Synthesis and evaluation of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivatives.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 7 hydroxy 4 methyl coumarin derivatives as antiinflammatory & antimicrobial agents
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Mane B. Y. and Garud S. B.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 7 hydroxy 4 methyl coumarin derivatives as antiinflammatory & antimicrobial agents
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20183-10590
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Dr. Mane B. Y. and Garud S. B. focuses on synthesizing and evaluating novel derivatives of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Coumarin, a naturally occurring compound, has been widely studied for various biological activities, including anticoagulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The anti-inflammatory activity, particularly, is attributed to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. However, traditional anti-inflammatory drugs can cause mucosal damage, highlighting the need for compounds that selectively provide anti-inflammatory effects without adverse effects. This research aims to develop such derivatives and assess their pharmacological efficacy.
Synthesis and Characterization
The methods employed for synthesizing the coumarin derivatives involve a series of well-defined chemical reactions. The initial synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin is followed by the creation of various acetic acid hydrazide derivatives through the application of hydrazine hydrate. The synthesized compounds are characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy for structural confirmation. The yields and melting points of the synthesized compounds are also noted, establishing a basis for comparison with existing literature.
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity
The anti-inflammatory potential of the synthesized compounds was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. This method involves measuring paw volume after administering the test compounds and comparing them to a control group that received normal saline and a standard group treated with ibuprofen. Among the compounds, 4d demonstrated the most significant anti-inflammatory activity, with a reported percentage inhibition of 86.98%. The data collected highlights the potential of these coumarin derivatives as effective anti-inflammatory agents, suggesting their further exploration in medicinal chemistry.
Antimicrobial Activity Assessment
The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized coumarin derivatives was assessed against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria using the cup plate method. Compounds were dissolved and tested at varying concentrations, with measures of the zones of inhibition recorded against the bacterial cultures. Notably, compounds 4a, 4b, and 4c exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, while others, like 4a and 4c, showed effectiveness against E. coli. The findings emphasize the potential role of these compounds in tackling bacterial infections, supporting the need for ongoing investigation.
Conclusion
This research successfully synthesized and evaluated a series of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivatives, yielding promising results in both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The synthesized compounds exhibit varying degrees of efficacy, which may be attributed to their unique structural modifications. The findings underscore the importance of developing new compounds that can offer therapeutic benefits without the side effects associated with traditional medications. Future studies are warranted to further explore and optimize these derivatives for potential clinical applications. The collaborative support received from various institutions for the study's spectroscopic analysis is acknowledged.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What activities are associated with coumarin derivatives?
Coumarin derivatives exhibit a range of activities including anticoagulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and antimalarial. Their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties are particularly well-researched.
How were the synthesized coumarin derivatives evaluated pharmacologically?
The synthesized coumarin derivatives were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the cup plate method.
What is the significance of compound 4d?
Compound 4d demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage inhibition of 86.98. This indicates its potential as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.
What methods were used to characterize the synthesized compounds?
The synthesized compounds were characterized using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) to confirm their structures and obtain spectral data.
What are the key findings regarding antimicrobial activity?
Several synthesized compounds showed notable antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly compounds 4a, 4c, and 4f, indicating their potential as antimicrobial agents.
What were the experimental conditions for the anti-inflammatory testing?
Healthy albino rats weighing between 180 to 250 grams were used. They were divided into groups, with treatments administered to evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesized compounds against inflammation.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Synthesis and evaluation of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivatives.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'Activity' in pharmacological research pertains to the efficacy or the biological effect a compound has in inducing a specific response in an organism. In this study, it refers to the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects observed in synthesized coumarin derivatives, highlighting their potential use in therapeutic applications.
2) Table:
In research articles, 'Table' refers to a structured representation of data that organizes information systematically. Tables are crucial for summarizing experimental results, making complex data easier to interpret, and allowing for quick comparisons among different experiments, treatments, or compounds. They enhance clarity and readability within scientific literature.
3) Water:
Waters is mentioned as part of 'Waters, Q-TOF MICROMASS', referring to a brand of analytical systems used for mass spectrometry. This equipment is vital for characterizing synthesized compounds and obtaining accurate mass data, essential for confirming the identity and structure of new drug candidates.
4) Ahmednagar:
Ahmednagar is a city in Maharashtra, India, known for its educational institutions, including the Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Pharmacy. The location is relevant here as it establishes the geographical context of the research conducted by the authors, indicating the study's origins and institutional affiliations.
5) Aureus:
In the context of this research, 'Aureus' refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a significant Gram-positive bacterium. The study evaluates antimicrobial activities against this organism, which is clinically relevant due to its role in various infections. Understanding its susceptibility to new compounds helps in developing effective therapies.
6) Animal:
The plural form 'Animals' expands on the use of multiple subjects in experiments. Using groups of animals ensures statistically robust results and accounts for variability within biological systems, crucial for validating findings in pharmacological research and assessing the generalizability of the results obtained.
7) Edema (Oedema):
The term 'Oedema' is synonymous with 'edema' and represents tissue swelling. In pharmacology, measuring oedema serves as a critical endpoint for evaluating anti-inflammatory effects in rat models, providing quantitative data that help compare the efficacy of newly synthesized compounds.
8) Patil:
The name 'Patil' connects to the Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's College of Pharmacy, the institution where the research was conducted. It signifies the academic and professional identity influencing the study, also paying homage to the contributions of Dr. Patil in pharmacy education in India.
9) Pharmacological:
The term 'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, and therapeutic uses. This descriptor anchors the research in evaluating the biological activities of coumarin derivatives, aligning with the objectives of discovering new agents for managing inflammation and microbial infections.
10) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
An 'Antibiotic' is a type of drug specifically designed to combat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial growth or killing bacteria. Here, it is relevant in discussing the antimicrobial properties of synthesized compounds, providing insights into developing alternatives or enhancements to existing antibiotics.
11) India:
India serves as the geographical and cultural context for this study, impacting the research landscape and accessibility to medicinal plants and traditional practices. The country is rich in biodiversity, which can inspire novel drug development, making Indian laboratories significant centers for pharmaceutical research.
12) Study (Studying):
In scientific literature, 'Study' encompasses the methodological inquiry conducted to explore hypotheses, gather data, and analyze results. This particular study synthesized and evaluated the pharmacological properties of coumarin derivatives, contributing valuable knowledge to the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development.
13) Ghat (Gham):
Ghat often refers to a series of steps leading down to a body of water but in this context, it is part of 'Vilad Ghat,' a specific area in Ahmednagar. It gives geographical context that reflects the research's location, relevant in understanding local influences on the study.
14) Post:
'Post' can refer to 'Post-MIDC,' indicating a location near the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) area. This helps situate the research institution geographically and economically in a developing area of Maharashtra, suggesting a link between industrial growth and academic pursuits in pharmaceutical sciences.
15) Drug:
The term 'Drugs' collectively refers to substances used for medical purposes. The focus in this research is on developing new pharmacological agents derived from coumarin, emphasizing their potential therapeutic utilities against inflammation and infection in a clinical context.
16) Surrounding:
The term 'Surrounding' relates to the environment or conditions surrounding an experimental setup. In biological studies, environmental factors can influence the outcomes of pharmacological assessments, making it essential to control or describe these conditions when interpreting results.
17) Discussion:
The 'Discussion' section of a research paper interprets results, explores their implications, and compares findings with existing literature. It is critical for contextualizing the research outcomes, addressing limitations, and suggesting future directions for the study, thereby enhancing its academic contribution.
18) Channel:
In scientific terms, 'Channel' may refer to pathways or methods of delivering substances or information. In this study, it could pertain to the experimental methodologies chosen for drug testing and how substances interact with organisms, impacting the study's effectiveness.
19) Mahila:
The term 'Mahila' translates to 'woman' in Hindi and signifies the importance of women's education and empowerment in the context of the research institution. It reflects the commitment of the affiliated college to fostering gender equality in education and contributing positively to society.
20) Balaji:
Balaji refers to Balaji PN, an individual cited in the study for prior work on antimicrobial activities of coumarin derivatives. His contributions are essential to providing a background for this research, indicating a foundation of established knowledge that guides current investigations.
21) Cancer:
Cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, and coumarin derivatives are noted for their potential anticancer properties. This relevance extends to the study as it underscores the broader implications of coumarin research within the pharmaceutical field, particularly in developing effective cancer therapies.
22) Medium:
In laboratory contexts, 'Medium' refers to the substance in which reactions occur or where living organisms grow. It is crucial for preparing bacterial cultures, particularly in antimicrobial assays, enabling researchers to assess the effects of synthesized compounds within controlled conditions.
23) Powder:
Powder can refer to the physical state of a substance used in the preparation of chemical compounds or samples. In pharmaceutical research, powdered forms may facilitate the synthesis, purification, and characterization processes, highlighting their importance in drug formulation and analysis.
24) Cage:
A 'Cage' serves as the individual housing for experimental animals, ensuring their safety and welfare during studies. Proper cage design is crucial for preventing stress and promoting normal behaviors, which is fundamental in obtaining reliable and valid research results.
25) Pune:
Pune is a major city in Maharashtra, India, known as an educational and cultural hub. Its mention signifies the academic affiliations of the researchers, pointing to collaborative opportunities and resources available for advancing pharmaceutical research within the region.
26) Food:
'Food' encompasses the nutrition provided to laboratory animals, critical for their health and the reliability of study outcomes. Proper diet ensures that animals are energetically maintained and reduces variables that could skew results in pharmacological experiments.
27) Diet:
Diet refers specifically to the food consumed by experimental animals, impacting their overall health and experimental results. A standardized diet is essential during pharmacological studies, contributing to the validity of findings by minimizing extraneous variations in biological responses.