Parajika, Pārājika, Pārājikā: 7 definitions
Introduction:
Parajika means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
The first of the two divisions of the Sutta Vibhanga of the Vinaya Pitaka.
T (That which does generate loss). Serious fault causing the loss of the status of bhikkhu for life. There are four parajikas (sexual intercourse, theft, murder, claim about non obtained realisations). There are 4 parajika.
- Refrain from having sexual intercourse.
- Refrain from stealing.
- Refrain from commiting murder.
- Refrain from claiming attainments of stages of pure mental concentration that have not been achieved.
See also: The 4 parajikas
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
pārājika : (adj.) one who has committed the gravest transgression of the rules for bhikkhus.
Pārājika, (etym. doubtful; suggested are parā+aj (Burnouf); para+ji; pārācika (S. Lévi, see Geiger, P. Gr. § 38, n. 3; also Childers s. v.)) one who has committed a grave transgression of the rules for bhikkhus; one who merits expulsion (see on term Vin. Texts I. 3; Miln. translation I. 268; II, 78) Vin. I, 172; II, 101, 242; A. II, 241; III, 252; V, 70; J. VI, 70, 112; Miln. 255; Vism. 22; KhA 97, DhA. I, 76 (as one of the divisions of the Suttavibhaṅga, see also Vin. III, 1 sq.). (Page 454)
Pārājika (in Pali) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 四重罪 [sì zhòng zuì]: “four grave crimes”.
2) 波羅夷 [bō luó yí]: “grave offenses”.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Sanskrit dictionary
Pārājika (पाराजिक).—f. °kā, adj. (= Pali id.; on [etymology] see Lévi, JA. Nov.-Dec. 1912, 505 f., who assumes Pktic form for *pārācika, from parāc-, parāñc-, plus -ika; as Lévi notes, Pali comms. connect with parā-jayati; so also Northern Buddhists must sometimes have taken it, since Bodhisattvabhūmi uses pārājayika, q.v., which may be only a hyper-Sanskritism, see Wogihara, Lex. 34; Lévi notes AMg. pārañciya as supporting his view, suggesting derivation from Sanskrit parāñc-; a mysterious Sanskrit pārañcika, according to Schmidt, Nachträge, Bruch, Verletzung, occurs in Kauṭ. Arth., 195.16 in Sham.^1, hastapāda-°kaṃ vā kurvataḥ, or of one causing injury(?) to hands or feet; neither Meyer, 307.11 and note 4, nor Gaṇapati, who glosses by parāñcikam anyathābhāvaṃ saṃdhivighaṭanam iti yāvad, can offer any real explanation of the word, but it looks startlingly like the AMg. form), involving expulsion from the order of monks; of the utmost gravity (of a sin): catvāraḥ °kā dharmāḥ Mahāvyutpatti 8358; the four are listed 8364—7 as unchastity, stealing, taking life, and falsely claiming superhuman powers (uttaramanuṣya- dharma-pralāpa, see s.v. uttari); the same four in Pali (for the last, uttarimanussadhammaṃ…) Vin. iii.1 ff.; °kā dharmāḥ [Prātimokṣasūtra des Sarvāstivādins] 476.7; °Kenā dharmeṇanudhvaṃsayet 481.6, should accuse falsely of a pār° offense; f., without [Page342-b+ 71] noun (sc. vipatti or āpatti), amūlikayā °jikayā Mūla-Sarvāstivāda-Vinaya iii.109.21; āpat pārājikā Śikṣāsamuccaya 66.16, a pār° offense; said of the person guilty of such an offense, deserving of ex- pulsion, °ko bhavati [Prātimokṣasūtra des Sarvāstivādins] 477.1, 5; 478.5; similarly Śikṣāsamuccaya 143.7; (bhikṣuṇī…) °jikā Bhikṣuṇī-karmavācanā 28b.1; in Śikṣāsamuccaya 59.12 read parājitaḥ, with same phrase in 60.12, 61.3, instead of text pārājikaḥ, compare Bendall and Rouse p.61 note 3. Cf. also next.
Pārājika (in Sanskrit) can be associated with the following Chinese terms:
1) 他勝 [tā shèng]: “grave offenses”.
2) 他勝罪 [tā shèng zuì]: “overcome by specific sin”.
3) 他勝處 [tā shèng chù]: “lit. bases being overcome by another”.
4) 他勝處法 [tā shèng chù fǎ]: “dharma that is overcome by another”.
5) 勝 [shèng]: “superior”.
6) 四波羅夷 [sì bō luó yí]: “four grave offenses”.
7) 四重罪 [sì zhòng zuì]: “four grave crimes”.
8) 墮 [duò]: “fall”.
9) 墮不如 [duò bù rú]: “an unequalled fall”.
10) 根本罪 [gēn běn zuì]: “pārājika”..
11) 棄罪 [qì zuì]: “pārājika”..
12) 極惡 [jí è]: “extreme evil”.
13) 波羅夷 [bō luó yí]: “grave offenses”.
14) 波羅夷罪 [bō luó yí zuì]: “pārājika”.
15) 波羅市迦 [bō luó shì jiā]: “grave offenses”.
16) 無殘 [wú cán]: “blameless”..
17) 無餘 [wú yú]: “no remainder”.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+0): Parajikadharma, Parajikakanda, Parajikallu.
Full-text (+124): Aparajika, Makkatiparajika, Vibbhantabhavaparajika, Apannattaparajika, Kayasamsaggaparajika, Amulakaparajika, Gihiparajika, Uttarimanussadhammaparajikapatti, Manussaviggahaparajika, Pannapiyamanaparajikanuguna, Anulomaparajika, Kataparajikavitikkama, Pathamaparajika, Si bo luo yi, Bo luo yi, Dutiyaparajika, Si qi, Si yi jie, Liu Yi, Methunaparajika.
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Search found 41 books and stories containing Parajika, Pārājika, Pārājikā; (plurals include: Parajikas, Pārājikas, Pārājikās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Vinaya (1): The Patimokkha (by T. W. Rhys Davids)
Buddhist Monastic Discipline (by Jotiya Dhirasekera)
Chapter XIV - The Disciplinary Code of the Bhikkhunis
Chapter VIII - The Codified Law of the Sangha
Sri Lanka at the Crossroads of History (by Zoltán Biedermann)
The making of the Pali cosmopolis < [Chapter 3 - Sri Lanka and the Theravada Buddhist ecumene]
Shurangama Sutra (with commentary) (English) (by Hsuan Hua)
Praising the merit of extinguishing evil < [Chapter 9 - Exhortation to Propagate the Sutra]
A beneficial reliance for living beings < [Chapter 3 - The Spiritual Mantra]
Lust and Killing < [Chapter 1 - The Three Gradual Stages]
Vinaya Pitaka (1): Bhikkhu-vibhanga (the analysis of Monks’ rules) (by I. B. Horner)
Eight sections of the Pātimokkha rules < [Translator’s Introduction]
The translation of the Pārājika rules < [Preface to the SuttaCentral edition]
Intention, Action, and Outcome < [Volume 14, Issue 6 (2023)]
How to Deal with Dangerous and Annoying Animals: A Vinaya Perspective < [Volume 10, Issue 2 (2019)]
What about Rats? Buddhist Disciplinary Guidelines on Rats < [Volume 12, Issue 7 (2021)]