Preconcentration of Sudan I dye using β-cyclodextrin polymer.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Preconcentration of sudan i dye using β-cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin polymer as the solid phase extractant
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Rupinder Kaur and Dr. Ashok Kumar Malik
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Preconcentration of sudan i dye using β-cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin polymer as the solid phase extractant
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201712-9706
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
In the food industry, dyes are widely used to enhance the quality and appearance of food products. Among these dyes, Sudan I, a synthetic azo dye, is particularly notorious due to its carcinogenic properties, having been known to cause tumors in laboratory animals and being classified as a possible carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Consequently, Sudan I is banned in food products by various regulations worldwide. This study focuses on developing a reliable and efficient solid-phase extraction method for the preconcentration of Sudan I in food samples using a β-Cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin polymer (β-CDP) as an extractant.
Optimization Parameters for Dye Extraction
The success of the solid-phase extraction method hinges on several optimized parameters. Key among these is the pH of the solution, which significantly influences the formation of the inclusion complex between Sudan I and β-CDP. Through systematic experimentation, the optimal pH was determined to be 3, achieving a dye uptake of over 95%. Other important parameters examined include shaking time and agitation speed, where a shaking time of 90 minutes and an agitation speed of 100 revolutions per minute (r.p.m) yielded optimal results. The study underscores the critical nature of carefully selecting and optimizing experimental conditions to maximize the efficiency of dye extraction.
Synthesis and Characterization of β-CDP
The polymer used for the preconcentration of Sudan I was synthesized from β-Cyclodextrin through a specific chemical process requiring reagents such as sodium hydroxide and epichlorohydrin. The synthesis resulted in cross-linked β-CD polymer that displayed improved properties for dye binding. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to visualize the morphological characteristics of the synthesized polymer, revealing a fibrous structure compared to the original rock-like β-Cyclodextrin. This morphological change indicates successful polymerization, which is vital for its function as an efficient solid-phase extractant.
Application in Food Sample Analysis
The optimized solid-phase extraction method was applied to the analysis of food samples known to potentially contain Sudan I dye, such as Tandoori masala and Chilli sauce. The method demonstrated impressive recoveries of Sudan I, with results showing recoveries of over 95% in various added concentrations. This real-world application emphasizes the method's practicality and effectiveness for routine monitoring of illegal food colorants in commercial food products.
Conclusion
The study presents a straightforward and effective method for the extraction and determination of Sudan I dye using β-Cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin polymer. The process is characterized by its simplicity, accuracy, and sensitivity, making it suitable for food safety testing. The robustness and reusability of the polymer further enhance its applicability, providing a valuable tool for monitoring harmful food additives and ensuring food product safety. Overall, this research contributes to the urgent need for reliable methods to detect carcinogenic dyes in the food industry.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of the study presented in the article?
The study developed a solid phase extraction method for preconcentrating Sudan I dye at trace levels using β-Cyclodextrin polymer, allowing for its determination in food samples using UV-VIS spectrophotometry.
Why is Sudan I considered harmful to humans?
Sudan I is classified as a possible human carcinogen and mutagen, causing tumors in laboratory animals, which has led to its prohibition as a food additive in many regulations.
What parameters were optimized in the study for dye uptake?
Parameters such as pH, shaking time, sample volume, agitation speed, and the amount of β-Cyclodextrin polymer were optimized to enhance the % uptake of Sudan I dye.
How was β-Cyclodextrin polymer synthesized for the study?
β-Cyclodextrin polymer was synthesized by mixing β-CD, soluble starch, sodium hydroxide, and epichlorohydrin under specific conditions, followed by filtration and drying for further use.
What food samples were tested for Sudan I dye?
The method was applied to determine Sudan I dye in locally available food samples, specifically Tandoori masala mix and Chilli Sauce.
What conclusion was drawn about the preconcentration method?
The method is simple, accurate, and reproducible, allowing for effective quantitative recovery of Sudan I dye from food samples, demonstrating the stability and reusability of the polymer.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Preconcentration of Sudan I dye using β-cyclodextrin polymer.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Cutan:
Sudan I is a synthetic azo dye that is used in various applications, including food coloring. However, it is harmful and classified as a carcinogen, prompting strict regulations prohibiting its use in food. The relevance of Sudan in this study highlights the need for effective detection and removal methods of harmful dyes in food products.
2) Food:
Food refers to any substance consumed for nutritional support. The study involves the detection of Sudan I dye in food samples, emphasizing the importance of food safety and quality. The presence of harmful dyes like Sudan I raises health concerns, necessitating improved methods for monitoring chemical contaminants in food products.
3) Water:
Water is the solvent used throughout the study, particularly for preparing solutions and conducting extractions. The quality of water used in testing is crucial, as impurities could interfere with the sensitivity of the spectrophotometric methods employed. Clean, distilled water ensures accurate measurement of dye concentrations and reliable experimental results.
4) Cilli:
Chilli refers to the spice that is commonly used in various cuisines. In this study, the focus is on detecting Sudan I dye in chilli powder and sauces, where it may be illicitly added to enhance color. This highlights the need for monitoring food products, especially spices, for contaminants that can pose health risks.
5) India:
India is the geographic context of the study, with the research conducted by scientists at Punjabi University, Patiala. The relevance of this setting underscores the importance of assessing food safety practices within the region, particularly given its rich history of spice production, which can be susceptible to adulteration with harmful substances like Sudan I.
6) Glass:
Glass refers to the material used for laboratory equipment, such as the quartz cells for spectrophotometry. The quality and cleanliness of glassware are essential in ensuring accurate results, as residues or impurities can skew measurements. Proper handling of glass equipment is vital for maintaining the integrity of experimental findings.
7) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the systematic investigation carried out to develop a method for detecting Sudan I dye. The significance lies in addressing the public health issue posed by this carcinogen in food products. The research contributes to the broader field of food safety and analytical chemistry, aiming for safer consumption practices.
8) Punjab:
Punjab is the region in India where the research was conducted. This context is significant as it reflects the local agricultural practices and the types of food products, including spices like chilli, which may be impacted by food safety concerns. Understanding regional practices can lead to targeted regulations and safety protocols.
9) Table:
Table refers to the organized presentation of results in the study, summarizing the findings of Sudan I dye detection in various food samples. Tables are crucial for data analysis and comparison, allowing for a clear understanding of recovery rates and the effectiveness of the preconcentration method employed.
10) Field:
Field refers to the area within which the research is situated, specifically analytical chemistry and food safety. This field addresses the detection of hazardous substances in consumables, emphasizing the need for reliable methodologies to ensure public health and compliance with safety regulations in food production and distribution.
11) Measurement:
Measurement in the context of this study pertains to the quantification of Sudan I dye levels using spectrophotometry. Accurate measurement is critical for assessing the effectiveness of the preconcentration method and ensuring regulatory compliance. It underscores the importance of reliable analytical techniques in monitoring food safety.
12) Quality:
Quality alludes to the standard of food products and their safety for consumption. The study highlights the need for methods that ensure the absence of harmful dyes like Sudan I in food, emphasizing that high quality should not only relate to flavor and presentation but also to health and safety considerations.
13) Cancer:
Cancer is a major health concern associated with the consumption of carcinogenic substances, such as Sudan I dye. The potential link between food contaminants and cancer risk underscores the urgency of developing effective detection methods, as finding and eliminating these harmful substances from food can significantly impact public health.
14) Powder:
Powder in this context refers to the solid form of spice, particularly chilli powder, where Sudan I dye may be illegally added. The powder form is commonly used in everyday cooking, increasing the potential risk for consumers. The study investigates the potential contamination of such powders with hazardous dyes.
15) Kumar:
Kumar is one of the authors of the study, indicating his contribution to the research and its findings. Collaborations among scientists enhance the reliability of research outcomes, as multi-author studies often bring together diverse expertise and perspectives in analytical methods and food safety concerns.
16) Malik:
Malik is another author associated with the study, highlighting the collaborative nature of scientific research. Contributions from multiple experts in a specific field, such as chemistry, are essential for comprehensive studies that yield more reliable and applicable results regarding food safety and detection of harmful substances.
17) Hand:
Hand refers to practical skills or expertise in laboratory techniques, especially during the preparation and execution of experiments. The phrase relates to the need for skilled individuals to conduct sophisticated procedures such as solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric analysis, emphasizing the balance between theory and execution in scientific research.