Pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmacognostic study and phytochemical screening on leaves of chloroxylon swietenia
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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B. Nagaraju, H. Ramana, N. Shiva Krishna, M. Bhaskar and P. Venkateshwarao
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharmacognostic study and phytochemical screening on leaves of chloroxylon swietenia
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20183-10689
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Chloroxylon swietenia, belonging to the Rutaceae/Chloroxylaceae family, is a medicinal and aromatic tree indigenous to India and Sri Lanka, commonly known as yellow wood or East Indian satin wood. This study focuses on the pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis of its leaves, which are utilized for various therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of coughs, colds, and inflammation-related disorders. The research aims to establish authentic data regarding the leaves for effective identification and quality control of the crude drug.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis
The macroscopic evaluation revealed the leaves of C. swietenia to be green, with a nauseous taste and oblong shape measuring 10-20 cm in length. Through microscopic examination, transverse sections of the leaves displayed key anatomical features, including the cuticle, collenchymatous cells, xylem, and trichomes. Notably, the study identified the structural components such as phloem fibers and oil glands, which contribute significantly to the plant's medicinal properties. These findings provide a foundational understanding of the leaf's physical characteristics, essential for botanical identification.
Phytochemical Screening
The phytochemical screening revealed a diverse range of bioactive compounds present in the leaves of C. swietenia. The qualitative analyses of various extracts indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. The ethanolic extract, in particular, showcased constituents like steroids and cardiac glycosides, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. This extensive phytochemical profiling underscores the plant’s relevance in traditional medicine and highlights its potential for further pharmacological exploration.
Physicochemical Properties
In addition to the qualitative phytochemical findings, the study assessed several physicochemical parameters of the leaves, including ash values and extractive values. The total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash were determined, providing insights into the purity and quality of the herbal material. The fluorescence analysis performed under UV light after reacting with various reagents displayed distinctive color changes, which are crucial for the plant's identification and quality assurance. Understanding these physicochemical attributes is essential for establishing standards in herbal medicine.
Conclusion
The comprehensive pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves revealed significant findings regarding their structural, chemical, and physicochemical properties. The presence of valuable secondary metabolites and their functional roles in human health are noteworthy. The established diagnostic features and quality control parameters will aid in the authentication of the drug and assist future research aiming to explore its pharmacological activities. This study not only contributes to the ethnopharmacological knowledge surrounding C. swietenia but also sets a baseline for further exploration of its medicinal applications.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Chloroxylon swietenia and its uses in medicine?
Chloroxylon swietenia, known as yellow wood, has medicinal properties. Its bark is used as an astringent, and the leaves are applied to treat worm-infested wounds, fungal infections, and inflammation-related disorders.
What was the purpose of the pharmacognostic study on Chloroxylon swietenia?
The study aimed to provide macroscopical, microscopical, and phytochemical data of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves, essential for the authentication of this medicinal plant since no such data existed.
How was the plant material for the study collected?
The plant was collected from Thalla Verappagudem in Nalgonda district, Telangana, in November. The material was authenticated by an expert in botany.
What are the key findings from the study's microscopic analysis?
Microscopic analysis showed the presence of cuticle, collenchymatous cells, oil glands, trichomes, xylem, and epidermal cells, while powder microscopy revealed phloem fibers and mesophyll with oil glands.
What phytochemicals were identified in Chloroxylon swietenia leaves?
The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates, and saponins, indicating the diverse chemical constituents present in the leaves.
What is the significance of fluorescence analysis in the study?
Fluorescence analysis helps in the identification of plant material by observing color changes under UV light after treatment with different reagents, providing vital information for quality control.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Powder:
Powder refers to the fine particles obtained from the leaves of Chloroxylon swietenia after processing. In this study, powdered leaves are crucial for conducting phytochemical screening, microscopy, and other analyses necessary for understanding the chemical constituents and potential medicinal properties of the plant material.
2) Drug:
The term 'drugs' refers to all medicinal substances derived from plants that have therapeutic effects. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and validating the various drugs obtained from Chloroxylon swietenia, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge surrounding herbal remedies and their applications in medicine.
3) Water:
Water is used as a solvent in the extraction process during the phytochemical analysis of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves. Understanding the solubility of various compounds in water helps determine the potential therapeutic uses and activity of the extracted phytochemicals in treating ailments.
4) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds obtained from plant sources that exhibit various health benefits. The study's focus on identifying phytochemicals in Chloroxylon swietenia's leaves serves to highlight their roles in pharmacology, where they may contribute to the plant's medicinal properties and health-promoting effects.
5) Table:
Tables presented in the study summarize critical findings such as pharmacognostic parameters, phytochemical constituents, and fluorescence analysis results. By organizing data in tables, the study facilitates easier interpretation and comparison of results, enhancing the communication of valuable insights within the scientific community.
6) Tree:
Chloroxylon swietenia, the subject of this study, is a tree known for its medicinal properties. Its classification as a tree signifies its ecological role and its importance in traditional medicine practices where various parts of the tree are utilized for treatment of different ailments.
7) Study (Studying):
The study is a comprehensive investigation into the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and microscopy aspects of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves. It aims to document and validate the medicinal uses of the tree through scientific methods, enhancing the understanding of its properties for future research and application.
8) Forest:
Forests are crucial ecosystems where Chloroxylon swietenia thrives. The study emphasizes the relationship between the medicinal properties of the tree and its forest habitat, highlighting the role of forest conservation in preserving biodiversity and ensuring the availability of medicinal plants.
9) Family:
In scientific taxonomy, Chloroxylon swietenia is classified under the Rutaceae/Chloroxylaceae family. Understanding the family classification helps in comparing the properties of this plant with related species, establishing its place in the broader context of plant medicine and pharmacology.
10) Science (Scientific):
Science encompasses the systematic study and application of knowledge obtained through empirical research. The research on Chloroxylon swietenia exemplifies the application of scientific principles to explore and validate traditional medicinal uses, thereby bridging the gap between ancient practices and modern pharmacology.
11) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of the crude drugs derived from Chloroxylon swietenia. The study articulates various parameters such as ash values and extractive values that determine the quality and purity of the plant material, critical for ensuring safety and efficacy in herbal treatments.
12) Species:
Species pertains to the specific classification of Chloroxylon swietenia as one of the members of the Rutaceae family. Identifying the plant species is crucial for distinguishing it from other similar plants and understanding its unique phytochemical properties and therapeutic potential.
13) Purity:
Purity refers to the absence of contaminants or adulterants in the plant material. The study outlines various pharmacognostic parameters to assess the purity of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and therapeutic effectiveness of the medicinal products.
14) Indian:
Indian reflects the native origin of Chloroxylon swietenia, which is found in countries like India and Sri Lanka. The study underscores the cultural significance and traditional medicinal knowledge surrounding the plant within the context of Indian herbal medicine practices.
15) Pharmacognostical:
Pharmacognostical relates to the study of medicinal drugs obtained from plants. This term in the study highlights the systematic evaluation of Chloroxylon swietenia’s leaves, focusing on their morphology, identification, and chemical properties to establish a foundation for their medicinal applications.
16) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the effects of substances on biological systems, particularly regarding their therapeutic potentials. The study aims to establish a pharmacological basis for the traditional uses of Chloroxylon swietenia, enabling further research into its efficacy and mechanisms of action in treatments.
17) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a common ailment for which Chloroxylon swietenia is traditionally used. The study acknowledges this therapeutic use, suggesting the need for scientific validation of its effects on inflammation to support its application in treating related disorders.
18) Measurement:
Measurement in the study entails the quantitative evaluation of various properties such as ash values and extractive values. This rigorous approach is vital for determining the quality and potential pharmacological qualities of Chloroxylon swietenia, aiding in the drug development process.
19) Observation:
Observation signifies the practice of carefully examining the physical and chemical properties of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves during the study. Detailed observations are fundamental for understanding the characteristics of the plant material, which is critical for establishing authenticity and therapeutic applications.
20) Discussion:
Discussion in the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the results obtained from various tests and measurements. It serves as a reflective platform where findings are contextualized, compared, and implications for further research and medicinal use are explored.
21) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals identified in the study that exhibit health-promoting properties. The presence of flavonoids in chloroxylon swietenia underscores its potential efficacy as a medicinal agent, contributing to its role in traditional healing systems.
22) Shankara (Sankara, Samkara, Sham-kara):
Shankara refers to F. Shankara Chary, the botanist who authenticated the plant in this study. His expertise establishes credibility in the scientific evaluation of Chloroxylon swietenia, ensuring accurate identification and validation of its medicinal properties.
23) Medicine:
Medicine pertains to the field focused on the treatment and prevention of illness. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding traditional medicinal plants like Chloroxylon swietenia in the broader context of developing effective health solutions and alternative therapies.
24) Krishna (Krsna):
Krishna refers to one of the authors, N. Shiva Krishna, involved in the study. His contributions, along with those of co-authors, play a vital role in the research process, bringing varied expertise crucial for the multifaceted investigation into Chloroxylon swietenia.
25) Animal:
Animal is mentioned in reference to the various uses of Chloroxylon swietenia in traditional practices, particularly in veterinary medicine. Understanding these applications offers insights into the plant's broader relevance beyond human health, influencing studies in ethnopharmacology.
26) Nausea:
Nausea refers to a condition for which traditionally, leaf extracts of Chloroxylon swietenia are used. The study examines this symptomatic relief role, emphasizing the importance of scientifically validating remedies that have been traditionally employed for easing nausea and other health issues.
27) Nature:
Nature encompasses the natural environment where Chloroxylon swietenia grows and thrives. The study reinforces the connection between the plant's habitat, biodiversity, and its medicinal properties, advocating for conservation efforts to protect such valuable natural resources.
28) Ranga (Ramga):
Ranga refers to Ranga Reddy, the district where part of the research took place. The geographical context provides important information regarding the habitat from which Chloroxylon swietenia was sourced, contributing to the understanding of its ecological and medicinal significance.
29) Lanka (Lamka, Lànkà):
Lanka refers to Sri Lanka, the native region of Chloroxylon swietenia. The mention of both India and Lanka highlights the geographic distribution of the tree, emphasizing its cultural and ecological importance within South Asian traditional medicine.
30) Shiva (Siva):
Shiva refers to N. Shiva Krishna, one of the researchers in the study. His involvement underscores the collaborative effort necessary for comprehensive research that integrates various scientific disciplines to explore the features of Chloroxylon swietenia.
31) India:
India is highlighted as a key location for the native growth of Chloroxylon swietenia. The mention drives home the cultural relevance of the plant in Indian traditional medicine, reflecting the significance of indigenous practices in healthcare.
32) Chary:
Chary refers to F. Shankara Chary, the botanist who authenticated Chloroxylon swietenia for the study. His validation is crucial for establishing scientific credibility, ensuring that the plant used in research was correctly identified, thereby influencing the reliability of the results.
33) Field:
Field refers to the practical aspects of study involving both botanical and pharmacognostical evaluations. It highlights the hands-on investigations necessary for understanding the characteristics of Chloroxylon swietenia and for establishing methodological approaches in botanical research.
34) Pain:
Pain represents one of the conditions for which Chloroxylon swietenia is traditionally applied for treatment. The recognition of its use in addressing pain emphasizes the necessity of scientific verification to substantiate the traditional claims and to explore its pharmacological potential.
35) Hand:
Hand refers to the manual approach taken during the phytochemical extraction and analysis processes in the study. This involves practical skills in handling plant materials and laboratory techniques central to the methodology of pharmacognostical research.
36) Worm:
Worm refers to a specific condition treated using Chloroxylon swietenia leaves in traditional veterinary applications. This aspect of its use highlights the broader veterinary significance of the plant and emphasizes the importance of studying ethnoveterinary medicine alongside human medicinal applications.