Paraspara: 16 definitions
Introduction:
Paraspara means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Paraspar.
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In Hinduism
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Paraspara (परस्पर) refers to “that which is transmitted from one to another” (e.g., the oral scripture that the god and goddess transmit), according to the second recension of the Yogakhaṇḍa of the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—Accordingly, as the Goddess (i.e., Khageśī) said to the God (i.e., Bhairava), “[...] I will tell (you) how Yoginīs and Siddhas behave—(a teaching) that is never easy to acquire. (As if) replete with one hundred blades, the Vidyā and the Kula liturgy (krama) are (dangerous). There is no success (siddhi) in the Kula liturgy without the (ritual) drinking of liquor, the sacrificial substances, along with (various kinds of) meat and the (eating of the remains of) sacrificial food. Worship is offered (by means of these things) to the oral scripture (that the god and goddess transmit) to one another [i.e., paraspara-mukhāgama]. [...]”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaiva philosophy
Paraspara (परस्पर) refers to “(that which) consist in each other” [?], according to Utpaladeva’s Vivṛti on Īśvarapratyabhijñākārikā 1.5.6.—Accordingly, “[...] Nor [can] the [external object] be established by any [such] speculation, because of the impossibility of this external [object]—this is what [the verse]. says with ‘syād etat’. And [since it is] so, since only phenomena [can] be objects, the manifesting consciousness is the object, and conversely the object is the manifesting consciousness; therefore they consist in each other (paraspara-ātmakatva). [...]”
Shaiva philosophy is a spritiual tradition within Hinduism that includes theories such as the relationship between the Atman (individual soul) and Siva, the nature of liberation (moksha), and the concepts of maya (illusion) and shakti (divine energy). Saiva philosophy teaches that union with Shiva can be achieved through knowledge, devotion, and spiritual practice. It encompasses major branches like Shaiva Siddhanta and Kashmir Shaivism.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
Paraspara (परस्पर) refers to “(posing the groom and bride opposite of) each other”, and represents one of the traditional marriage rituals, according to Dadhirāma Marāsini’s 19th century Vivāhapaddhati (part of his Karmakāṇḍabhāskara) which is based on the Pāraskara-Gṛhyasūtra, a domestic manual in the Mādhyandina school of the Vājasaneyisaṃhitā.—If performed traditionally, high caste marriages among the Parbatiyas (Parbates/Paharis/Pahadis) or Indo-Nepalese people in Nepal are normally executed by following the course of events as presented in marriage manuals. The Paraspara-sammukhī-karaṇa rite is mentioned under the header called Rules for the marriage (vivāhavidhi): worship of the groom (varapūjana).
Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
paraspara (परस्पर).—a (S) Mutual or reciprocal; that stands towards another in the relation in which that other stands towards this: also that acts in return of or correspondence with. Ex. hē pa0 sakhē āhēta; parasparānnīṃ parasparāñcē tōṇḍānta māralēṃ; hyāñcēṃ paraspara vaira āhē. parasparaṃsamarpayāmī A phrase of mock Sanskrit used where a business has been managed or a matter done (bāhēracyā bāhēra) utterly apart from one's self.
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paraspara (परस्पर) [or परस्परां, parasparāṃ].—or rēṃ ad (paraspara) Mutually or reciprocally. 2 Sometimes used for parabhārāṃ in its first sense.
paraspara (परस्पर).—a Mutual or reciprocal. parasparaṃ samarpa- yāmi, bāhēracyā bāhēra A phrase of mock Sanskrit used where a business has been managed utterly apart from one's self.
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paraspara (परस्पर) [or parasparā, or परस्परा].—
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Paraspara (परस्पर).—a.
1) Mutual; परस्परस्य मर्माणि ये न रक्षन्ति जन्तवः । त एव निधनं यान्ति वल्मीकोदरसर्पवत् (parasparasya marmāṇi ye na rakṣanti jantavaḥ | ta eva nidhanaṃ yānti valmīkodarasarpavat) || Pañcatantra (Bombay) 3.186; परस्परां विस्मय- वन्ति लक्ष्मीमालोकयांचक्रुरिवादरेण (parasparāṃ vismaya- vanti lakṣmīmālokayāṃcakrurivādareṇa) Bhaṭṭikāvya 2.5.
2) (pl.) Like one another; Mahābhārata (Bombay) 12. -pron., a. Each other, one another (used in the sing. only; often in comp.); परस्परस्योपरि पर्यचीयत (parasparasyopari paryacīyata) R.3.24;7.38; अविज्ञातपरस्परैः अपसर्पैः (avijñātaparasparaiḥ apasarpaiḥ) 17.51; परस्पराक्षिसादृक्ष्यम् (parasparākṣisādṛkṣyam) 1.4;3.24. Note:-The acc. and abl. singulars are often used adverbially in the sense of 'mutually', reciprocally', 'one another', 'by, from' or 'to one another'. 'against one another' &c.; see परस्परं भावयन्तः श्रेयः परमवाप्स्यथ (parasparaṃ bhāvayantaḥ śreyaḥ paramavāpsyatha) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 3.11;1.9; R.4. 79;6.46;7.14,53;12.94.
Paraspara (परस्पर).—mfn.
(-raḥ-rā-raṃ) Mutual, interchanging. E. para another repeated: from one to another.
Paraspara (परस्पर).—[para + s-para], I. adj. (sing. and without nom. sing.), 1. Each other, mutual, [Bhagavadgītā, (ed. Schlegel.)] 3, 11. 2. One with another, Mahābhārata 12, 2420 (nom. pl.). Ii. ram, adv. 1. Each other, mutually, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 9, 62. 2. To one after another, [Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, (ed. Burnouf.)] 1, 8, 9.
Paraspara (परस्पर).—(only the obl. cases of [masculine] sgl., [neuter] & °— [adverb]) each other, one another, mutual(ly)
Paraspara (परस्पर):—[para-spara] (raḥ-rā-raṃ) a. Mutual.
Paraspara (परस्पर):—(paras, erstarrter nom. m. sg. von para, + para) in den obliquen Casus des sg. m. und in der adv. Form auf tas . Einer den Andern u. s. w.
1) acc. zugleich adv. einander, mit einander, gegen einander, unter einander, zu einander, gegenseitig [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 1499.] [Halāyudha 4, 35.] parasparaṃ bhāvayantaḥ [Bhagavadgītā 3, 11. 10, 9.] [Matsyopākhyāna 35.] [Hiḍimbavadha 4, 38.] [Mahābhārata 12, 2362.] [Sundopasundopākhyāna 4, 15.] [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 54, 13.] [Pañcatantra 116, 1.] parasparaṃ vinighnantyaḥ (fem.) [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 9, 16. 6, 74, 42.] [Śākuntala 17, 4. 33, 10. 105, 17.] parasparamivācakhyustadāgamabhayaṃ diśaḥ [Kathāsaritsāgara 19, 66.] guruvacca snuṣāvacca varteyātāṃ parasparam [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 9, 62.] na bhidyante parasparam [Mahābhārata 1, 7421.] [Raghuvaṃśa 12, 94.] parasparaṃ ca māṃsāni bhakṣayanti [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 14, 80.] mantrayataḥ [Pañcatantra 9, 20.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 34, 242.] saṃyuktau [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 78, 16.] [Pañcatantra II, 136.] samastamapyetajjagatparasparaṃ bhakṣaṇārthaṃ sāmādibhirupāyaistiṣṭhati [31, 17.] bhāryāstu bhrātṛvargasya yātaraḥ syuḥ parasparam [Amarakoṣa 2, 6, 1, 30.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 514.] [Halāyudha 2, 353.] parasparaṃ savarṇasaṃjñau na bhavataḥ [Kāśikīvṛtti] zu [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 1, 1, 10.] vācyau naṭīsūtradhārāvāryanāmnā parasparam [Bharata] zu [Śākuntala 1.] parasparaṃ vivadamānānāmapi dharmaśāstrāṇām [Hitopadeśa 19, 21.] bhedāḥ parasparam [Bhartṛhari 1, 99.] parasparaṃ yo bhavatyahaṃkāraḥ [Amarakoṣa 2, 8, 2, 70.] parasparamubhayorasaṃbandhāt [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 8, 3, 44,] [Scholiast] parasparaṃ kaṭākṣanirīkṣaṇaṃ saṃjātam [Vetālapañcaviṃśati] in [Lassen’s Anthologie 7, 2. 23, 18. 24, 8.] —
2) instr.: paraspareṇāviruddhāḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 7, 8 (11 Gorresio).] saṃgamya [5, 3, 22.] vijñātaḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 4, 79.] prītiḥ [Mahābhārata 1, 753.] bhedaḥ [7421.] virodhaḥ [Raghuvaṃśa 6, 46.] paraspareṇa spṛhaṇīyaśobham [7, 14.] kṣatayoḥ 50. —
3) abl.: krodho harṣo viṣādaśca jāyate ha parasparāt [Mahābhārata 12, 7714. 10724.] —
4) gen.: (ye) parasparasya suhṛdaḥ [Mahābhārata 5, 3132. 15, 273.] sadṛśau [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 48, 5.] anumate [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 358.] dāreṣu [10, 29.] antaramīkṣamāṇayoḥ [Mahābhārata 8, 4631.] upari [Raghuvaṃśa 3, 24. 7, 35.] [Pañcatantra III, 200.] —
5) adv. tas Einer durch den Andern: prītau [Nalopākhyāna 5, 33.] —
6) am Anfange eines comp. ohne Suffix: parasparādinaḥ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 12, 59.] viruddhānām [7, 152.] parāhata [Amarakoṣa 1, 1, 5, 20.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 265.] vilakṣaṇāḥ [SĀṂKHYAK. 36.] parasparotpīḍana [Ṛtusaṃhāra 1, 20.] parasparākrandini cakravākayoḥ mithune [Kumārasaṃbhava 5, 26.] hatāḥ [Nalopākhyāna 13, 11.] parasparāliṅgitayoḥ [Geschichte des Vidūṣaka 302.] sukhaiṣiṇau [Nalopākhyāna 24, 45.] hite ratāḥ [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 19, 25.] parasparākṣisādṛśyam paśyantau [Raghuvaṃśa 1, 40.] nirantarau [Mārkāṇḍeyapurāṇa 54, 22.] virodha [Madhusūdanasarasvatī’s Prasthānabheda] in [Weber’s Indische Studien 1, 20, 1.] samāgame [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 48, 1. 69, 16.] parasparāśraya [Raghuvaṃśa 3, 24.] [MÜLLER, SL. 196, 1 v. u.] [Suśruta 1, 153, 14. 15.] [SĀṂKHYAK. 31.] prīti [Pañcatantra 183, 15.] sakhya [Hitopadeśa 25, 15, v. l.] vivāda [Vetālapañcaviṃśati] in [Lassen’s Anthologie 21, 10.] sthitau einander gegenüber stehend [Raghuvaṃśa 11, 82.] — Zum Schlusse geben wir noch einige Stellen, in denen das Wort in aussergewöhnlicher Weise gebraucht wird: parasparāḥ nom. pl. m. wohl Einer wie der Andere: vadanti [Mahābhārata 12, 2420.] nānyaṃ tvadabhayaṃ paśye yatra mṛtyuḥ parasparam so v. a. wo der Tod Einen nach dem Andern (ereilt) [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 8, 9.] am Ende eines adj. comp.: (apasarpaiḥ) avijñātaparasparaiḥ die sich gegenseitig nicht kannten [Raghuvaṃśa 17, 51.] als adj. (f. ā) beiderseitig: parasparāṃ vismayavanti lakṣmīmālokayāṃ cakrurivādareṇa [Bhaṭṭikavya 2, 5]; nach dem einen [Scholiast], der auch die Lesart parasparam erwähnt, adv. — Vgl. aparaspara, anyonya, itaretara .
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Paraspara (परस्पर):—
6) [Z. 7. fg.] parasparāśraya m. gegenseitiges Stützen, Bez. eines best. Fehlers der Argumentation, wenn man nämlich die Wahrheit einer Behauptung A durch die unerwiesene Behauptung B und die Wahrheit dieser wiederum durch die unerwiesene Behauptung A zu beweisen versucht. [SARVADARŚANAS. 5, 13. 18, 6. 119, 8. 121, 11. fgg. 142, 21. 152, 19. Z. 7] vom Schluss, [Scholiast] zu [Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1, 8, 9] : yatra loke parasparamanyonyaṃ mṛtyurbhavati tatra. śaraparasparām [Kathāsaritsāgara 103, 38] fehlerhaft für paraṃparām .
Paraspara (परस्पर):——
1) m. Pl. (nur einmal) Einer wie der Andere. —
2) Adj. (f. ā beiderseitig [Bhaṭṭikāvya] —
3) param Acc. und Adv. einander , mit — , gegen — , unter — , auf — , zu einander , gegenseitig , beim Einen wie beim Andern ([Bhāgavatapurāṇa 1,8,9]). —
4) pareṇa von — , mit — , durch einander. —
5) rāt von dem Einen und vom Andern. —
6) parasya Einer des Andern. —
7) paratas Einer durch den Andern. —
8) am Anf. eines Comp. in den Bedeutungen 3)4)5) und
6) —
9) am Ende eines adj. Comp. avijñāta Pl. sich gegenseitig nicht kennend. —
10) f. ā [Kathāsaritsāgara 103,28.] Fehlerhaft für paraṃparā.
Paraspara (परस्पर) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Avaroppara, Avarovara, Paroppara, Paropphara.
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Paraspara (परस्पर) [Also spelled paraspar]:—(ind) mutual; reciprocal; ~[tā] mutuality; reciprocity; -[saṃbaṃdha] mutual relations.
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Kannada-English dictionary
Paraspara (ಪರಸ್ಪರ):—
1) [adjective] of or having the same relationship toward, each other or one another; mutual.
2) [adjective] done, felt, etc. by each of two or more for or toward the other or others; reciprocal.
3) [adjective] shared in common; joint.
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Paraspara (ಪರಸ್ಪರ):—
1) [noun] (pl.) interrelated persons; two or more persons who have common interest in something.
2) [noun] any of such persons.
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Paraspara (ಪರಸ್ಪರ):—[adverb] mutually; reciprocally.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Paraspara (परस्पर):—adv. mutually; between each other; among one another; adj. 1. mutual; 2. reciprocal; 3. interchanging;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches (+0): Spara, Para.
Starts with (+3): Paraspara-dhvamsakari, Parasparadin, Parasparajna, Parasparakrandin, Parasparakrita, Parasparam, Parasparama, Parasparamishata, Parasparanumati, Parasparanupravesha, Parasparapariharasthiti, Parasparasamikshana, Parasparasamsakti, Parasparashraya, Parasparasthita, Parasparata, Parasparatas, Parasparate, Parasparavadhaishin, Parasparavibandhana.
Full-text (+117): Aparaspara, Parasparajna, Parasparadin, Aparasparasambhuta, Parasparavyavritti, Parasparam, Paraspar, Parasparasamikshana, Vibandhana, Atmashin, Anyonya, Parasparasamsakti, Parasparavilakshana, Paraspara-dhvamsakari, Parasparasamanvagama, Parasparavadhaishin, Parasparasabhagahetu, Parasparasthita, Vivad, Parasparahetu.
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Search found 119 books and stories containing Paraspara, Para-spara; (plurals include: Parasparas, sparas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Dictionaries of Indian languages (Kosha)
Page 192 < [Hindi-English-Nepali (1 volume)]
Page 154 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 2]
Page 184 < [Hindi-Malayalam-English Volume 1]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 4.11.9 < [Chapter 11 - The Story of the Gopīs that were Residents of...]
Verse 2.17.34 < [Chapter 17 - The Meeting of Śrī Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa]
Verse 5.3.26 < [Chapter 3 - Akrūra’s Arrival]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 10.201 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 7.161 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 10.186 [Anyonya] < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Krishna Sandarbha of Jiva Goswami (by Kusakratha Prabhu)
Vasudevavijaya of Vasudeva (Study) (by Sajitha. A)
Ātmanepada (in Sanskrit grammar) < [Chapter 3 - Vāsudevavijaya—A Grammatical Study]
Bhagavad-gita (with Vaishnava commentaries) (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 3.11 < [Chapter 3 - Karma-yoga (Yoga through the Path of Action)]
Verse 10.9 < [Chapter 10 - Vibhūti-yoga (appreciating the opulences of the Supreme Lord)]