Text 6

Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of Text 6:

उत्क्षेपणापक्षेपणाकुञ्चनप्रसारणगमनानि पञ्चैव कर्माणि | गमनग्रहणाद्भ्रमणरेचनस्यन्दनोर्ध्वज्वलनतिर्यक्पवननमनोन्नमनादयो गमनविशेषा न जात्यन्तराणि ॥ ६ ॥

utkṣepaṇāpakṣepaṇākuñcanaprasāraṇagamanāni pañcaiva karmāṇi | gamanagrahaṇādbhramaṇarecanasyandanordhvajvalanatiryakpavananamanonnamanādayo gamanaviśeṣā na jātyantarāṇi || 6 ||

Text (6):—Throwing upwards, Throwing downwards, Contracting, Expanding, and Going—these are the only five actions, because of the mention of Going: all such actions as Gyrating, Evacuating, Quivering, Flowing upwards, Transverse Fulling, Falling downwards, Rising and the like, being only particular forms of Going, and not forming distinct classes by themselves.—(I-i-7).

Commentary: The Nyāyakandalī of Śrīdhara.

(English rendering of Śrīdhara’s commentary called Nyāyakandalī or Nyāyakaṇḍalī from the 10th century)

The author divides Actions; and lays down their number as five only.

In anticipation of the objection that, “there being other actions in the shape of Gyrating &c. the limitation of the number to ‘five only’ is not proper,”—the author adds: ‘Going’ includes &c. That is to say, by the mention of ‘going’ the number of actions becomes limited to five only: In support of this we have the next sentence—‘Gyrating’ &c. The sense of this, is that in as much as Gyrating and the rest also are mere forms of ‘Going,’ and not distinct classes by themselves, all these become implied by the mention of ‘Going’; and as such it is only right tnat the number should be restricted to ‘five’ only.

Notes.

(1) Karma has been defined by Kaṇāda (sūtra I-i-17) as that which ‘resides only in one substance, is devoid of qualities, and is the direct and immediate cause of conjunctions and disjunctions.’

(2) The five-fold division of Actions is thus explained: “Motion is primarily divided into three kinds according to its direction, namely, vertical, horizontal and slanting or miscellaneous.” The Vertical Motion may be from below upwards (utkṣepana [utkṣepanaḥ] (1) or from above downwards, (avakṣepana) (2). Horizontal Motion also may be two-fold, motion nearer to one’s self (ākuñcana) (3) or motion further from one’s self (prasāraṇa) (4) All other motions are relegated to the comprehensive class of ‘gamana’ (5) [Y. V. Athalye].