Bioactive compounds in Pterocarpus santalinus: HPLC, antimicrobial activity.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Identification of bioactive compounds from pterocarpus santalinus heart wood using high performance liquid chromatography and their antimicrobial activity
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Chandra Sekhar Challa, Saradamma Bulle, Lokesh T., Devanna Nayakanti and Varadacharyulu Nallanchakravarthula
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Identification of bioactive compounds from pterocarpus santalinus heart wood using high performance liquid chromatography and their antimicrobial activity
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20188-11672
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study investigates the bioactive compounds present in the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus through methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), alongside evaluating their antimicrobial properties. Pterocarpus santalinus, commonly known as red sandalwood, has historical significance in traditional medicine and is used in various industries. This research aims to profile the secondary metabolites of the plant, notably flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids, and to explore their potential antimicrobial activities against significant bacterial strains.
Identification of Bioactive Compounds
The isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from the methanolic extract of Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood revealed several significant compounds. The study identified key terpenoid constituents through chromatographic techniques, indicating the presence of compounds such as Pregnon-20-0ne, CycloHexane derivatives, and 4,5,7-trihydroxy isoflavone. TLC results showed colored spots corresponding to different functional groups, with blue, violet, and yellow spots indicating variations in terpenoid structure due to differences in saturation levels. These findings support the notion that Pterocarpus santalinus is a rich source of important bioactive metabolites.
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial assessment of the Pterocarpus santalinus extracts highlighted its potential effectiveness against various bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study employed a disc diffusion method, where the zones of inhibition were measured to determine the antibacterial efficacy of the extracted compounds. Results indicated that several compounds, including cyclohexane derivatives and flavonoids, exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested.
Methodological Approach
The research employed rigorous methodologies, including various extraction and characterization techniques like column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By preparing different concentrations and monitoring these through established chromatographic methods, the study provided a reliable profile of the bioactive compounds in Pterocarpus santalinus. The use of solvents such as methanol, n-butanol, and various chromatography media ensured effective isolation and purification of the key constituents, allowing for an accurate understanding of the plant's medicinal properties.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of the study affirm that Pterocarpus santalinus contains a diverse range of bioactive compounds, particularly terpenoids and flavonoids, which contribute to its antimicrobial properties. The comprehensive profile generated from the chromatographic analyses not only enhances our understanding of the plant’s therapeutic potential but also lays the foundation for further research aimed at characterizing these bioactive compounds. Continued exploration may elucidate specific mechanisms of action and support the development of new antibacterial agents derived from natural sources.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the study on Pterocarpus santalinus?
The study investigates the secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity of Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.
Which techniques were used to analyze the compounds in the study?
The study utilized thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze and characterize the secondary metabolites present in the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus.
What bioactive compounds were identified in Pterocarpus santalinus?
Identified compounds included Pregnon-20-one, CycloHexane, 4,5,7-trihydroxy isoflavone, Phytol, and Caryophelleneoxide, demonstrating the plant's potential for beneficial biological activities.
What microorganisms were tested for antimicrobial activity?
The antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, showing varying sensitivity levels to the plant extracts.
How was the antimicrobial activity measured in the study?
Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition around the impregnated filter paper discs placed on agar plates inoculated with bacterial cultures.
What conclusion was drawn about Pterocarpus santalinus in the study?
The study concluded that Pterocarpus santalinus synthesizes terpinoid constituents in its heartwood, exhibiting notable antimicrobial activity related to its geographical location.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Bioactive compounds in Pterocarpus santalinus: HPLC, antimicrobial activity.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In the context of this study, 'Activity' refers to the various biological activities exhibited by the compounds derived from Pterocarpus santalinus. Notably, antimicrobial activity is emphasized, demonstrating how these compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria, making them significant in pharmaceutical applications and herbal medicine in treating infections.
2) Water:
'Water' is frequently mentioned in methodology as a solvent for extraction and purification of bioactive compounds. The role of water is crucial in the preparation of solutions and in various chromatography methods used during the study to isolate and characterize the components, highlighting its importance in laboratory procedures.
3) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibacterial' pertains to the potential of the compounds from Pterocarpus santalinus to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. This study identifies specific compounds with antibacterial properties, positioning them as significant contributors to alternative medicine, especially in treating infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria.
4) Performance:
'Performance' relates to the effectiveness of the biochemical assays and chromatographic methods employed to analyze the extracts from Pterocarpus santalinus. The performance of these methodologies determines the accuracy and reliability of compound identification and quantification, impacting the overall conclusions about the antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts.
5) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' is a class of bioactive compounds identified in the extracts of Pterocarpus santalinus. Flavonoids are known for their various health benefits, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Their identification in the study underscores the therapeutic potential of the plant and supports its historical use in traditional medicine.
6) Disease:
'Diseases' refer to the various ailments potentially treatable with the bioactive compounds from the extracts. This broader term signifies the study's relevance, aiming to provide insights into herbal alternatives for various conditions, particularly those caused by bacterial infections, enhancing the understanding of holistic health approaches.
7) Aureus:
'Aureus' refers specifically to Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacteria that is often a focus in antimicrobial research due to its pathogenicity. The study investigated the inhibitory effects of Pterocarpus santalinus extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, revealing its significance in demonstrating the potential of these extracts as antimicrobial agents.
8) Medium:
'Medium' refers to the nutritional environment utilized for growing bacterial cultures in the study. The use of specific media, such as Mueller-Hinton agar, is essential for accurately assessing the antimicrobial activity through zone of inhibition assays, ensuring that the results are valid and reflective of the extract's efficacy.
9) India:
'India' is the geographical context in which Pterocarpus santalinus is studied. The country's rich biodiversity presents numerous medicinal plants, and the study contributes to India's growing body of research on traditional herbal remedies. Understanding local flora is key in developing new pharmaceuticals based on indigenous knowledge.
10) Table:
'Table' refers to the structured presentation of data and results in the study. Tables organize complex information related to the peak analysis, antibacterial activity, and other quantitative results, allowing for easier interpretation and comparison of data, which is critical for conveying findings in scientific literature.
11) Study (Studying):
'Study' indicates the research undertaken to explore the bioactive compounds in Pterocarpus santalinus and their antimicrobial properties. It reflects the systematic investigation aimed at expanding the understanding of the plant's medicinal value, thus contributing to the field of pharmacognosy and natural product research.
12) Relative:
'Relative' in this context is used to describe the comparative measures of compound concentrations and effects. It is important in quantifying the effectiveness of various components and understanding how each performs in relation to others, aiding in the identification of the most potent antibacterial agents.
13) Bombay:
'Bombay' references the location from where high-purity chemicals and reagents were sourced, emphasizing the significance of using quality materials in scientific research. This city, known for its scientific and commercial activities, highlights the importance of infrastructure for conducting reliable and valid pharmacological studies.
14) Water tank:
'Water tank' pertains to the equipment used during the experiments to ensure appropriate solution preparation and temperature control. Maintaining optimal conditions is crucial for accurate assays and compound characterization, reflecting the importance of laboratory facilities in achieving reliable experimental results.
15) Krishnadevaraya:
'Krishnadevaraya' refers to Sri Krishnadevaraya University, associated with some authors of the study. This institution plays a critical role in fostering research in biochemistry and related fields, facilitating academic contributions to the scientific community in pharmacology and natural product studies.
16) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drug actions and the effects of extracts on biological systems. The focus on pharmacological aspects highlights the intent of the research to establish a scientific basis for the therapeutic claims of Pterocarpus santalinus and its potential integration into modern medicine.
17) Civilization:
'Civilization' alludes to the historical context of human reliance on medicinal herbs across different societies. This background is essential to understanding the evolution of herbal medicine and the ongoing significance of traditional practices in the discovery of new therapeutic agents derived from plants.
18) Purification:
'Purification' refers to the processes employed to isolate specific bioactive compounds from mixed extracts of Pterocarpus santalinus. This is a key step in ensuring that the efficacy and structure of the compounds are preserved, facilitating their characterization and subsequent evaluation for therapeutic potential.
19) Measurement:
'Measurement' indicates the specific process of quantifying and analyzing data related to compound activity and concentration. This critical aspect underlines the rigor of scientific methods used in the study, ensuring precise results that can be validated and compared across research efforts.
20) Discussion:
'Discussion' is a section in scientific literature where results are interpreted, explained, and contextualized within existing research. In this study, it allows for the synthesis of findings, understanding implications for future research into herbal medicines, and evaluating the therapeutic promise of identified compounds.
21) Depression:
'Depression' refers to a mental health disorder mentioned in connection with the efficacy of certain herbal remedies. The study aligns with broader research trends exploring how natural compounds, including those derived from plants, can influence mental health, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of pharmacological explorations.
22) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' emphasizes the methodology and rigor applied in the study, reflecting the commitment to reliable and objective research practices. This foundation is essential for the credibility of findings, ultimately contributing to the body of knowledge in pharmacognosy and the development of herbal medicines.
23) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses the field concerned with the treatment and prevention of illnesses. The study contributes to the understanding of how natural compounds can be harnessed for therapeutic uses, reaffirming the relevance of ethnomedicine and complementary approaches in modern healthcare.
24) Chandra:
'Chandra' references one of the authors involved in this research, indicating collaboration within the academic community. Author contributions represent the collective efforts in advancing scientific knowledge, particularly in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to medicinal plant studies.
25) Pouring:
'Pouring' pertains to the methodology involving liquids in experimental procedures, highlighting the practical aspects of laboratory techniques. Careful pouring is essential for accuracy during chemical assays, which affect outcome validity, thus underscoring the need for precision in scientific processes.
26) Company:
'Company' refers to commercial entities that provide reagents, such as Sigma Aldrich mentioned in the study. These companies play a vital role in research by supplying high-quality materials necessary for conducting experiments, thereby ensuring the reliability of results and facilitating groundbreaking scientific discoveries.
27) Andhra (Amdhra):
'Andhra' references the region in India where the study was conducted, contributing to the geographical context. This region is notable for its biodiversity, making it a significant location for research on medicinal plants, reinforcing the importance of local flora in traditional and modern medicine.
28) Challa:
'Challa' signifies another author of the research, showcasing the collaborative nature of scientific inquiries. The name contributes to the recognition of individual contributions within larger research frameworks, emphasizing teamwork as a fundamental element in advancing fields such as pharmacology and biochemistry.
29) Purity:
'Purity' refers to the quality of the chemical substances used in the study, which are essential for ensuring the reliability of results. High purity levels help eliminate confounding factors in experimental outcomes, reinforcing the commitment to scientific rigor and accuracy in pharmacological research.
30) Silver:
'Silver' is mentioned concerning the use of silver nitrate impregnated silica gel in chromatography. This material is crucial for various analytical procedures, underpinning the significance of utilizing appropriate reagents to achieve successful separations and characterizations of bioactive compounds in research.
31) Doubt:
'Doubt' signifies the necessity of confirming the therapeutic efficacy of traditional remedies through scientific validation. Addressing doubts about the effectiveness of plant-based treatments ensures a rigorous approach to research, ultimately enhancing trust in herbal medicines and their potential applications in contemporary medicine.
32) Tank:
'Tank' refers to laboratory equipment used for mixing or storing solutions, pivotal in ensuring controlled environments for different biochemical reactions. The proper management of these tanks is critical for maintaining experimental integrity and achieving accurate results throughout the study.
33) Food:
'Food' relates to the utilization of medicinal plants in culinary practices, highlighting how herbs like Pterocarpus santalinus have historically been integrated into diets for health purposes. This intersection of nutrition and medicine emphasizes the relevance of plant-based solutions for health and wellness.
34) Hand:
'Hand' can metaphorically refer to manual intervention during laboratory processes, indicating the need for skilled handling of materials and samples. The hands-on aspect of scientific work enhances the reliability of empirical results, stressing the importance of proficiency in laboratory techniques.
35) Gold (Golden):
'Gold' may connote the high standard of the chromatography columns used in HPLC analysis, emphasizing the essential quality of analytical tools. This term underscores the importance of using premium materials and techniques in scientific research to ensure the validity and credibility of findings.