Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
by K. A. Subramania Iyer | 1965 | 391,768 words
The English translation of the Vakyapadiya by Bhartrihari including commentary extracts and notes. The Vakyapadiya is an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with the philosophy of language. Bhartrhari authored this book in three parts and propounds his theory of Sphotavada (sphota-vada) which understands language as consisting of bursts of sounds conveyi...
This book contains Sanskrit text which you should never take for granted as transcription mistakes are always possible. Always confer with the final source and/or manuscript.
Verse 3.7.45
Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of verse 3.7.45:
निर्वर्त्यं च विकार्यं च प्राप्यं चेति त्रिधा मतम् ।
तत्रेप्सिततमं कर्म चतुर्धान्यत्तु कल्पितम् ॥ ४५ ॥nirvartyaṃ ca vikāryaṃ ca prāpyaṃ ceti tridhā matam |
tatrepsitatamaṃ karma caturdhānyattu kalpitam || 45 ||45. Of these (tatra), the object called ‘that which is most desired to be attained’ (īpsitatama) is of three kinds: product (nirvartya), modification (vikārya) destination (prāpya). The rest has been thought of as of four kinds.
Commentary
Of the seven kinds of kāraka referred to, what is called ‘object’ (karma) is being dealt with first.
[Read verse 45 above]
[The order in which the kārakas are dealt with here is that in which the case-endings are taught in P. 2 3. In P. 1.4 on the other hand, the kāraka called apādāna is taught first and then sampradāna and so on. Kāraka is of two kinds: ‘already expressed’ (abhihita) and not yet expressed (anabhihita). The first case-ending stands for whatever kāraka is already expressed. It is taught in the sense of the meaning of the stem only. The case ending from the second onwards express the kārakas like karma which have not yet been expressed. The object (karma) is what the agent seeks to attain most by his action. It is of three kinds: product, modification and destination. Besides these three, there are four other kinds.]
What the other four kinds are is now explained.