Immunological comparison of riboflavin binding proteins in ostrich and hen.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Immunological characterization and comparison between egg yolk & white riboflavin binding proteins of largest flightless bird ostrich and the flying bird hen
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study focused on the immunological characterization and comparison of Riboflavin Binding Proteins (RBP) from the eggs of the largest flightless bird, the ostrich (Struthio camelus), and the flying bird, the hen (Gallus gallus). RBP serves as a crucial protein for the transport of riboflavin, an essential vitamin that other animals cannot synthesize. The research aimed to isolate, purify, and characterize the RBPs from both sources, observing their immunological response and phylogenetic relationships.
Immunological Cross-reactivity of RBPs
The study successfully isolated and purified RBPs from both ostrich and hen eggs using DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The study revealed that the RBP from ostrich exhibited a molecular weight of 54 kDa, whereas the hen's RBP showed a molecular weight of 29 kDa. Antisera raised in rabbits indicated clear immunological cross-reactivity between the RBPs isolated from both birds, highlighting that the proteins from both species share structural similarities despite their distinct phylogenetic classifications.
Purification Techniques and Protein Characterization
RBP was characterized through various purification techniques that involved using methods like SDS-PAGE, which confirmed the purity and molecular weights of the proteins. The absorption spectra analyzed at specific wavelengths (372.8 nm and 454 nm for ostrich, 375 nm and 458 nm for hen) indicated the presence of flavoproteins. These techniques provided a solid foundation for further studies on the functional aspects of RBPs and their roles as vitamin transporters in avian species.
The Role of RBPs in Vitamin Transport
RBP plays a critical role in ensuring optimal bioavailability of riboflavin for various biological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction in vertebrates. The study also highlighted previous findings indicating that the absence or mutation of RBP can lead to embryonic death in birds. By raising antibodies against these proteins, the research explored the potential for RBP to act as a novel fertility control vaccine, which could have broader implications for reproductive biology in both avian species and beyond.
Conclusion
The findings of this study successfully illustrate the immunological relationships between RBPs of the ostrich and hen. The clear immunological cross-reactivity indicates that while these species are phylogenetically distinct, their RBPs have evolved to be highly conserved through evolution. This study emphasizes the importance of RBPs not only in vitamin transport but also as significant proteins that can offer insights into the evolutionary biology of avian species. The results could pave the way for future research into the functional applications of RBPs in biotechnology and reproductive health.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Nadhira Nikhath and Balaji Meriga
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Immunological characterization and comparison between egg yolk & white riboflavin binding proteins of largest flightless bird ostrich and the flying bird hen
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201710-9344
Download the PDF file of the original publication
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of the study on Riboflavin Binding Proteins?
The study investigates the immunological characterization and comparison of Riboflavin Binding Proteins (RBP) found in both egg yolk and white from Ostrich and Hen.
What methods were used to purify Riboflavin Binding Protein?
RBP was purified in two steps using DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ensuring high protein purity.
How was the immunological cross-reactivity between Ostrich and Hen RBPs tested?
Antiserum against RBP from both Ostrich and Hen was produced in rabbits and tested using Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis to observe precipitin lines, indicating cross-reactivity.
What were the molecular weights of the RBPs from Ostrich and Hen?
The molecular weight of the Riboflavin Binding Protein from Ostrich was determined to be 54 kDa, while that from Hen was 29 kDa.
What key finding did the study conclude regarding Ostrich and Hen?
The study concluded that despite being phylogenetically different, the immunological properties of RBPs from Ostrich and Hen are highly conserved, indicating evolutionary relationships.
What role does Riboflavin play in animal health?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is essential for normal metabolism and growth as it helps in various biological functions and cannot be synthesized by animals.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Immunological comparison of riboflavin binding proteins in ostrich and hen.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Bird:
Bird refers to a class of warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by feathers, wings, and a beak. In this study, it specifically pertains to the ostrich, the largest flightless bird, and the hen, a flying bird, highlighting their biological and immunological comparisons. Their classification is significant for understanding avian evolution.
2) Flying:
Flying denotes the ability to move through the air, a characteristic of some birds, including the hen. This term emphasizes the comparative analysis between flying and flightless birds in the research, particularly focusing on their riboflavin binding proteins and the role these characteristics play in their survival and adaptation.
3) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the systematic examination and analysis conducted in this research, focusing on the immunological characterization of riboflavin binding proteins from two distinct bird species. It is critical for understanding the similarities and differences in their biology and evolution, offering insights into avian adaptations and metabolic processes.
4) India:
India is the geographical context where this research was conducted, specifically mentioning locations like Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The significance of India lies in its biodiversity, comprising various avian species, which offers ample opportunities for biological and ecological research, contributing to a global understanding of avian immunology.
5) Purification:
Purification refers to the processes undertaken to isolate riboflavin binding proteins from the egg yolk and white of ostrich and hen. This procedure is vital to obtaining pure samples for analysis, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of subsequent experimental results in characterizing the proteins and understanding their immunological properties.
6) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra refers to Andhra Pradesh, a state in India where some research institutions involved in this study are located. It highlights a specific regional contribution to scientific research, showcasing that the study of avian biology and immunology is not limited to global centers but is also significant in local contexts.
7) Water:
Water is a crucial solvent used in various stages of the research, particularly during the purification processes and dialysis. It underscores the importance of water in biochemical experiments, facilitating reactions and the separation of proteins, thus playing an integral role in the overall methodology and experimental workflows.
8) Wall:
Wall refers to the physical barrier created in the agarose plates during the Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis, where different antibodies and proteins are placed in wells. This setup is essential for visualizing the immunological reactions and establishing the presence of specific antibodies, thus contributing to the study's findings.
9) Line:
Line indicates the precipitin lines observed during the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis. These lines represent zones of precipitation that form where antigen-antibody interactions occur. They are crucial for determining immunological relationships between riboflavin binding proteins of the ostrich and hen, validating the findings of the study.
10) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section of the study where data interpretation and the implications of findings are presented. This section allows researchers to link their results to existing literature, explore biological significance, and suggest future research directions, thereby enhancing the understanding of riboflavin binding proteins in birds.
11) Developing:
Developing refers to the state of embryos that require riboflavin binding proteins crucial for their growth and metabolism. It is an important aspect of the study since the presence of these proteins directly impacts the survival and health of embryos in different bird species, linking nutrition to reproductive success.
12) Karnataka:
Karnataka is another Indian state mentioned as the source of ostrich eggs for the study. This geographical detail highlights the local availability of diverse avian species, emphasizing the state’s contribution to biological research and the ecological significance of its bird population in understanding evolutionary relationships.
13) Evolution:
Evolution describes the process through which species change over time, emphasizing the phylogenetic differences highlighted in the study between flightless and flying birds. Understanding these evolutionary relationships is crucial for grasping how riboflavin binding proteins are conserved or adapted in various avian species across time.
14) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati is a city in Andhra Pradesh where research institutions involved in the study are located. Its mention contextualizes the regional contributions to scientific research in India, particularly in biochemistry and immunology, indicating the importance of local hubs for advancing knowledge in these scientific fields.
15) Warangal:
Warangal is another city in India from which hen eggs were procured for the study. This highlights the local sourcing of biological materials essential for the research, further emphasizing regional biodiversity and the significance of local agricultural practices in supporting scientific inquiry and research development.
16) Mutation:
Mutation refers to the genetic alterations that may impact riboflavin binding capacities in avian species, discussed in relation to the study of recessive genetic traits in specific hen populations. Understanding mutations is vital for exploring how genetic diversity influences avian biology and the evolutionary adaptations of these birds.
17) Relative:
Relative in this context pertains to the immunological and phylogenetic relationships established between the riboflavin binding proteins of the ostrich and hen. This term underscores the significance of comparative biology, indicating how closely related these two species are despite their differences in flight capabilities.
18) Company:
Company refers to Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, which provided several reagents and materials used in the study. The mention highlights the role of commercial entities in facilitating scientific research by supplying essential tools and chemicals, thus supporting advancements in biochemical and immunological studies.
19) Balaji:
Balaji refers to one of the researchers involved in the study, indicating collaborative efforts in conducting the research. The contribution of named individuals is essential for attributing findings and acknowledging teamwork in the scientific process, reflecting the coordinated efforts that drive research outcomes.
20) Purity:
Purity signifies the level of refinement achieved in isolating riboflavin binding proteins during the study. High purity is essential for reliable biochemical analysis and interpretation of results, as it directly impacts the validity of experimental findings and conclusions drawn regarding the nature of these proteins.
21) Animal:
Animal refers to the broad classification that includes species studied in the research, particularly birds. It highlights the biological and ecological significance of understanding diverse animal roles in ecosystems and their evolutionary adaptations, contributing to the overall fields of wildlife biology, conservation, and immunology.
22) Death:
Death in this study is referenced in relation to the consequences of riboflavin deficiency in developing embryos of certain mutant bird species. It illustrates the critical importance of riboflavin binding proteins in avian reproduction and survival, linking nutritional elements to broader ecological and biological outcomes.
23) Blood:
Blood indicates the physiological context in which riboflavin binding proteins operate, as these proteins are typically soluble within bodily fluids, including blood. Their functional roles in transporting vitamins highlight the interconnectedness of nutritional biochemistry and physiological processes crucial for animal health and development.
24) Diet:
Diet refers to the nutritional intake needed by animals, highlighting the necessity of riboflavin and other vitamins for health and metabolic function. It underscores the importance of dietary components in development and survival, linking nutritional science with ecology and evolutionary biology in avian species.