Hepatoprotective activity of Adiantum lunulatum ethanolic extract.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of adiantum lunulatum burm.f
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Swathi P. P. and Jyoti Harindran
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of adiantum lunulatum burm.f
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201817-13440
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The liver, being the largest organ in the body, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the internal environment and is integral to various biochemical pathways relating to growth, disease response, nutrition, energy production, and reproduction. Recent trends indicate a rising prevalence of liver-related issues stemming from various etiological factors, including infectious agents and drug-induced hepatotoxicity, with statins like simvastatin commonly implicated. The study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Adiantum lunulatum Burm.f against simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.
Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin
Simvastatin, a lipid-lowering agent, often leads to hepatotoxicity due to its mechanism of action, which involves the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and subsequently lowers Coenzyme Q10 levels, an important cellular antioxidant. In the study, rats administered simvastatin (20 mg/kg) displayed elevated serum enzymes indicative of liver damage, such as SGPT, SGOT, and ALP, alongside increased bilirubin levels and decreased protein levels. These changes underscore the oxidative stress-induced liver damage caused by simvastatin, necessitating the need for protective agents.
Antioxidant Capacity of Adiantum lunulatum
The ethanolic extract of Adiantum lunulatum Burm.f, at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, significantly mitigated the biochemical alterations caused by simvastatin. The extract demonstrated a remarkable ability to restore elevated liver enzyme levels back to near-normal ranges and effectively increase total protein levels. The study highlighted the plant's rich phytochemical profile, including flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which are crucial contributors to its antioxidant properties, combating oxidative stress in hepatocytes.
Histopathological Evidence of Protection
Histopathological assessments provided further validation of the protective effects of Adiantum lunulatum. Simvastatin-treated rats exhibited signs of liver damage, such as steatosis and fibrosis. In contrast, those administered the plant extract showed marked improvement, with a reduction in fatty changes within hepatocytes and associated histological damage. These findings align with the biochemical results, further confirming the extract's efficacy in protecting against liver injury.
Conclusion
The findings of the study conclude that the ethanolic extract of Adiantum lunulatum Burm.f possesses significant hepatoprotective activity against simvastatin-induced liver damage. This protective effect is attributed to its antioxidant properties, which help neutralize oxidative stress. The promising results warrant further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which Adiantum lunulatum affords liver protection, potentially offering a natural therapeutic approach for managing statin-induced hepatotoxicity.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the aim of the study on Adiantum lunulatum?
The study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Adiantum lunulatum against hepatotoxicity induced by simvastatin in rats.
How was the hepatotoxicity induced in the study?
Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wistar albino rats through oral administration of simvastatin at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 30 days.
What were the treatment groups in the study?
The study consisted of five groups: normal control, simvastatin only, simvastatin plus 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg Adiantum lunulatum, and simvastatin with silymarin.
What biochemical parameters were measured in the study?
Biochemical parameters measured included serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total protein levels.
What were the significant findings regarding liver enzymes?
Administration of the extract significantly restored the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, and ALP towards normalization in the treated groups compared to the simvastatin-only group.
What is the conclusion drawn from the study's results?
The study concludes that the ethanolic extract of Adiantum lunulatum possesses significant hepatoprotective activity, likely due to its antioxidant properties.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Hepatoprotective activity of Adiantum lunulatum ethanolic extract.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Animal:
The term 'Animal' refers to the living organisms that were utilized in this study, specifically Wistar albino rats, to test the hepatoprotective effects of Adiantum lunulatum. Such studies are essential in pharmacology to simulate human biological responses and evaluate potential treatments before clinical trials in humans.
2) Activity:
In this context, 'Activity' highlights the biological responses elicited by interventions, specifically the hepatoprotective activity of Adiantum lunulatum. Understanding these activities is crucial for assessing the efficacy of herbal extracts and their ability to counteract drug-induced liver damage, thus contributing to potential therapeutic applications.
3) Disease:
'Disease' pertains to impairments in liver function or structure due to various factors, including drug-induced liver injury, as modeled by simvastatin. This focus underscores the importance of finding effective treatments to mitigate hepatic diseases, reinforcing the need for ongoing research in hepatoprotection.
4) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Adiantum lunulatum. In scientific research, a study is critical for producing valid results, contributing to knowledge in pharmacology, and ultimately supporting the development of safe and effective medicinal therapies.
5) Phytochemical:
'Phytochemical' denotes the bioactive compounds derived from plants that have potential health benefits. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying and analyzing these constituents, such as flavonoids and phenols, in Adiantum lunulatum, which may contribute to its antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
6) Kerala:
'Kerala' signifies the geographical region in India where the study was conducted and the plant Adiantum lunulatum was collected. As a biodiverse area known for its rich flora, Kerala serves as an important source for discovering and studying medicinal plants with therapeutic potential.
7) Table:
'Table' represents the organized data presentation, such as the biochemical and phytochemical analysis results. Tables facilitate easy comparison and interpretation of experimental results, critical for validating hypotheses and showcasing the effects of the tested herbal extracts in research findings.
8) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the adverse effects caused by substances, in this case, the hepatotoxicity induced by simvastatin. Understanding toxicity is essential in pharmacology to evaluate drug safety, guide dosages, and develop protective measures when exploring herbal remedies for companion treatments.
9) Science (Scientific):
'Science' embodies the systematic study of the physical, biological, and chemical aspects of products and processes. In this research, the scientific methodologies applied to evaluate Adiantum lunulatum contribute to its validation as a potential hepatoprotective agent through empirical evidence.
10) India:
'India' denotes the country where the research was conducted and highlights its diverse traditional medicinal practices and rich biodiversity. It underscores the relevance of evaluating indigenous plants like Adiantum lunulatum for their therapeutic potential in modern medicine.
11) Blood:
'Blood' is the fluid used in the study to ascertain biochemical parameters indicating liver function post-treatment. Analyzing blood samples provides vital information on the physiological effects of substances and helps identify potential hepatoprotective agents in the context of liver damage.
12) Drug:
'Drug' pertains to active substances used for treatment; in this study, simvastatin is the focus for its hepatotoxic effects. The investigation of drugs versus natural extracts like Adiantum lunulatum informs the development of safer therapeutic options and addresses drug-induced complications.
13) Flavonoid:
'Flavonoid' refers to a group of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties. The presence of flavonoids in Adiantum lunulatum suggests a potential mechanism for its hepatoprotective effects, as they are known to mitigate oxidative stress and regulate cellular damage within the liver.
14) Medicine:
'Medicine' encapsulates the broader domain concerning the science and practice of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. The study aims to enhance medicinal knowledge related to herbal therapies and their efficacy, thereby integrating traditional and modern approaches in healthcare.
15) Food:
'Food' may imply the role of diet in health and well-being, underscoring the connection between nutrition, herbal remedies, and disease prevention. The efficacy of compounds derived from edible plants can be significant in developing dietary interventions alongside medical treatments.
16) Pharmacology:
'Pharmacology' is the branch of medicine that delves into drug actions and interactions within the body. This study on Adiantum lunulatum's hepatoprotective properties bridges the gap between traditional plant usage and scientific inquiry within the pharmacological field.
17) Hamsapadi (Hansapadi):
'Hamsapadi' is another name for Adiantum lunulatum, illustrating the cultural and traditional significance of the plant. Recognizing its multiple designations aids in understanding its heritage, usage in folk medicine, and the relevance of studying local flora for potential pharmaceutical applications.
18) Powder:
'Powder' relates to the form in which the whole plant was processed for extraction. The powder serves as the basis for creating an ethanolic extract, emphasizing production methods necessary for capturing bioactive compounds for efficacy studies in pharmacological research.
19) Fight:
'Fight' represents the struggle against diseases, particularly hepatotoxicity caused by drugs. The study's aim is to find natural solutions that can support the body’s fight against drug-induced damage, revealing the potential of plant extracts in therapeutic roles.
20) Pune:
'Pune' mentions the city in India which is associated with educational and pharmaceutical institutions. This relevance underscores the importance of urban centers in advancing pharmaceutical research and developing novel therapeutic agents derived from traditional knowledge and natural products.
21) Ter:
'Ther' as a fragment may reference therapeutic interventions, solidifying the focus of the study on how Adiantum lunulatum can provide therapeutic benefits against liver damage through its extraction and analysis as a potential remedy.
22) Burning sensation:
'Burning sensation' refers to a symptom treated by herbs like Adiantum lunulatum in traditional medicine. Studying such effects contributes to understanding the broader applications of plants in managing discomfort and offers insights into their therapeutic potential in modern healthcare.
23) Cosmopolitan:
'Cosmopolitan' describes the widespread distribution of Adiantum lunulatum, hinting at its adaptability and prevalence in diverse environments. This characteristic promotes the exploration of its potential benefits across different cultures and health practices, enhancing its relevance in global medicinal applications.
24) Measurement:
'Measurement' refers to the methods employed to quantitatively evaluate biochemical markers, such as liver enzymes, in this study. Accurate measurement is essential for validating experimental results and forming sound conclusions regarding the hepatoprotective effects of herbal extracts.
25) Virupaksha (Virupaksa, Virupa-aksha):
'Virupaksha' may represent a researcher or contributor to the study, signifying collaboration and academic exchange in scientific work. Acknowledging individuals involved emphasizes the importance of teamwork in advancing research and sharing knowledge in the realm of pharmacology.
26) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the section of the research where findings are interpreted and contextualized among existing literature. This critical analysis synthesizes results, broadens understanding, and elucidates implications for future research directions and applications of the study.
27) Upadhyaya:
'Upadhyaya' may denote a researcher acknowledged for their work within the study. Recognizing contributors reinforces the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry and the importance of their roles in the successful completion and validation of research findings.
28) Inference:
'Inference' pertains to the conclusions drawn from experimental results. It reveals insights about the hepatoprotective properties of Adiantum lunulatum, underscoring the process of deriving significant understandings that contribute to scientific knowledge and future research endeavors.
29) Malaviya (Mala-viya):
'Malaviya' likely points to a reference or contributor in the study, enhancing the richness of collaboration and knowledge sharing in pharmaceutical research endeavors. Acknowledging varied contributions stands as part of promoting scientific integrity and academic recognition.
30) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
'Himalaya' references a geographical area in India where Adiantum lunulatum may be found, signaling ecological diversity and the potential for discovering plants with medicinal properties. This highlights the relationship between the environment and traditional medicines in holistic health practices.
31) Bleeding:
'Bleeding' refers to another condition that has been treated using Adiantum lunulatum in traditional medicine. Investigating its applications in managing symptoms associated with injuries and disorders emphasizes the potential versatility of herbal remedies in healthcare contexts.
32) Cutting:
'Cutting' likely refers to the methods used during histopathological examinations in the study. Proper cutting techniques of tissue samples underlie the quality of histological analysis, which is vital in assessing the histopathological effects of treatments and validating research outcomes.
33) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burnt' usually refers to a condition or effect of fire but appears here in a name (e.g., 'Burnt EM'). It highlights the diversity in subject matter in research findings, possibly indicating topics on heat exposure and physiological impacts in pharmacological contexts.
34) Company:
'Company' could refer to a collective or institutional group involved in pharmaceutical research. This denotes the value of partnerships in advancing drug discovery and connotes the collaborative nature of scientific initiatives addressing health challenges.
35) Jivani:
'Jivani' could represent a contributor in the study, showcasing the importance of collaboration and academic exchange for a richer scientific discourse. Acknowledging diverse contributions reinforces the framework of cooperative efforts within research communities.
36) Thomas:
'Thomas' likely denotes Rogimon P. Thomas, the taxonomist involved in identifying the plant studied. Recognizing the contributions of botanists and experts validates the scientific rigor behind the research and enhances confidence in the results regarding herbal medicine.
37) Maiden:
'Maiden' in 'Walking Maiden hair fern,' refers to the common nomenclature identifying Adiantum lunulatum. Proper identification and nomenclature are substantial in research to avoid confusion and ensure accurate communication about plant species used in medicinal studies.
38) Family:
'Family' indicates the taxonomic classification of plants, referring to the family Adiantaceae to which Adiantum lunulatum belongs. Understanding familial relationships in botanical studies provides context about potential similarities in chemical constituents and therapeutic properties among different species.
39) Botany:
'Botany' encompasses the scientific study of plants, an important foundation for understanding the ecological and physiological dynamics of medicinal plants like Adiantum lunulatum. Knowledge from botany informs their cultivation, identification, and potential uses in medicine and biochemistry.
40) Gupta:
'Gupta' may refer to a collaborator or expert noted in the study. Acknowledging individuals and their roles emphasizes the importance of academic collaboration in expanding scientific knowledge and developing effective herbal remedies in the field of pharmacology.
41) Glass:
'Glass' signifies the laboratory equipment, specifically glass tubes used for blood sampling during the study. Proper laboratory practices with glassware are crucial for maintaining sample integrity and yielding accurate experimental outcomes, thus reinforcing the validity of research findings.
42) Water:
'Water' refers to the solvent used in various biochemical assays conducted in the study. It highlights the importance of achieving precise conditions for experiments, as water quality and purity directly influence the reliability of experimental results.
43) House:
'House' may indicate the facility where the animal studies were conducted. Proper housing of experimental animals ensures their welfare and health, critical components for yielding valid results and maintaining ethical standards in scientific research.
44) Genu:
'Genu' could refer to the knee or a specific anatomical feature relevant to study subjects in vivisection. Understanding anatomy is crucial in pharmacological studies for accurately correlating physiological responses and assessing potential treatments’ effects.
45) Diet:
'Diet' denotes the nutritional intake influencing overall health. In the context of the study, dietary habits may complement the therapeutic effects assessed, prompting further exploration of dietary components that enhance or support the hepatoprotective capabilities of herbal remedies.
46) Sign:
'Sign' represents indicators observed during the study, such as biochemical changes in serum or histological damage in liver tissues. Analyzing these signs is essential for interpreting the results accurately and determining the effectiveness of the treatments administered.
47) Cage:
'Cage' pertains to the housing for experimental animals, ensuring their safety and health during the study. Proper caging is vital in animal research to maintain appropriate conditions conducive to valid experimental results, correlating environmental stability with treatment outcomes.
48) Hair:
'Hair' may refer to a morphological characteristic in certain studies involving animals, serving as indicators of well-being or stress responses. Understanding such characteristics can be significant in evaluating treatment effects and overall health status in experimental settings.
49) Wall:
'Wall' signifies the environment in which plants like Adiantum lunulatum may thrive. The ecological understanding of plant habitats, such as mud walls, contributes to identifying potential by-products and uses in traditional medicine regions, promoting awareness of biodiversity.
50) Tai:
'Thai' suggests a cultural reference indicating potential parallels in healthcare practices or medicinal uses in different regions. It underscores the significance of examining and valuing traditional herbal remedies globally to enhance scientific and therapeutic knowledge in pharmacology.