Text 10.266

उपमायाम् असादृश्यासम्भवाव् उपमानस्य जाति-प्रमाणगतं न्यूनत्वाधिक्यं चानुचितार्थता। क्रमेणोदाहरणम्। दिङ्-मण्डलम् इवाभाति प्रसूनं पश्य सुन्दरि। अत्र दिङ्-मण्डल-प्रसूनयोः सादृश्यं नास्त्य् एव। त्वद्-आस्यान् निर्गतं वाक्यं चन्द्राद् इव मधु क्षरत्। अत्र चन्द्रान् मधु-क्षरणम् असम्भवि। देवोऽयं पुष्प-कोदण्डश् चण्डाल इव दारुणः। अत्र जात्या न्यूनता। इन्दुर् एष सुधा-बिन्दुर् इव सर्व-रसायनः। अत्र प्रमाणेन। करटोऽयं दीर्घ-जीवी मार्कण्डेयो मुनिर् यथा। अत्र जात्याधिक्यम्। पातालम् इव ते नाभिर् वेणीयं यमुनोपमा। अत्र प्रमाणेन। एषु चण्डालादिभिर् उपमानैर् उपमेयस्य कदर्थनाद् अनुचितार्थता।

upamāyām asādṛśyāsambhavāv upamānasya jāti-pramāṇagataṃ nyūnatvādhikyaṃ cānucitārthatā. krameṇodāharaṇam. diṅ-maṇḍalam ivābhāti prasūnaṃ paśya sundari. atra diṅ-maṇḍala-prasūnayoḥ sādṛśyaṃ nāsty eva. tvad-āsyān nirgataṃ vākyaṃ candrād iva madhu kṣarat. atra candrān madhu-kṣaraṇam asambhavi. devo'yaṃ puṣpa-kodaṇḍaś caṇḍāla iva dāruṇaḥ. atra jātyā nyūnatā. indur eṣa sudhā-bindur iva sarva-rasāyanaḥ. atra pramāṇena. karaṭo'yaṃ dīrgha-jīvī mārkaṇḍeyo munir yathā. atra jātyādhikyam. pātālam iva te nābhir veṇīyaṃ yamunopamā. atra pramāṇena. eṣu caṇḍālādibhir upamānair upameyasya kadarthanād anucitārthatā.

In an upamā, the defects fall in the category of anucitārtha (unsuitable meaning) (7.8). They are: (1) no similarity, (2) impossibility, (3) deficiency of the upamāna in terms of category, (4) deficiency of the upamāna in terms of size, (5) excessiveness of the upamāna in terms of category, and (6) excessiveness of the upamāna in terms of size. Examples are shown in order:

(1) “Look, O beautiful woman, the flowers are resplendent like the horizon.” There is no similarity at all between flowers and the horizon.

(2) “The words coming out of your mouth exude honey like the honey that originates from the moon.” Honey cannot possibly emanate from the moon.

(3) “Cupid is fierce like an outcaste.” Here the category of outcaste is much lower.

(4) “Like a drop of nectar, this moon is a tonic for everyone.” Here the size of the upamāna, a drop of nectar, is deficiently lower.

(5) “This crow, like Mārkaṇḍeya Muni, has a long life.” Here the category of the upamāna is excessively greater.

(6) “Your navel is deep like the Pātāla planetary system. This braid resembles the Yamunā.” Here the size of each upamāna is excessively greater.

In these examples, the fault called anucitārtha (unsuitable meaning) occurs because the upameyas were depreciated, or rendered useless, by the upamānas beginning from the outcaste.