Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of black rice seed extract.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations of methanolic seed extract of black rice (oryza sativa l.) mentioned in an ancient palm leaf manuscript (talapatra)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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B. Chandramouli, M. Madhavi Latha, K. Narendra and K. Mallikarjuna
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations of methanolic seed extract of black rice (oryza sativa l.) mentioned in an ancient palm leaf manuscript (talapatra)
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20183-10797
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
Black rice (Oryza sativa L.), often referred to as a superfood, is a nutrient-rich variety of rice cultivated primarily in eastern Asia, notably China, India, and Thailand. Historically considered "forbidden rice" in ancient China, it was reserved for emperors due to its perceived health benefits. The rice is particularly rich in anthocyanins, which contribute to its distinctive color and are believed to provide various health benefits, including antioxidant properties. Recent research has focused on the antimicrobial potential of black rice, driven by ancient Ayurvedic practices documented in palm leaf manuscripts.
2) Phytochemical Composition
The study conducted on the methanolic seed extract of black rice revealed a diverse array of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. These compounds were extracted using methanol, and subsequent screening indicated their presence through various tests. The identification of these phytochemicals supports the traditional use of black rice for medicinal purposes, as many secondary metabolites are known to possess protective and disease-preventive properties. Such findings suggest that black rice could be a valuable source for developing natural antimicrobial agents.
3) Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial efficacy of methanolic black rice extract was evaluated against various bacterial strains. It demonstrated significant inhibition against three gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and higher activity against gram-negative bacteria, especially Salmonella species. However, the extract showed no antifungal activity against two tested fungi, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. This highlights the potential of black rice as a natural antimicrobial agent, which could be utilized in food preservation and the development of complementary therapeutic products.
4) Historical Significance and Modern Application
The historical context of black rice's medicinal use is underscored by its documentation in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Treatments based on black rice were noted for various ailments, ranging from jaundice to cancer wounds. The modern rediscovery of these properties alongside the scientific validation of its antimicrobial effects can potentially lead to new applications in medicine and nutrition. The findings encourage further investigation into the health benefits associated with black rice, particularly concerning its biochemical mechanisms and the isolation of active compounds.
5) Conclusion
In summary, the research highlights black rice as a rich source of phytochemicals with significant antimicrobial properties. While the extract proved effective against several bacterial pathogens, no antifungal activity was observed. These findings not only validate historical uses but also open avenues for future research regarding the safety and efficacy of black rice extracts in both experimental and clinical settings. Continued exploration of its biological activities and pure compounds could lead to innovative developments in health and nutrition.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the key phytochemicals found in black rice seeds?
The key phytochemicals identified in black rice seeds include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and glycosides, contributing to their potential medicinal properties.
How was black rice seed extract tested for antimicrobial activity?
The antimicrobial activity of methanolic black rice seed extract was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method on various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
What were the results of the antibacterial tests on black rice?
The methanolic extract showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella species.
Did the black rice extract show antifungal activity?
No significant antifungal activity was observed for the methanolic extract against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans in this study.
Where is black rice commonly cultivated?
Black rice is primarily cultivated in China, India, Thailand, and other Eastern Asian countries, being popular for its nutritional and medicinal properties.
What traditional uses of black rice are documented?
Historically, black rice has been used in Ayurvedic preparations for its medicinal properties, noted in ancient palm leaf manuscripts.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of black rice seed extract.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Rice (Rce):
Rice, specifically black rice, is highlighted as a superfood rich in nutrients and beneficial compounds, making it a focal point for health and medicinal studies. This grain is not only a staple food for many cultures but also possesses unique phytochemical properties that contribute to its potential health benefits.
2) Activity:
In this context, 'activity' refers to the biological effects observed in the study, particularly concerning the antimicrobial properties of black rice extracts. The term emphasizes the importance of evaluating how certain compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, thus underlining the substance's therapeutic potential.
3) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are natural bioactive compounds found in plants, which play a crucial role in human health. The study focuses on the phytochemical composition of black rice, identifying beneficial constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which are believed to contribute to its medicinal properties.
4) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' refers to a class of phytochemicals present in black rice that serve as powerful antioxidants. Their relevance lies in their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to combat oxidative stress, making them significant in the context of this research on antimicrobial properties.
5) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' refers to substances that inhibit or kill bacteria, with implications for the potential use of black rice extracts as a natural source of such agents. The inclusion of this term underlines the growing interest in finding alternatives to synthetic antibiotics in herbal medicine.
6) Species:
In a biological context, 'species' refers to distinct groups of organisms studied in the research. Identifying specific bacterial and fungal species is vital for analyzing the antimicrobial efficacy of black rice extracts, pointing to its potential application in treating infections caused by these organisms.
7) Table:
The 'table' is a systematic presentation of data, used to summarize and display the results of phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial tests. Tables in the study serve to present findings clearly, allowing for easier comparison between the effectiveness of black rice extracts and standard antibacterial drugs.
8) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the systematic investigation undertaken to explore the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of black rice. This academic pursuit aims to validate traditional uses documented in ancient manuscripts, demonstrating the scientific rigor behind claims of black rice's health benefits.
9) India:
India is a significant focus in the context of black rice research due to its rich agricultural heritage and traditional medicinal practices. The study highlights indigenous forms of black rice and documents historical uses, connecting modern research to ancient knowledge preserved in palm-leaf manuscripts.
10) Water:
'Water' is essential for extracting phytochemicals from black rice during the methanol extraction process. It serves as a solvent through which bioactive compounds are dissolved, illustrating the importance of proper extraction methods in enhancing the yield and effectiveness of medicinal properties.
11) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive bacteria studied in the research for its susceptibility to black rice extracts. Its relevance lies in its role as a common pathogen responsible for a range of infections, underscoring the potential application of black rice in combating bacterial diseases.
12) Food:
As a staple, rice is classified as a food source that not only provides nutrition but also emerges as a functional food with medicinal properties. The study extends the understanding of dietary staples, including their roles in health promotion and disease prevention through bioactive compounds.
13) Drug:
The term 'drugs' in this research refers to bioactive compounds that can be developed into therapeutic agents derived from black rice. This connection establishes the significance of natural resources in the search for new pharmacological solutions to combat bacterial resistance.
14) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is notable as the region of study surrounding black rice. It highlights the geographical and cultural aspects associated with the cultivation and use of black rice in traditional medicine, linking the locality to a wider global narrative on health and nutrition.
15) Powder:
'Powder' refers to the processed form of black rice seeds used for extraction and analysis in the study. The conversion of whole grains into powder is essential for enabling efficient extraction of phytochemicals, thus playing a crucial role in testing and application for medicinal purposes.
16) Cina:
'China' is historically relevant because black rice has been cultivated for centuries there, often referred to as forbidden rice. Its historical and cultural significance in traditional Chinese medicine underpins its use in modern therapeutic practices, linking traditional knowledge with contemporary research.
17) Devi:
Devi refers to one of the co-authors of the study, highlighting contributions to the research regarding black rice and its medicinal properties. Acknowledging authors illustrates collaborative efforts in scientific investigations and underscores the importance of shared knowledge in advancing research.
18) Palm-leaf:
'Palm-leaf' manuscripts are ancient texts that provide historical insight into traditional medicinal practices in India. The inclusion of this term emphasizes the continuity of medicinal knowledge from historical documentation to contemporary studies, showcasing the value of cultural heritage in scientific exploration.
19) Nagarjuna:
Nagarjuna University, where part of the research was conducted, signifies the role of academic institutions in advancing scientific knowledge. It connects traditional medicinal practices documented in ancient texts with modern research efforts aimed at validating those practices through empirical studies.
20) Talapatra (Tala-patra):
Talapatra refers to ancient palm-leaf manuscripts that serve as repositories of traditional knowledge, including the medicinal uses of black rice. The term emphasizes the historical context of the research, highlighting the transition of traditional remedies into modern scientific inquiry.
21) Disease:
The term 'diseases' reflects the focus of the research on microbial infections that pose significant health risks. Understanding the antibacterial properties of black rice helps address the challenge of disease management, particularly given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance globally.
22) Medium:
'Medium' represents the culture media used in antibacterial and antifungal assays, essential for growing microbial strains to test the efficacy of black rice extracts. The choice of medium impacts the reliability of results, emphasizing the need for standardized testing conditions.
23) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' describes the abundant presence of phytochemicals in black rice, indicating its high nutritional and medicinal value. This term reinforces the idea that black rice is more than just food, but a potent source of compounds for health and wellness.
24) Mallikarjuna (Mallika-arjuna):
Mallikarjuna is one of the authors of the research, contributing to the botanical and microbiological studies of black rice. Acknowledging contributors highlights the collaborative nature of scientific research and the collective effort in advancing knowledge about the medicinal benefits of plants.
25) Life:
'Life' addresses the broader implications of health and wellness related to the use of black rice in traditional diets. Recognizing the significance of dietary choices in promoting a healthy lifestyle aligns with the study's aims to validate traditional wisdom through modern research.
26) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the study of drug action, including the effects of black rice extracts on microbial pathogens. This term emphasizes the scientific exploration of natural substances for their therapeutic potential, bridging traditional practices with modern pharmacology.
27) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' captures the essence of traditional understanding documented in ancient texts about the uses of black rice. The study seeks to validate this wisdom through empirical research, illustrating the connection between historical practices and contemporary scientific inquiry.
28) Medicine:
'Medicines' encapsulates the broader context of natural health solutions explored in the study. Emphasizing a shift toward plant-based ingredients for therapeutic use reiterates the significance of traditional knowledge in developing effective health interventions.
29) Gelatin:
Gelatin is mentioned in the context of testing for the presence of proteins in black rice extracts during phytochemical screening. This term highlights the methods used to identify bioactive compounds, facilitating the understanding of nutritional components within plant-based foods.
30) Family:
In botanical classification, 'family' refers to the taxonomic rank comprising related plants. The rice plant belongs to the Poaceae family, which contextualizes its importance within plant sciences and connects it to other grass species known for their agricultural and medicinal value.
31) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their physiology, structure, and taxonomy. This discipline is fundamental to understanding the medicinal properties of black rice, linking traditional uses to biological studies that provide insights into plant-based health solutions.
32) Sugar:
'Sugar' represents potentially relevant carbohydrates found in black rice and their significance in nutrition. The investigation of carbohydrates contributes to a broader understanding of the grain's health benefits, encompassing its role in energy provision as well as its medicinal properties.
33) Blood:
'Blood' is mentioned concerning the health benefits attributed to black rice, which is believed to support blood health through its nutrient composition. This term underscores the grain's potential role in traditional medicinal practices aimed at enhancing well-being.
34) Nakar:
Nagar, in this context, signifies a geographical location linked to the research, particularly Nagarjuna University. Recognizing specific locations provides context to the cultural and academic landscape supporting the study of black rice and its historical medicinal claims.
35) King:
'Kings' connects to the historical context in which black rice was reserved for royalty, symbolizing its esteemed quality. This notion reinforces the cultural prominence of black rice, enhancing its perceived value in terms of health and nutrition in traditional practices.
36) Hair:
The term 'hair' is associated with traditional practices using black rice water for hair health, reflecting the holistic approach to wellness in various cultures. This indicates the wide-ranging applications of black rice beyond nutrition to beauty and self-care.
37) Pur:
'Poor' often describes unsuccessful germination or yield in the cultivation of black rice while emphasizing agricultural challenges. Understanding cultivation difficulties supports the narrative regarding the accessibility and commercialization of black rice as a health resource.
38) Oil:
Oils are relevant in the context of fatty acids that may be present in black rice. The examination of fats contributes to the nutritional profile of black rice, underpinning its value as both a food source and a potential health supplement.
39) Observation:
'Observation' in research refers to the systematic recording of findings, critical for validating hypotheses regarding black rice's properties. This term highlights the importance of careful and thorough examination in the scientific process, allowing researchers to draw credible conclusions.
40) Discussion:
'Discussion' signifies the section of research where findings are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. This part of the study is essential for understanding the implications of the results, contributing to the broader field of phytochemistry and natural product research.
41) Developing:
'Developing' relates to the ongoing work of creating or researching effective treatments or products from black rice. The term centers on the goal of advancing natural medicines as an alternative to conventional pharmaceuticals, highlighting the relevance of this research in contemporary health care.
42) Fragrance:
'Fragrance' may refer to the aromatic qualities attributed to black rice, enhancing the sensory experience associated with its consumption. This term emphasizes the multifaceted nature of food, merging culinary enjoyment with health benefits derived from the grain's natural properties.
43) Narendra (Nara-indra):
Narendra, one of the co-authors, plays a significant role in conducting research on the phytochemical properties of black rice. Acknowledgment of individual contributors highlights the collaborative nature of scientific endeavors and the importance of diverse expertise in research outcomes.
44) Godavari (Go-davari):
The term 'Godavari' references the geographical area related to the study of black rice cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. Understanding the local context of agricultural practices enriches the narrative of the research and connects it to regional cultural factors influencing traditional medicine.
45) Relative:
'Relative' in scientific research often refers to comparative analysis; in this context, it implies evaluating the antibacterial potency of black rice extracts relative to standard drugs. This aspect is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of natural compounds in treating infections.
46) Madhavi:
Madhavi refers to one of the collaborators in the study, underscoring the collaborative nature of scientific research. Recognizing individual contributions emphasizes the importance of teamwork in exploring the multifaceted properties of black rice and its potential applications.
47) Village:
'Village' indicates the rural setting where black rice was cultivated for the study. This highlights the significance of local agricultural practices and traditional knowledge in the cultivation and use of medicinal plants like black rice, linking cultural heritage to scientific inquiry.
48) Heating:
'Heating' pertains to the extraction processes used in phytochemical screening, underscoring methods employed to analyze the properties of black rice. Proper heating conditions are critical in ensuring efficient extraction of bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of methodology in research.
49) Surface:
The 'surface' typically refers to the growth medium where microbial tests are performed in petri dishes. This term emphasizes the laboratory techniques used to evaluate the effectiveness of black rice extracts against bacterial and fungal strains, showcasing the importance of careful experimental design.
50) Animal:
'Animal' refers to subjects in biological research where studies may be conducted to validate the effects of black rice extracts on various physiological systems. Emphasizing animal research underscores the scientific approach toward establishing the applicability of findings from plant studies.
51) Mandal:
'Mandal' specifies the administrative division of East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh, where black rice is cultivated. Understanding local governance and geographic factors enriches the context of the agricultural practices discussed, linking socioeconomic aspects to the consumption of traditional foods.
52) Forest:
The term 'forest' can refer to natural habitats where related species like wild rice may be found. Studying the diversity of rice varieties, including black rice, in natural settings enriches the understanding of genetic factors influencing medicinal properties and cultivation practices.
53) Cancer:
'Cancer' signifies a serious health condition investigated in the context of the study. The research links the phytochemical properties of black rice to potential therapeutic uses, addressing the ongoing need for effective treatments and preventive strategies against various forms of cancer.
54) Farmer:
The 'farmer' refers to the individual involved in cultivating black rice, emphasizing the role of traditional agricultural practices in the study. Recognizing the contributions of local farmers highlights the connection between community knowledge and scientific inquiry in exploring plant medicinal properties.
55) Heaven:
'Heaven' alludes to the traditional names attributed to black rice, emphasizing its revered status in various cultures. This term signals the cultural significance of black rice as a nutritious food, connecting historical narratives with its incorporation into modern diets.
56) Indian:
'Indian' contextualizes the regional and cultural significance of black rice within the Indian subcontinent. The inclusion of this term reinforces the idea that traditional knowledge and practices play a crucial role in contemporary research regarding natural foods and medicinals.
57) Palli:
The term 'Palli' could refer to rural settlements or agricultural communities contributing to the cultivation of black rice. Understanding local contexts enriches the narrative of black rice's application in traditional medicine and its importance in local diets.
58) Honey:
'Honey' reflects a natural product often associated with health benefits, suggesting a holistic and natural perspective on wellbeing. The mention highlights the interconnectedness of various natural sources in promoting health, underlining the relevance of traditional remedies.
59) Field:
'Field' emphasizes the agricultural aspect of black rice cultivation. This term connects the study to practical applications in farming, showcasing how traditional crops can be integrated into contemporary agricultural systems for health and nutrition purposes.
60) Latta:
Latha is another co-author credited in the research, representing the collaborative effort in conducting scientific studies on black rice. Acknowledging team members underscores the importance of diverse expertise in generating comprehensive research outcomes.
61) Genu:
'Genu' may refer to a specific aspect related to taxonomy or anatomy in botanical studies, reflecting a detailed analysis of plant characteristics. This term underscores the scientific rigor involved in the classification and study of plant species, promoting a deeper understanding of their health benefits.
62) Saha (Shaha):
'Saha' refers to a contributing author involved in the research, emphasizing the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry. Acknowledging the input of each author illustrates the teamwork necessary to explore the complexities of black rice's medicinal properties.