Ambergris (Agnijara): An Ayurvedic Review of Its Properties and Uses

a review study of an animal product w.s.r in ayurved medicines

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Agnijar (ambergris)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a review study of an animal product w.s.r in ayurved medicines

Original source:

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Author:

Dr. Snehdeep Soni, Dr. Samita Kalra, Dr. Neha Joshi, Dr. Divya Rathore, Dr. Sangeeta Bala and Dr. Deepak Verma


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Agnijar (ambergris)

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20196-14844


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Agnijara, also known as ambergris, is a unique animal by-product derived from sperm whales. This substance is characterized by its solid, waxy texture and dull grey or blackish color. It has been utilized in various ways, especially within the field of Ayurveda, due to its medicinal properties and minimal side effects. The process of obtaining Agnijara involves the collection and drying of decayed intestinal parts of whales, which, due to its foul smell when fresh, undergoes significant transformation when dried. This paper reviews the significance of Agnijara in Ayurvedic medicine, its properties, classifications, and therapeutic applications.

Medicinal Properties of Agnijara

Agnijara is categorized as a tridosha shamak, which means it has balancing effects on all three doshas in Ayurvedic medicine: vata, pitta, and kapha. It specifically demonstrates a strong influence on kapha and vata doshas, making it particularly beneficial for conditions related to these energies. Its taste is characterized as katu (pungent), indicating its effectiveness in alleviating excess kapha. Furthermore, Agnijara exhibits ushna (hot) potency and laghu (light) qualities, allowing it to play a diverse role in treating various ailments, especially those related to digestive and circulatory systems.

Types and Physical Properties

Ambergris, or Agnijara, is diverse and can be classified into several types based on its color and quality, including Baltic, Susyhian, Rumenian, and Vermi ambers. Its physical properties are noteworthy; it is lightweight, floats on water, and has a specific gravity ranging from 780 to 927. When heated, it melts at approximately 145°F and can evaporate at 212°F, emitting aromatic fumes. Although it shows insolubility in water, it is soluble in alcohol and oil, making it versatile for various applications in herbal and mineral medicines.

Therapeutic Applications

In Ayurvedic formulations, Agnijara serves as an active ingredient in several compounds used to treat a variety of conditions, such as heart diseases, diabetes, fevers, and gastrointestinal disorders. It is known for its effects in the treatment of neurological disorders (as it acts as a nervine tonic) and for its digestive properties, as it supports digestion with its deepan (appetizer) and pachan (digestive) qualities. Moreover, Agnijara enhances the efficacy of mercury-related treatments, functioning as both a primary ingredient and a supportive agent in the purification processes known as Parad Bandhan and Parad Jarana.

Conclusion

In summary, Agnijara is a remarkable natural substance whose applications in Ayurvedic medicine extend beyond simple drug formulations to include critical roles in enhancing other treatments, particularly those involving the digestion and energy balance. Its properties align it as a superior remedy for several ailments, demonstrating its significance in holistic healthcare. The appreciation of Agnijara among Ayurvedic practitioners is indicative of its multi-faceted benefits, affirming its continued relevance in traditional medicine.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Agnijar and how is it obtained?

Agnijar, also known as ambergris, is an animal by-product sourced from sperm whales. It forms in the digestive system and floats to the ocean surface after the whale dies, where it is collected and dried by fishermen.

What are the primary uses of Agnijar in Ayurvedic medicine?

Agnijar is used in Ayurveda for treating various ailments like neurological disorders, obesity, fever, and joint disorders. It is especially effective in managing conditions related to Kapha and Vata dosha.

What are the physical and chemical properties of Agnijar?

Agnijar is lightweight, floats on water, has a specific gravity of 780-927, and melts at 145°F. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and oil, producing a pleasant aroma when heated.

What formulations contain Agnijar as an ingredient?

Formulations such as Chintamani Ras, Brihat Vata Chintamani Rasa, and Vadvanal Rasa contain Agnijar. These medicines are aimed at treating heart diseases, diabetes, and conditions related to appetite and digestion.

What are the benefits of using Agnijar in treatment?

Agnijar is beneficial for its tridosha-shamak properties, aiding in regulating body temperature and improving circulation. Its pungent taste and hot potency make it effective against Kapha and Vata disorders.

How is Agnijar administered for medicinal use?

The typical dosage of Agnijar ranges from 1/4 Ratti to 1/2 Ratti (30-125 mg). It is usually mixed with ghee, butter, or honey to enhance its effects.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Ambergris (Agnijara): An Ayurvedic Review of Its Properties and Uses”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Agnijara:
Agnijara, also known as ambergris, is a rare animal by-product obtained from whales and used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is noted for its therapeutic properties, particularly in treating certain diseases. Its classification under 'Sadharana Rasa' highlights its significance in the field of Rasa Shastra.

2) Rasa (Rasha):
In Ayurveda, 'Rasa' refers to the essence or taste of a substance, which plays a critical role in determining its therapeutic properties and effects on the body. Different Rasa types influence the efficacy of remedies in managing health conditions.

3) Medicine:
'Medicines' comprise various remedies used to cure or alleviate health conditions. In the Ayurvedic context, taking a holistic approach, medicines can include herbal formulations, mineral-based treatments, and animal-derived products like Agnijara, emphasizing natural healing.

4) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasa-shastra is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with the properties, preparation, and application of minerals and metals for medicinal purposes. It highlights methods to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of various natural substances.

5) Dosha (Dosa):
'Dosha' refers to the three fundamental bodily humors in Ayurveda – Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Each Dosha represents distinct physical and psychological characteristics. Balancing Doshas is crucial for maintaining health and treating ailments, as imbalances are thought to lead to diseases.

6) Vata:
Vata is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, associated with air and space. It governs movement, circulation, and communication within the body. An excess or deficiency of Vata can result in a variety of ailments, necessitating dietary and lifestyle adjustments for balance.

7) Drug:
'Drugs' in an Ayurvedic context refer to medicinal substances, especially those derived from natural sources, including plants and animals. These drugs are employed for their therapeutic benefits in treating ailments and restoring health.

8) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
'Ayurveda' is a traditional system of medicine originating from India, focusing on promoting health and wellness through natural therapies. It involves the use of diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes to balance the body's energies and treat diseases.

9) Karma (Karman):
In Ayurveda, 'Karma' refers to action or practice, particularly in the context of therapeutic procedures. It encompasses various methods of treatment, such as detoxification and purification techniques aimed at restoring balance and health within the body.

10) Udaipur (Udaypur):
Udaipur is a city in Rajasthan, India, known for its educational institutions, including Ayurvedic colleges. Research and studies, such as those on Agnijara, are conducted in Udaipur, contributing to the understanding and application of traditional medicine.

11) Disease:
Diseases refer to pathological conditions causing discomfort or dysfunction in bodily systems. In Ayurveda, an understanding of diseases involves assessing imbalances in Doshas and devising treatments using natural medicines or therapies to restore health.

12) Animal:
In the context of Ayurveda and Agnijara, 'animal' refers to the source of certain medicinal products derived from animal by-products like ambergris. This category plays a valuable role in formulations used to treat various health issues.

13) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, associated with earth and water elements. It governs stability, structure, and immunity. When imbalanced, Kapha can lead to issues such as obesity and respiratory disorders, requiring specific dietary and lifestyle changes.

14) Roga:
Roga means 'disease' or 'disorder' in Sanskrit. It describes clinical conditions affecting individuals and can be addressed through Ayurvedic treatment strategies aimed at restoring balance among body energies or Doshas.

15) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
'Bhaishajya' refers to the field of medicines or remedies in Ayurveda. It emphasizes the formulation and use of various natural substances to promote health, prevent disease, and enhance well-being through comprehensive therapeutic approaches.

16) Sadharana:
Sadharana classifies certain Ayurvedic substances as general or common medicinal agents. It indicates that these substances, including Agnijara, can be used across various conditions, highlighting their versatility and therapeutic scope within Ayurvedic medicine.

17) Rasarnava:
Rasarnava is an ancient Ayurvedic text that details various substances and their uses in Rasa Shastra. It provides foundational knowledge about Agnijara and its applications, contributing to the rich tradition of Ayurvedic healing practices.

18) Samhita:
'Samhita' refers to classical Ayurvedic texts where foundational principles and practices of Ayurvedic medicine are documented. These texts are essential for practitioners, providing guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and the use of various medicinal substances.

19) Kalpana:
Kalpana involves the preparation and formulation of medicines in Ayurveda. It encompasses various methods used to create herbal or mineral compositions, ensuring that the therapeutic properties of ingredients are preserved and enhanced for effective treatment.

20) Katu:
'Katu' denotes a pungent taste in Ayurveda, which is closely associated with certain therapeutic properties. Substances with a Katu taste, like Agnijara, are thought to stimulate digestion and possess heating effects that can help restore balance.

21) Vati:
Vati refers to a specific form of Ayurvedic medicine, typically prepared as a tablet or pill. Vati formulations often include various herbal and mineral ingredients, providing concentrated doses of therapeutic properties for treating specific ailments.

22) Purification:
Purification, or 'Shodhana' in Ayurveda, is a crucial process involving the detoxification and preparation of medicinal substances. It aims to enhance their therapeutic properties and make them safe for consumption in various treatments.

23) Kaphavata (Kapha-vata):
Kaphavata refers to conditions or diseases characterized by imbalances in the Kapha and Vata Doshas. The Ayurvedic perspective on Kaphavata focuses on treating and balancing these energies to alleviate associated symptoms and restore health.

24) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
'Tridosha' is a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, representing the interplay of the three Doshas – Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Understanding Tridosha dynamics is essential for diagnosing and treating diseases effectively, as each individual has a unique Dosha composition.

25) Prameha:
Prameha denotes a group of metabolic disorders, often related to diabetes, characterized by excessive urination and thirst. Ayurvedic treatments aim to restore balance in the body's energies and improve overall metabolic function to manage Prameha.

26) Pungent:
Pungent is a taste classification in Ayurveda associated with stimulating and warming properties. Herbs and substances labeled as pungent can aid digestion and circulation, influencing a therapeutic approach in treating specific conditions.

27) Lohita:
Lohita refers to the reddish color or appearance of certain substances in Ayurveda. This term may also relate to the qualities and characteristics attributed to specific drugs or formulations based on their appearance and effects.

28) Kshara (Ksara):
'Kshara' signifies an alkali or mineral ash in Ayurveda, often used for its therapeutic properties in treatments that require neutralization of acidity or other balancing effects in the body’s systems.

29) Hridya (Hrdya):
'Hridya' translates to heart-friendly or beneficial for the heart in Ayurveda. Substances characterized as Hridya are often prescribed to promote cardiovascular health and improve cardiac functions, playing a vital role in holistic treatment strategies.

30) Jarana:
Jarana refers to a specific process in Ayurveda that involves purification and enhancement of certain substances, particularly metals like mercury. This process aims to improve the efficacy and safety profiles of drugs for therapeutic use.

31) Laghu:
Laghu means 'light' in Sanskrit and signifies the qualities of certain Ayurvedic substances that facilitate digestion and ease their action on the body. Laghu properties are often preferred in treatments aiming for quick relief and absorption.

32) Ushna (Usna):
'Ushna' denotes heat or warmth in Ayurveda, typically associated with certain medicinal substances. Ushna effects can stimulate metabolism, promote digestion, and enhance circulation, making them useful in addressing specific health issues.

33) Druti:
Druti refers to the process of melting or liquefying substances, especially in Rasa Shastra. It is an essential technique for preparing certain Ayurvedic medicines, enhancing their therapeutic attributes for effective treatments.

34) Water:
Water is recognized in Ayurveda as an essential element for life, vital for digestion, detoxification, and nutrient transport. Strategies involving hydration are integral to maintaining health and facilitating the efficacy of herbal medicines.

35) Fever:
'Fever' is a common symptom indicative of underlying health issues. In Ayurveda, it is viewed through the lens of Dosha imbalances, and treatments typically involve herbs, therapies, and dietary strategies to restore the body’s equilibrium.

36) Death:
Death symbolizes the cessation of life and, in Ayurveda, reflects the ultimate imbalance of the Doshas. The causes of death are studied to understand the interplay of physical, mental, and environmental factors impacting health.

37) Nila:
Neela refers to blue or bluish hues in Ayurvedic texts. This term may emphasize the characteristics of certain substances or formulations related to their color and associated tastes or effects.

38) Guna:
'Guna' translates to 'qualities' or characteristics that describe the nature of substances. In Ayurveda, understanding the Guna of herbs and minerals is essential to categorize them and determine their applications in treatments.

39) Ghi (Ghee):
Ghee, or clarified butter, is a prominent substance in Ayurveda known for its nourishing properties. It is used as a medium for delivering medicines and as a therapeutic food, promoting digestion and health.

40) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Sushruta-samhita is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda, attributed to Sushruta, emphasizing surgical techniques and in-depth medicinal knowledge. It serves as a critical reference for practitioners, detailing classifications and applications of Ayurvedic treatments.

41) Abhrakadruti (Abhraka-druti):
Abhraka-druti refers to the process related to the melting of Mica (Abhraka), which finds mention in Rasa Shastra. This aspect highlights the alchemical practices in Ayurveda, emphasizing the preparation of effective medicinal formulations.

42) Agnimandya (Agni-mandya, Agnimamdya):
Agnimandhya pertains to the Ayurvedic concept of impaired digestive fire or Agni. Managing Agnimandhya often involves using warming and stimulating herbs to restore digestive function and enhance nutrient assimilation.

43) Ashvagandha (Asvagandha, Ashwagandha, Ashvagamdha, Ashva-gandha):
Ashvagandha is a renowned adaptogenic herb in Ayurveda known for its stress-relieving and restorative properties. It is commonly used to balance Vata and support overall health, particularly in managing fatigue and anxiety.

44) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna refers to the study of the properties and uses of medicinal substances in Ayurveda. This branch explores how different drugs interact with the body's energies and their therapeutic applications across various health conditions.

45) Dhanurvata:
Dhanurvata refers to a type of muscle spasm or tetany in Ayurvedic terms. It indicates the need for treatments to restore balance and alleviate symptoms using targeted herbs and dietary modifications.

46) Discussion:
Discussion is an integral part of academic writing and research, particularly in the context of analyzing findings on topics like Ayurvedic drugs. It enables the examination of concepts and fosters insights that contribute to the understanding of traditional practices.

47) Matulunga (Matulumga, Matulamga):
Matulunga, commonly known as Bitter Orange, is used in Ayurvedic remedies for its digestive benefits. Its juice is often utilized for therapeutic preparations, contributing to the treatment of various digestive issues.

48) Prakarana:
Prakarana refers to a method or specific procedure in Ayurveda concerning the preparation and application of medicines. It encapsulates the systematic approach employed in creating effective therapeutic formulations.

49) Mastishka (Mastiska):
Mastishka, meaning brain or intellect, in Ayurveda refers to the neurological functions and health. Ayurvedic approaches aim to nurture Mastishka through nourishing herbs, balancing Doshas for improved cognitive function.

50) Vataroga (Vata-roga):
Vataroga refers to diseases related to the Vata Dosha, often manifesting as pain, dryness, or movement-related disorders. Ayurvedic treatment focuses on balancing Vata through dietary and herbal interventions to alleviate symptoms.

51) Substance:
In Ayurvedic terms, a 'substance' refers to any material or ingredient, such as herbs or minerals, used in the formulation of medicines. Understanding the properties of substances is key to effective Ayurvedic practice.

52) Fisherman (Fishermen):
Fishermen play a pivotal role in the collection of Agnijara, as they extract ambergris from the ocean. Their activities directly contribute to the availability of this valuable component used in Ayurvedic formulations.

53) Fragrance:
Fragrance is a sensory quality often associated with medicinal substances, particularly those like Agnijara. In Ayurveda, pleasant fragrances can influence the therapeutic effects and acceptance of medicines.

54) Perfumer:
'Perfumer' denotes a professional skilled in creating fragrances, often using substances like Agnijara. Their expertise lies in blending various aromatic compounds to produce scents, showcasing the commercial aspect of Ayurvedic substances.

55) Shodhana (Sodhana):
'Shodhana' describes purification processes in Ayurveda aimed at detoxifying substances to enhance their therapeutic effects. This crucial step is essential in preparing effective and safe medicinal products for treatment.

56) Pradhana:
Pradhana represents the primary or principal element in Ayurveda, often referring to the most significant quality or aspect of a substance. Identifying the Pradhana of a remedy helps determine its therapeutic applications.

57) Prakasha (Prakasa):
Prakasha means 'illumination' or 'clarity' in Ayurveda, indicating the enlightening knowledge derived from ancient texts. This principle emphasizes the importance of understanding the properties and effects of medicines used in healing.

58) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
Rasayana is a branch of Ayurveda focusing on rejuvenation and longevity. It involves using specific herbs and preparations to enhance vitality, improve health, and promote overall well-being.

59) Mandagni (Manda-agni, Mamdagni):
Mandagni refers to the condition of weak or slow digestive fire (Agni). In Ayurveda, enhancing Mandagni is crucial to improving digestion and absorption, often addressed through dietary adjustments and stimulating herbs.

60) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiated refers to the condition of being disturbed or imbalanced, particularly relating to the Doshas in Ayurveda. Understanding vitiation is vital for diagnosing health issues and developing appropriate treatment plans.

61) Shastra (Sastra):
'Shastra' refers to foundational texts or scriptures in Ayurveda, encompassing various disciplines within traditional medicine. These texts provide guidance on practices, treatments, and the theoretical underpinnings of Ayurvedic healing.

62) Hridaya (Hrdaya):
'Hridaya' translates to heart, not only in a physical sense but also symbolically, representing love and emotion. In Ayurveda, Hridaya medicines are those that support cardiac health and emotional well-being.

63) Abhraka:
Abhraka refers to Mica in Ayurveda, used extensively in Rasa Shastra. Its qualities and therapeutic applications are emphasized, particularly its role as a mineral in various formulations for healing.

64) Rathore:
Rathore is likely mentioned as an author or researcher associated with the study. References like this indicate collaboration in academic research, enhancing the body of knowledge concerning Ayurveda and related fields.

65) Heating:
Heating refers to the process used to activate or transform certain medicinal substances in Ayurveda. It signifies the application of heat in preparing, purifying, or enhancing the properties of drugs and formulations.

66) Mineral:
Minerals play a crucial role in Ayurvedic medicine, contributing to the formulation of remedies. The use of minerals like mercury or mica is essential in Rasa Shastra, underscoring the diverse sources of medicinal substances.

67) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burning is a method of purification or transformation in Ayurveda, often used for certain minerals and substances to enhance their properties for therapeutic applications. It signifies a crucial step in preparing effective medicines.

68) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
Tantra references various techniques or frameworks within Ayurveda for preparing and administering medicines. It involves the application of detailed procedures that outline the successful preparation of therapeutic formulations.

69) Dravya:
Dravya denotes substances or materials used in the preparation of medicines in Ayurveda. Understanding the qualities and uses of Dravya is essential for formulating effective treatments tailored to individual needs.

70) Samita (Shamita):
Samita refers to a significant text or compilation in Ayurvedic literature, providing insights and documenting traditional knowledge used in healing practices. Such texts serve as valuable resources for medical practitioners.

71) Ruksha (Ruksa):
'Ruksha' indicates the quality of dryness in Ayurvedic terms. This quality affects the properties and uses of substances, with dry herbs or ingredients often used in treatments to balance opposing doshas.

72) Dhatri (Dhatr):
Dhatri is referred to as a nurturing or motherly figure, often used as a term for medicines that provide comprehensive care and restorative properties. Dhatri Rasayana formulations exemplify this nurturing principle in Ayurveda.

73) Brahmi:
Brahmi is an ancient herb known for its cognitive-enhancing properties. In Ayurveda, it supports mental function, reduces stress, and contributes to overall brain health, making it a staple in various formulations.

74) Brihat (Brhat):
'Brihat' denotes something large or significant in Sanskrit, often used to indicate formulations with potent effects. In Ayurveda, Brihat often precedes names of medicines, highlighting their comprehensive benefits.

75) Vipaka:
Vipaka refers to the post-digestive effects of a substance, influencing its ultimate action in the body. Understanding Vipaka guides Ayurvedic practitioners in formulating treatments that align with individual digestive capabilities.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 107]

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