Transmission of zika virus from infected mother to fetus

| Posted in: Scientific

Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Transmission of zika virus from infected mother to fetus
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Dhruvi Patel, Praveen N. M., M. Vijayasimha, R. P. Jayswal, R. K. Jha and A. K. Sah


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Transmission of zika virus from infected mother to fetus

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201715-10103


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that poses a significant threat to public health, affecting both adults and infants. Initially isolated in 1947 from animals in Uganda, this virus has since been identified in various mosquito species, particularly Aedes aegypti. Symptoms of Zika infection can include maculopapular rash, fever, conjunctivitis, and joint pain. However, the most alarming effect is seen in pregnant women, where ZIKV infection can lead to serious congenital malformations in the fetus, including microcephaly.

Transmission and Congenital Anomalies

One critical aspect of Zika virus is its transmission during pregnancy and its association with congenital anomalies. ZIKV is mainly transmitted through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes but can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to fetus via the placenta. Pregnant women infected with ZIKV can experience adverse outcomes, including miscarriage and severe developmental issues in the baby, notably microcephaly. Studies indicate that the presence of ZIKV in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women correlates with these birth defects, emphasizing the virus's capacity for vertical transmission.

Clinical Manifestations of Zika Virus

Zika virus infections often manifest mildly, with many cases being asymptomatic. Common symptoms include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia occurring 2-7 days post-exposure. For pregnant women, ultrasound can reveal fetal malformations, such as microcephaly, indicating the potential for severe neurological deficits in newborns. Additionally, a concerning side effect of Zika infection is the increased incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological condition that can occur following infection. Understanding these clinical manifestations is essential for diagnosing and managing Zika virus infections effectively.

Preventive Measures and Management

Preventative strategies against Zika virus primarily focus on controlling mosquito populations and minimizing exposure. Public health recommendations include avoiding mosquito bites, using repellents, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Vaccination development is ongoing, with the World Health Organization outlining target product profiles in 2017. Pregnant women are advised to avoid travel to areas with ongoing Zika transmission, and men who may have been exposed are encouraged to use condoms or abstain from unprotected sex to prevent possible sexual transmission.

Conclusion

The emergence of Zika virus as a significant public health concern underscores the importance of understanding its transmission dynamics and associated health risks, particularly for pregnant women and infants. Continuous research into its epidemiology, clinical effects, and prevention strategies remains critical in mitigating the impact of ZIKV on health systems worldwide. Public awareness and vector-control efforts are paramount in reducing the risk of future outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations from this flavivirus.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Zika virus and how is it transmitted?

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It can also be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to fetus during pregnancy.

What are the symptoms of Zika virus infection?

Symptoms include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, joint pain, malaise, and headache. Infection often remains asymptomatic in about 80% of cases, but can lead to serious birth defects in pregnant women.

How does Zika virus affect pregnant women and their babies?

Zika virus can cause congenital abnormalities in babies, such as microcephaly and other neurological defects. It can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy.

What measures can be taken to prevent Zika virus infection?

Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites, using repellents, eliminating water sources for breeding, practicing safe sex, and avoiding travel to areas with Zika outbreaks during pregnancy.

What is the impact of Zika virus on public health?

Zika virus poses significant public health threats due to its rapid spread, ability to cause severe birth defects, and associations with neurological disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome.

How is Zika virus diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosis is made through serological tests to detect IgM antibodies and PCR tests for viral RNA. There is no specific antiviral treatment; management focuses on symptomatic relief.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Transmission of zika virus from infected mother to fetus”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Viru:
In the context of the document, 'Viru' likely refers to viruses, particularly the Zika virus. This virus is a prominent subject due to its association with public health threats, especially in pregnant women and newborns. Understanding viruses like Zika helps inform prevention and treatment strategies in medicine and epidemiology.

2) Transmission:
Transmission refers to how the Zika virus spreads from one host to another. This is crucial for understanding disease control measures. The document discusses various modes of Zika transmission including mosquito bites, sexual contact, and vertically from mother to fetus, which is vital for public health responses.

3) Blood:
Blood is essential in the discussion of Zika virus transmission as the document mentions blood transfusions, which can serve as a pathway for Zika infection. Such vectors highlight the need for screening blood donations, especially in areas where the virus is endemic or outbreaks occur.

4) Pregnant:
Pregnant women are significantly affected by Zika virus due to the risk of congenital anomalies in their infants, including microcephaly. The document underscores the importance of preventing Zika infections in this group to reduce adverse birth outcomes and to inform obstetric care guidelines.

5) Fever:
Fever is one of the primary symptoms of Zika virus infection. Recognition of fever alongside other symptoms (rash, conjunctivitis) helps in identifying potential Zika cases. It is significant for both patient care and for public health monitoring during outbreaks.

6) India:
India is referenced in the document as part of the geographical spread of Zika virus and its implications for public health. The mention underscores the global concern regarding Zika and the need for awareness and preventive measures in countries where the virus may pose a risk.

7) Medicine:
Medicine is relevant as the document discusses healthcare responses and preventive measures against Zika virus. It highlights the role of medical research in developing vaccines, treatments, and preventive strategies to protect populations, especially vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and their offspring.

8) Epidemic:
Epidemic refers to the outbreak events of Zika virus documented in various regions. Understanding the dynamics of Zika epidemics helps inform public health policies, resource allocation, and community education efforts in regions affected by similar mosquito-borne diseases.

9) Disease:
Disease encompasses the health effects and complications resulting from Zika virus infection. The document discusses how Zika can lead to congenital defects and other illnesses such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, emphasizing the need for comprehensive disease management strategies.

10) Forest:
Forest is significant as the original isolation of the Zika virus occurred in the Zika forest of Uganda. This emphasizes the relationship between environmental factors, vector habitats, and the emergence of infectious diseases like Zika, guiding conservation and public health interventions in forested areas.

11) Ras (Rash):
Rash is one of the notable clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection. The presence of maculopapular rash aids in clinical diagnosis, highlighting the importance of recognizing symptoms for timely treatment and public health surveillance during outbreaks.

12) Activity:
Activity can relate to both the physical activities that occur within communities and the behavioral aspects regarding Zika prevention. This includes community engagement in mosquito control measures and the need for active surveillance during Zika outbreaks.

13) Similarity:
Similarity is important in understanding Zika's relationship with other flaviviruses, like dengue. Recognizing similarities aids in the development of diagnostic tests and treatment protocols, as well as understanding cross-reactivity of antibodies, which is vital for accurate surveillance and epidemiological studies.

14) Indian:
Indian refers to the context of epidemiological research in India regarding Zika virus infection. It highlights the role of local researchers and healthcare professionals in addressing public health concerns pertinent to the regional spread of Zika and its associated risks.

15) Egypt:
Egypt is mentioned as one of the locations associated with historical findings of Zika virus. The geographical distribution and historical epidemiology are key to understanding how Zika may spread, allowing health officials to monitor and respond to emerging threats in different regions.

16) Barre:
Barre is relevant due to its association with Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological condition linked to Zika virus. Recognizing this association is crucial for clinicians monitoring patients post-Zika infection, emphasizing the need for research into long-term outcomes of Zika-related diseases.

17) Water:
Water is significant in the context of mosquito breeding, particularly Aedes species responsible for Zika transmission. Effective water management and the elimination of standing water are critical for preventing mosquito proliferation, thereby controlling potential Zika outbreaks.

18) Birth:
Birth is closely connected to the risks Zika virus poses to fetal development. The document details congenital anomalies and the importance of monitoring pregnant women for Zika to reduce adverse birth outcomes and ensure maternal healthcare effectiveness.

19) Pain:
Pain, particularly joint pain, is one of the clinical presentations of Zika virus infection. Understanding patient symptoms aids in the diagnosis and management of Zika cases, emphasizing the need for supportive care during symptomatic treatment.

20) Discussion:
Discussion is pivotal as it highlights the importance of collaboration among researchers, healthcare professionals, and public health officials. This collective dialogue aids in shaping effective strategies for Zika virus prevention, research agendas, and educational outreach efforts.

21) Science (Scientific):
Scientific knowledge and research are fundamental in understanding the Zika virus. The document emphasizes the need for ongoing studies to deepen our understanding of Zika's pathology, transmission, and preventative measures, which collectively enhance public health responses.

22) Knowledge:
Knowledge dissemination surrounding Zika virus is crucial for prevention and control. Public awareness campaigns conveyed through healthcare providers utilize knowledge to educate communities about transmission risks, thereby increasing compliance with preventative measures such as mosquito control.

23) Evolution:
Evolution refers to the adaptations of Zika virus and its vectors, which may influence transmission patterns and public health responses. Understanding viral evolution aids in predicting outbreak potential and informing vaccine development and efficacy.

24) Container:
Container is linked to mosquito habitats; standing water in containers often serves as breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes. The document stresses the need to manage waste and eliminate such containers to prevent mosquito proliferation and reduce Zika transmission risk.

25) Mutation:
Mutation is significant in the context of viral evolution, potentially influencing Zika's pathogenicity and transmissibility. Awareness of mutation trends helps researchers develop vaccines and therapeutic approaches, guiding public health preparedness measures effectively.

26) Vomiting:
Vomiting is a symptom that may accompany Zika virus infection along with nausea and fever. Recognizing gastrointestinal symptoms can assist in clinical diagnosis and aid healthcare providers in offering appropriate supportive care.

27) Species:
Species refers to the Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti, which are the primary vectors for Zika virus transmission. Understanding mosquito species aids in targeted control interventions and informs public awareness campaigns about mosquito avoidance strategies.

28) Rajput:
Rajput likely references an individual associated with the research efforts detailed in the document regarding Zika virus. Recognizing contributions of specific researchers highlights the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry and the importance of individual roles in public health research.

29) Nausea:
Nausea is another common symptom of Zika virus infection. Monitoring patients for nausea and related symptoms assists healthcare practitioners in making accurate clinical assessments and enhances the approach to supportive treatment during infection.

30) Gupta:
Gupta likely refers to a researcher involved in the academic discourse surrounding Zika virus. Acknowledging contributions from various individuals emphasizes collaborative efforts in addressing Zika and reflects the multifaceted approach to understanding this public health challenge.

31) Joshi (Josi):
Joshi's mention suggests involvement in Zika virus studies or findings relevant to the body's response to infection. Recognizing the roles of various researchers enhances understanding of the collective contributions to addressing Zika virus-related challenges.

32) Malik:
Malik could refer to a contributing researcher in Zika-related studies. Highlighting individual names underscores the collaborative efforts within scientific literature and the collective contributions to mitigating public health issues posed by emerging viruses.

33) Patel:
Patel likely denotes a contributor to the research on Zika virus or related fields. The acknowledgment of different researchers reflects the collaborative nature of scientific investigations, which is vital in combating public health challenges like Zika.

34) Sardi (Shardi):
Sardi is another individual possibly linked to Zika research, showcasing the collaborative efforts necessary for understanding complex health issues. Recognizing diverse contributions helps to paint a complete picture of ongoing scientific and public health initiatives.

35) Edema (Oedema):
Edema refers to swelling that can occur in congenital Zika virus infection cases. Documenting such conditions is critical to understanding the spectrum of effects Zika can have on fetal development, informing prenatal care and management approaches.

36) Table:
Table signifies the organized data presentation relevant to the historical context of Zika virus infections across various regions. This structured summarization aids researchers and public health officials in tracking epidemiological trends and planning responses effectively.

37) Study (Studying):
Study emphasizes the research efforts aimed at understanding Zika virus and its implications. Research findings contribute significantly to public health planning, vaccine development, and awareness efforts necessary for mitigating the impact of Zika outbreaks.

38) Tama:
Dhama appears as a contributor within the context of Zika virus research literature, emphasizing the collaborative nature inherent in scientific studies. Recognition of diverse author contributions is crucial for encouraging continued research endeavors.

39) Anna:
Anna likely pertains to an individual involved in the documentation or discussion concerning Zika virus and its public health implications. Identifying contributors underscores the collaborative efforts essential for understanding and addressing emerging health challenges.

40) Horn:
Horn is possibly associated with a specific research or clinical study regarding Zika virus. Highlighting contributions of recognized researchers is important for fostering a collaborative environment in tackling infectious disease outbreaks.

41) Pur:
Poor health outcomes linked to Zika virus infection underscore the importance of public health interventions. The mention serves as a reminder of the potential socioeconomic impacts of outbreaks, necessitating targeted efforts to protect vulnerable populations.

42) Male:
Male denotes one of the groups affected during Zika virus transmission, particularly through sexual activity. Understanding transmission pathways that involve male individuals is crucial for developing targeted health education and preventative measures.

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