Biosynthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using Ficus leaves.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using ficus religiosa leaves extract
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This study focuses on the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ficus Religiosa leaves. ZnO nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their various applications, particularly as antibacterial agents. The use of green synthesis methods offers an environmentally friendly and non-toxic alternative to traditional chemical approaches for nanoparticle production. The research aimed to effectively synthesize ZnO nanoparticles while confirming their structural and optical properties through several characterization techniques.
Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
The process of synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles involved using zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂) as a precursor with Ficus Religiosa leaf extract as the reducing agent. Fresh leaves were collected, processed into powder, and boiled to obtain the extract. The zinc ions from the dissolved zinc nitrate underwent hydrolysis in the presence of hydroxyl groups from the leaf extract, leading to the formation of zinc hydroxide, which subsequently transformed into ZnO upon heating. This method effectively utilizes natural plant components in the reduction process, highlighting the potential of using biological materials for nanoparticle synthesis.
Characterization Techniques
Multiple characterization techniques were applied to analyze the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure and purity of the nanoparticles, with observed peaks corresponding solely to ZnO. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided visual confirmation of the nanoparticles' morphology, revealing a cubical shape with sizes ranging from 70 to 80 nm. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated high purity of the sample, with zinc and oxygen content being 72.48% and 27.52%, respectively, aligning with the expected stoichiometric values.
Optical Properties and Analysis
The optical properties of the ZnO nanoparticles were studied through UV-Visible spectroscopy, which indicated a peak absorption band at around 320 nm linked to surface plasmon resonance. The observed blue-shift in the absorption spectrum is indicative of the quantum size effect associated with nanomaterials, resulting in a higher band gap energy of 3.87 eV for the synthesized nanoparticles, compared to the bulk ZnO’s band gap of 3.37 eV. These spectral analyses not only validate the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles but also illustrate their potential utility in various applications due to their enhanced optical properties.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research successfully synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Ficus Religiosa leaves extract, demonstrating the efficacy of a green biosynthesis approach. The obtained nanoparticles exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure and were characterized by specific morphological and optical properties. This work not only reflects the feasibility of using plant extracts in synthesizing nanoparticles but also emphasizes the importance of developing eco-friendly methods for generating materials with numerous applications, notably in antimicrobial fields. The results open avenues for further exploration into the use of biological materials in nanotechnology.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Arvind Singh K. Heer, Sajid M. Mansoori and Nikita chamria
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticle using ficus religiosa leaves extract
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201710-9365
Download the PDF file of the original publication
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the objective of the study on zinc oxide nanoparticles?
The study aims to synthesize zinc oxide nanostructures using Ficus Religiosa leaves extract and to characterize these nanostructures for their potential applications, particularly in antibacterial activities.
How were the zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized in this research?
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by boiling Ficus Religiosa leaf extract with Zinc Nitrate solution, followed by drying and sintering the resultant paste to obtain a white powder that corresponds to ZnO.
What methods were used for characterizing the synthesized nanoparticles?
The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, FTIR, and DSC to study their structural and optical properties, as well as their purity.
What are the primary findings from the UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis?
The UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis indicated an absorption band at approximately 320 nm, which confirms the formation of ZnO nanoparticles and a higher energy band gap compared to bulk ZnO.
What did the SEM images reveal about the nanoparticles' shape and size?
The SEM images confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles had a cubical shape with sizes generally less than 80 nm, aligning well with the size obtained from the Debye-Scherrer formula.
Why is the green synthesis method preferred for creating nanoparticles?
Green synthesis is environmentally friendly, utilizes non-toxic materials, and avoids the harmful chemicals often used in conventional methods, making it safer and more sustainable for synthesizing nanoparticles.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Biosynthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using Ficus leaves.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Ficus religiosa:
Ficus religiosa, commonly known as the Peepal tree, is a deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent. The leaves of this plant are used in the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the study, serving as a reducing agent due to their rich phytochemical content, which aids in the controlled formation of nanostructures.
2) Powder:
Powder refers to the solid particles obtained after the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. In this context, a fine yellow powder was first produced through the reduction process, which, after further processing and heating, transformed into a white powder. This form plays a crucial role in characterizing the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles.
3) Water:
Water is the solvent used in the extraction of phytochemicals from Ficus religiosa leaves and in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The high availability and non-toxic nature of water make it an effective medium in green chemistry approaches, aiding in the eco-friendly and sustainable production of nanomaterials.
4) Study (Studying):
The study investigates the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. It aims to explore the potential of green synthesis methods, which are environmentally safe and effective, thus addressing the growing need for sustainable practices in nanotechnology and materials science.
5) Surface:
Surface refers to the outer layer or interface of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The increased surface area of nanoparticles is significant because it enhances chemical reactivity and antibacterial efficacy, making them suitable for various applications, particularly in biomedical fields where high surface-to-volume ratios can lead to improved performance.
6) Purity:
Purity indicates the relative lack of impurities in the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, which is an important quality factor. High purity, as indicated by the elemental composition shown through EDX analysis, ensures the effectiveness of the nanoparticles in applications like antibacterial treatments or environmental remediation, where contaminants could hinder performance.
7) Table:
Table signifies the organized presentation of data, particularly in relation to identifying phytochemical constituents found in Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Such structured information facilitates comparison and analysis, enabling researchers to quickly access the presence or absence of various compounds, essential for understanding their role in the synthesis process.
8) Nature:
Nature refers to the inherent characteristics or qualities of the nanoparticles formed through biosynthesis. The study emphasizes utilizing natural extracts for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles, which aligns with principles of green chemistry, highlighting the importance of eco-friendly materials and processes in developing modern nanotechnologies.
9) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is the state in India where the study was conducted. Its diverse flora, including the Ficus religiosa tree, provides rich resources for research in plant-based nanoparticle synthesis. The socio-cultural context of Maharashtra also contributes to the study's importance in developing sustainable practices and utilizing local resources effectively.
10) India:
India is the geographical context of the study, showcasing its rich biodiversity and traditional medicinal practices. The use of local plant species like Ficus religiosa for synthesizing nanoparticles exemplifies India's potential contribution to nanotechnology and biotechnology fields, driving innovative, environmentally friendly solutions for various global challenges.
11) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles that enables them to inhibit bacterial growth. This characteristic is crucial for applications in healthcare and industry, as increased efficacy against pathogens presents a promising avenue for developing new treatments and materials that combat infections and ensure safety.
12) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the bioactive compounds extracted from plant sources, such as those found in Ficus religiosa leaves. These substances play a key role as reducing and stabilizing agents during the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, providing a natural and non-toxic alternative to conventional chemicals used in nanoparticle production.
13) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform indicates the chemical changes that occur during the synthesis process of zinc oxide nanoparticles. This includes the conversion of zinc ions and the interplay with phytochemicals from the plant extract, leading to the formation of stable metal oxide structures essential for various applications in nanotechnology.
14) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section outlining the interpretation of results from the experiments conducted in the study. It provides insights into the significance of findings related to the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles, contextualizing the implications of the results within the broader field of nanotechnology and its applications.
15) Developing:
Developing highlights the focus on creating new green synthesis methods for nanoparticles. The study's emphasis on biosynthesis aligns with ongoing efforts in materials science and environmental sustainability, aiming to minimize toxic byproducts and promote the use of eco-friendly approaches in the production of advanced nanomaterials.
16) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid refers to a specific class of phytochemicals identified in the Ficus religiosa extract. These compounds possess antioxidant properties and are believed to contribute to the reducing capability of the leaves, thus playing a pivotal role in the synthesis process and stabilization of the resulting zinc oxide nanoparticles.
17) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the harmful effects that traditional chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis can have on the environment and health. The focus on green synthesis methods using Ficus religiosa extract aims to minimize toxicity, promoting safer and more sustainable alternatives in the production of nanomaterials and their applications.
18) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the application of synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in healthcare, particularly in developing novel antimicrobial agents. The study underlines the potential for using these nanoparticles in medical science, especially in combating resistant strains of bacteria and fungi, addressing significant challenges in modern medicine.
19) Activity:
Activity pertains to the efficacy of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in exhibiting antimicrobial properties. The study highlights the considerable activity of these nanoparticles, which is vital for their application in healthcare settings, where their effectiveness can significantly improve treatment outcomes for infections and related conditions.
20) Heating:
Heating refers to the process step where the zinc oxide precursor material is subjected to high temperatures to facilitate the transformation from zinc hydroxide nitrate into ZnO nanoparticles. This thermal treatment is crucial for achieving the desired structural and optical properties of the final nanopowder, impacting its functionality.
21) Science (Scientific):
Science embodies the systematic study of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. The research presented emphasizes the intersection of chemistry, biology, and nanotechnology, illustrating the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry to innovate sustainable solutions using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis.
22) Gelatin:
Gelatin represents a natural polymer that can serve as a stabilizing agent in nanoparticle synthesis, although it is not directly mentioned in the study. Its similar functional role to phytochemicals in plant extracts indicates potential collaborations with studies focussing on natural materials and biopolymers for innovative nanoparticle applications.
23) Bombay:
Bombay, now known as Mumbai, is a major city in India where the research is conducted. Its urban biodiversity and academic institutions provide a conducive environment for advanced research in green chemistry and nanotechnology, allowing for the exploration of local plant resources like Ficus religiosa in scientific studies.
24) Medium:
Medium describes the environment in which the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles occurs. In this study, distilled water serves as the medium for the reaction, crucial for facilitating the interactions between zinc nitrate and plant extracts that lead to the successful formation of nanoparticles through the green synthesis approach.
25) Sugar:
Sugar, specifically in the context of reducing sugars, refers to a class of carbohydrates that could be present in the Ficus religiosa extract. These compounds can play a role in the chemical reactions facilitating the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, presenting additional pathways for developing biogenic nanomaterials.
26) Field:
Field denotes the area of research or application pertaining to the work presented. This includes nanotechnology, biosynthesis, and sustainable practices in chemistry. The focus on using natural extracts for nanoparticle synthesis signifies the growing importance of interdisciplinary approaches to advance eco-friendly technologies.
27) Earth:
Earth underscores the planet's environment and the emphasis on sustainable practices in scientific research. The study's application of green chemistry principles aims to utilize Earth’s resources responsibly, promoting environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, thus contributing positively to both science and environmental stewardship.
28) Miṇi (Mini):
Mini relates to the X-ray diffractometer used in the characterization of the nanoparticles. The term emphasizes the compact and efficient design of advanced analytical equipment, allowing for precise analysis of nanomaterials, which is essential for determining their structural properties and ensuring quality control in nanotechnology applications.
29) Line:
Line refers to the delineation of data or results presented in graphical or tabular formats, often used in discussions on findings from the research. The concept of a 'line' might also encompass relationships or trends in data analysis that help elucidate the significance of results in scientific inquiries.