samāpyaḥ. yathā,

(17) The fault called apadam ukta (said out of place) signifies that the meaning is made to conclude out of place. For instance:

rūpaṃ manojñam etasyāḥ prauḍhaṃ prema ca kintv iyam |
mānair dunoti naḥ sarve sarvatra kva punar guṇāḥ ||

The body of this woman is mesmerizing, and so is her mature love, yet she burns us with her heavy māna. Then again, where are all qualities found all the time?

atra dunoti na ity etāvataiva samāpyam. rūpādi-guṇa-sattve’pi māna-bhūmnānaucitya-kāritvaṃ hi vākyārthaḥ. sa ca tāvataiva prāptaḥ samarthanaṃ nākāṅkṣatīty asthāna-samāpyatvād apadam ukto’rthaḥ.

Here the text should have ended after “She burns us with her heavy māna” because the sense of the whole statement is simply that she behaves inappropriately by means of her heavy māna. It was sufficiently understood, therefore it does not require a justification. Thus a meaning was said out of place (apadam ukta) insofar as the conclusion was said in the wrong place.

Commentary:

The verse is not faulty if the intended meaning is that it is better to cope with her anyway. The fault called apadam ukta amounts to an improper usage of the arthāntara-nyāsa ornament (corroboration).

This is Mammaṭa’s example:

ājñā śakra-śikhā-maṇi-praṇayinī śāstrāṇi cakṣur navaṃ
  bhaktir bhūta-patau pinākini padaṃ laṅketi divyā purī
|
utpattir druhiṇānvaye ca tad aho nedṛg-varo labhyate
  syāc ced eṣa na rāvaṇaḥ kva nu punaḥ sarvatra sarve guṇāḥ
||

“[A resident of Videha speaks to Rāvaṇa’s messenger:] His order is followed by Indra; the scriptures are his third eye; he has devotion to Śiva; Laṅkā is a beautiful city; and he took birth in the lineage of Brahmā. Therefore, such a bridegroom cannot be found…if he were not Rāvaṇa! But where can all good qualities be found?”

Mammaṭa explains:

atra “syāc ced eṣa na rāvaṇaḥ” ity atra eva samāpyam,

“Here the text should have ended after: “If he were not Rāvaṇa!”” (Kāvya-prakāśa verse 278 vṛtti).

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