Effect of pyraclostrobin on SDH and LDH in Labeo rohita.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Effect of pyraclostrobin (20%wg) on enzymatic activities of sdh and ldh in freshwater fish labeo rohita (hamilton)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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A. Anitha, Ch. Prasanna and V. Venkata Rathnamma
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Effect of pyraclostrobin (20%wg) on enzymatic activities of sdh and ldh in freshwater fish labeo rohita (hamilton)
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20183-10825
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study focuses on the effects of Pyraclostrobin (20% WG), a pesticide, on the enzymatic activities of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) in the freshwater fish species Labeo rohita. Water quality is crucial for aquatic life, and pollution can significantly impact the health of fish populations. The research involved exposing Labeo rohita to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Pyraclostrobin over a period of time to analyze how this pesticide affects key metabolic enzymes in various tissues.
The Impact of Pyraclostrobin on LDH Activity
One major finding of the study was the significant increase in LDH activity in fish exposed to Pyraclostrobin. LDH is an essential enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, facilitating the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Elevated LDH levels suggest a shift towards anaerobic respiration, likely due to tissue hypoxia caused by the toxic effects of the pesticide on the respiratory epithelium. As a result of this exposure, the decreased levels of aerobic oxidation compel fish to rely more on anaerobic metabolic pathways to generate energy, which indicates a distress response in the organism.
The Effect of Pyraclostrobin on SDH Activity
In contrast to the increase in LDH activity, the study observed a decrease in SDH activity among the fish subjected to both lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Pyraclostrobin. SDH plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle, and its reduced activity indicates impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism. The study suggests that the inhibition of SDH is associated with disruptions in mitochondrial architecture and permeability, which could lead to significant metabolic dysfunctions in the affected tissues.
Tissue-Specific Responses to Pyraclostrobin Exposure
The research also highlighted that both LDH and SDH enzyme activities were affected differently across various tissues such as the liver, gills, brain, and muscles of Labeo rohita. Each tissue exhibited unique patterns of enzyme activity change, with significant variations in the extent of both LDH elevation and SDH inhibition. This tissue-specific response underscores the complexity of how different organs react to pollution and stresses the need for comprehensive assessments to understand the broader implications on fish physiology and health.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study reveals that exposure to Pyraclostrobin significantly alters the activities of critical metabolic enzymes in Labeo rohita. LDH activity increases due to a shift towards anaerobic respiration, indicating potential tissue hypoxia, while SDH activity decreases, revealing compromised mitochondrial function. These findings are important for understanding the toxicological effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms and highlight the necessity for better management practices to safeguard aquatic environments from chemical pollutants.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the effect of Pyraclostrobin on Labeo rohita?
Pyraclostrobin exposure increases lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and alters succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) levels in various tissues of Labeo rohita, indicating a shift towards anaerobic respiration and possible tissue hypoxia.
How are LDH and SDH activities measured in fish?
LDH and SDH activities are measured using specific biochemical assays that quantify enzyme activity in fish tissues such as gills, liver, kidney, brain, and muscle post-exposure to Pyraclostrobin.
What are the concentrations of Pyraclostrobin used in the study?
The study utilized lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Pyraclostrobin: 1.4 µg/l as lethal and 1/10th of that as sub-lethal for evaluating enzymatic activities over periods of 24 hours, 5 days, and 10 days.
What changes were noted in LDH activity due to exposure?
LDH activity increased in all tissues examined after Pyraclostrobin exposure, indicating heightened anaerobic metabolism as the fish faced toxic stress and a reduction in aerobic respiration.
Which tissues showed the most significant changes in SDH activity?
SDH activity varied among tissues, with the kidney showing notable increases after sub-lethal exposure. However, significant decreases in SDH were also observed after longer exposure durations.
What does an increase in LDH activity indicate?
An increase in LDH activity suggests a metabolic shift towards anaerobic respiration, which may occur due to stress caused by environmental toxins like pesticides, impacting the fish's energy metabolism.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Effect of pyraclostrobin on SDH and LDH in Labeo rohita.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In biological research, 'activity' refers to the functional performance of enzymes or biochemical processes within organisms. In the context of this study, enzyme activity levels, specifically those of LDH and SDH, were measured to assess the physiological impact of pyraclostrobin exposure on the fish, indicating metabolic changes resulting from toxic stress.
2) Fish:
'Fish' denotes aquatic organisms that are a significant focus of ecological and toxicological studies. In this research, the freshwater fish 'Labeo rohita' serves as the vital model organism. Studying fish allows researchers to understand the impacts of environmental pollutants on aquatic life forms, providing insights into broader ecological consequences.
3) Rohita:
'Rohita' refers to the Indian major carp species 'Labeo rohita', commonly used in aquaculture and scientific research. This species is integral to understanding the environmental and physiological effects of pesticides such as pyraclostrobin. Its sensitivity to chemical stress makes it an important study organism for assessing aquatic toxicology.
4) Pesticide:
'Pesticide' refers to chemical substances used to manage pests in agriculture but can adversely affect non-target organisms, including aquatic life. The study investigates the effects of pyraclostrobin, a fungicide, on fish enzyme activities, highlighting the risks pesticides pose to environmental health and aquatic ecosystems.
5) Observation:
'Observation' in scientific research is the act of monitoring and recording phenomena or physiological changes in subjects. In this study, observations were made regarding enzyme activity levels in 'Labeo rohita' exposed to different concentrations of pyraclostrobin, providing measurable data to analyze the compound's toxic effects.
6) Table:
'Table' refers to organized data representations used to summarize findings in research. Tables in the study present enzyme activity levels and percent changes over control for different tissues of 'Labeo rohita', enabling clear comparisons and facilitating understanding of the effects of pyraclostrobin on metabolic processes.
7) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to a systematic investigation aimed at understanding specific phenomena, often following scientific methods. This research encompasses the examination of enzymatic changes in 'Labeo rohita' due to pyraclostrobin exposure, contributing to the knowledge of pesticide effects on freshwater fish and aquatic health.
8) Nagarjuna:
'Nagarjuna' refers to Acharya Nagarjuna University, located in India, where the study was conducted. The institution plays a significant role in advancing research in zoology and environmental science, ensuring that findings contribute to the academic understanding of aquatic ecosystems and the impact of pollutants.
9) Water:
'Water' is a critical component of life and an essential element for aquatic organisms. It is the medium in which the fish were exposed to pyraclostrobin, emphasizing the importance of clean water in maintaining aquatic health and the potential threats posed by chemical contamination to freshwater systems.
10) Agriculture:
'Agriculture' refers to the practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food and other products. The relevance of agriculture in this study pertains to the use of pesticides like pyraclostrobin, which can contaminate water bodies and affect fish species through runoff and other pathways.
11) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' describes the degree to which a substance can harm living organisms. The study focuses on the toxicity of pyraclostrobin, evaluating its effects on enzyme activities in 'Labeo rohita'. Understanding toxicity is crucial for assessing the risks posed by environmental pollutants to aquatic life.
12) Species:
'Species' denotes a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can breed among themselves. In this study, 'Labeo rohita' represents a species that serves as a model organism to investigate the impact of pesticides in aquatic environments, shedding light on species-specific responses to chemical stress.
13) Zoology:
'Zoology' is the branch of biology that studies animals and their behavior, physiology, and classification. This research falls within zoology as it investigates the effects of a chemical agent on fish, contributing to the understanding of animal biology in the context of environmental toxicology.
14) India:
'India' is a country with diverse ecosystems, where this study was conducted. Its ecological and agricultural landscapes provide unique contexts for examining the impacts of pesticides on freshwater organisms like 'Labeo rohita', stressing the importance of addressing chemical safety in local water bodies.
15) Nerium indicum:
'Nerium indicum' refers to a plant known for its toxic properties. Its mention in the study context serves as a comparison to highlight potential impacts of natural toxins versus chemical pesticides like pyraclostrobin, enriching understanding of aquatic toxicity from various sources.
16) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the section of a research paper where findings are interpreted, implications are drawn, and relevance is contextualized. In this study, the discussion elaborates on the observed changes in enzyme activity, linking them to underlying biochemical processes affected by pyraclostrobin.
17) Depression:
'Depression' in this context refers to a decrease in enzyme activity as a response to toxic exposure. The study reports on the depression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in 'Labeo rohita', indicating a negative impact on metabolic processes due to pyraclostrobin exposure.
18) Prasanna:
'Prasanna' is a co-author on the research study, indicating collaborative contributions to the investigation. The involvement of multiple researchers underlines the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry, enhancing the research's credibility and depth through diverse academic perspectives.
19) Venkata (Vemkata):
'Venkata' is another co-author involved in this study, whose contributions, along with those of other researchers, are vital for the intellectual rigor and thorough approach of the research. Collaborative authorship signals a multidisciplinary effort in addressing complex environmental issues.
20) Science (Scientific):
'Science' is the systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the universe. This research adheres to scientific methods, contributing to environmental science by providing empirical data on the effects of pesticides on aquatic life.
21) Indian:
'Indian' refers to the nationality relating to India, contextualizing the study within the geographic and cultural landscape of the country. The research addresses regional environmental issues, emphasizing the specific challenges faced by Indian freshwater ecosystems regarding pesticide contamination.
22) Death:
'Death' symbolizes the extreme outcome of toxic exposure and ecological imbalance. In the study, the risk of death from pesticide exposure highlights the urgency of understanding chemical impacts on aquatic life, advocating for protective measures in environmental management to safeguard biodiversity.
23) Crop:
'Crop' refers to cultivated plant species, a focal point of agricultural practice. Research relating to crop management is pertinent to understanding pesticide application practices that can lead to contamination of nearby water bodies, impacting local aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.
24) Food:
'Food' signifies the biological material consumed by living organisms. The study implicates aquatic organisms like 'Labeo rohita' as part of the food chain, emphasizing the need to understand pesticide effects on these species, which can ultimately affect human food safety and security.
25) Milk:
'Milk' in this context may refer to potential contamination of food sources resulting from pesticide exposure in agricultural systems. While not directly related to the study, it underscores concerns regarding the health of various food items that could be affected amidst environmental pollution.
26) Drug:
'Drug' commonly refers to a substance used for medical treatment but can also denote chemicals, such as pesticides, affecting health. In this context, understanding the physiological effects of pyraclostrobin—an agricultural chemical—ON aquatic species correlates with broader discussions of chemical impacts on health and environment.
27) Life:
'Life' denotes the condition that distinguishes living organisms from inorganic matter. The study focuses on the intricate dynamics of life forms like fish, exploring how environmental pollutants, particularly pesticides, threaten their viability and flourish within ecosystems, thus impacting overall ecological health.