Effects of quinalphos on biochemistry in fresh water crab, S. hydrodroma.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Effect of quinalphos on biochemical studies in fresh water field crab, spiralothelphusa hydrodroma
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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S. Pandiammal, J. Manju Bashini and P. Senthilkumaar
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Effect of quinalphos on biochemical studies in fresh water field crab, spiralothelphusa hydrodroma
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201716-10208
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
1. Introduction
The study investigates the effects of the pesticide quinalphos on the biochemical parameters of the freshwater crab, Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma. This species was selected due to its declining population, attributed to exposure to various pesticides commonly used in agricultural practices. The research primarily focuses on how quinalphos impacts nutritional components such as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels in crucial tissues, including the muscle, gills, hepatopancreas, spermatheca, and ovary. Given that quinalphos is frequently applied in agriculture in India, understanding its potential catastrophic impacts on aquatic ecosystems is essential for ecological preservation.
2. Toxicity and Biochemical Analysis
Acute toxicity tests revealed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of quinalphos for S. hydrodroma was determined through various exposure durations (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), resulting in decreasing LC50 values as exposure duration increased. The study measured the alteration in biochemical parameters of the crabs exposed to sublethal concentrations of quinalphos over 15 and 30 days. The experimental results indicated a significant reduction in the protein content across all tested tissues, pointing toward impaired protein synthesis due to quinalphos exposure, suggesting a potential metabolic crisis within the crabs.
3. Carbohydrate Metabolism Disruption
The impact of quinalphos on carbohydrate levels was also notable, with significant declines observed in muscle, gills, hepatopancreas, spermatheca, and ovary tissues. The decline was attributed to the inactivation of enzymes critical for carbohydrate metabolism, which could lead to insufficient energy supply for physiological functions and stress coping mechanisms. Extended exposure to the pesticide drastically reduced glycogen content, further highlighting the adverse metabolic effects induced by quinalphos.
4. Lipid Depletion due to Pesticide Exposure
In addition to protein and carbohydrate content, lipid levels were adversely affected by quinalphos exposure. The study documented a marked reduction in lipid content in all examined tissues following exposure to both lower and higher sublethal concentrations of quinalphos. This depletion in lipid reserves may be a physiological response to augment energy supply needed to handle the toxic stress imposed by quinalphos, emphasizing the pesticide's pervasive effects on the energy metabolism of aquatic organisms.
5. Conclusion
The findings of this study firmly indicate that quinalphos significantly hinders key biochemical parameters in the freshwater crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma. The marked decreases in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels across various tissues suggest serious metabolic disruptions caused by pesticide exposure. This study illustrates the urgent need for further investigation into the ecological consequences of pesticide use in agricultural practices, particularly concerning aquatic organisms, to preemptively mitigate adverse environmental impacts.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of the study on quinalphos?
The study investigates the effect of the pesticide quinalphos on nutritional parameters like protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content in various tissues of the freshwater crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma.
How was the toxicity of quinalphos assessed?
Toxicity was assessed using LC50 values obtained through probit regression analysis following the exposure of crabs to varying concentrations of quinalphos over 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours.
What tissues were analyzed in the study?
The study analyzed the muscle, gills, hepatopancreas, spermatheca, and ovary tissues of the freshwater crab to evaluate biochemical changes due to quinalphos exposure.
What were the key findings related to protein levels?
Protein levels decreased significantly in all examined tissues of S. hydrodroma after exposure to lower and higher sublethal concentrations of quinalphos, indicating possible tissue damage.
What impact did quinalphos have on carbohydrate content?
Carbohydrate content also showed a significant reduction in different tissues of crabs exposed to quinalphos, particularly with prolonged exposure durations of 15 and 30 days.
What was concluded regarding the lipid content in crabs?
The lipid content in various tissues of S. hydrodroma decreased after exposure to quinalphos, reflecting the increased energy demand due to toxic stress affecting lipid metabolism.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Effects of quinalphos on biochemistry in fresh water crab, S. hydrodroma.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Pesticide:
Pesticides are chemical substances used to eliminate pests that damage crops and other plants. Their widespread application, particularly in agriculture, often leads to environmental contamination and poses a threat to non-target organisms, such as freshwater crabs, highlighting the importance of studying their effects on aquatic ecosystems.
2) Table:
In scientific studies, tables are critical for presenting data clearly and concisely. They allow for the easy comparison of results across different variables, such as concentrations, exposure times, and biochemical responses in organisms, which facilitates a better understanding of the impact of toxic substances like quinalphos.
3) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm living organisms. In the context of the study, the toxicity of quinalphos pesticide was assessed through various experiments to understand its lethal and sublethal effects on the freshwater crab, aiding in determining safe exposure levels.
4) Study (Studying):
A study involves systematic investigation to understand phenomena, test hypotheses, or evaluate effects. This research focused on the biochemical impact of quinalphos on the freshwater crab, contributing to scientific knowledge on environmental pesticides and their potential risks to aquatic life, thus influencing policy and agricultural practices.
5) Water:
Water is essential for life and a critical component of freshwater ecosystems. In this study, water was the medium in which crabs were exposed to quinalphos, emphasizing its role in transporting pesticides into aquatic habitats and the subsequent risks posed to organisms reliant on these ecosystems for survival.
6) Field:
Field refers to a specific area where organisms live or grow, particularly relating to agricultural settings. The freshwater crabs studied were collected from rice fields, emphasizing how agricultural practices impact surrounding ecosystems and the need to assess pollutants like quinalphos in these natural environments.
7) India:
India is a country where extensive agricultural activities, including the use of pesticides like quinalphos, are prevalent. The country's agricultural practices significantly influence freshwater ecosystems, making research on the effects of pesticides in Indian habitats critical for environmental conservation and public health.
8) Line:
In the context of statistical analysis, a line usually refers to a regression line used to represent the relationship between variables, such as concentration and mortality rates. Probit regression in this study helped determine the LC50 values, which are pivotal for assessing the risk of pesticides.
9) Food:
Food is essential for the survival and health of organisms. The study's focus on freshwater crabs elucidates the relationship between these crabs and their role in the food web, and how pesticide exposure can impact not only their health but also the organisms that depend on them as a food source.
10) Indian:
The term 'Indian' relates to aspects specific to India, including its diverse aquatic ecosystems, agricultural practices, and the local species studied, such as *Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma*. Understanding the impact of pesticides in an Indian context is vital for crafting relevant environmental policies.
11) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is a state in India where this research was conducted. Its unique geographical and ecological conditions impact aquatic habitats. Understanding local pesticide usage patterns and their effects on native species helps inform conservation efforts and sustainable agricultural practices in the region.
12) Container:
A container is a vessel used to hold samples during experiments. In this study, containers were necessary to maintain experimental conditions for crab exposure to quinalphos, allowing researchers to monitor effects in a controlled environment, essential for producing reliable scientific data.
13) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological functions or behaviors of organisms. In the study, the activity of crabs and their physiological responses to quinalphos toxicity were key metrics. Monitoring how pesticides affect metabolic and behavioral activity can reveal broader ecological implications.
14) Tamil:
Tamil is a major language spoken in Tamil Nadu, India, and plays a significant role in the culture, literature, and identity of the region. The use of local language fosters community engagement in environmental conservation efforts and educational initiatives surrounding agricultural impacts and biodiversity.
15) Nadu:
Nadu means 'land' in Tamil and signifies the region of Tamil Nadu. Recognizing local terms enhances cultural sensitivity in research and highlights the importance of local knowledge in addressing environmental issues, particularly related to pesticide use in agricultural lands.
16) Rice (Rce):
Rice is a staple crop in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The study examined crabs from rice fields, underscoring the link between agricultural practices involving rice cultivation and the potential runoff of harmful pesticides, which threaten local aquatic biodiversity and health.
17) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation refers to the build-up of substances within organisms or environments. In this study, assessing the accumulation of quinalphos in crab tissues was crucial for understanding long-term toxicity effects, informing risk assessments and regulatory measures for pesticide usage in agriculture.
18) Agriculture:
Agriculture pertains to farming practices, including crop production and pest control. The research investigates the effects of agricultural pesticides, like quinalphos, on freshwater crabs, highlighting how farming activities directly influence surrounding ecosystems and necessitating sustainable practices.
19) Ramalingam:
Ramalingam may refer to authorship associated with significant research studies. Citing such scholars emphasizes the established ongoing work in understanding biochemical responses of aquatic organisms, providing credibility and context in discussions surrounding pesticide toxicity and environmental health.
20) Chennai:
Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu, is near the study's focus location. Urbanization and agriculture surrounding Chennai highlight potential environmental stresses, prompting investigations into how local ecosystems respond to toxic substances like pesticides introduced through agricultural runoff.
21) Habitat:
A habitat is the natural environment where a species lives. Investigating the habitat of *Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma* in relation to pesticide exposure offers insights into the ecological risks that agricultural practices pose, underlining the importance of habitat preservation for biodiversity.
22) Zoology:
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, including their physiology, behavior, and ecology. This research falls within the zoological realm, as it examines the impact of quinalphos on the freshwater crab, contributing valuable knowledge to conservation efforts and understanding animal health in polluted environments.
23) Punjab:
Punjab is another region in India, recognized for its agricultural productivity. Mentioning Punjab allows comparisons between different Indian states regarding the impact of agricultural practices and pesticide usage on local ecosystems, potentially influencing national policy on pesticide regulation.
24) Animal:
Animals are living organisms that are studied in various biological sciences. The focus on *Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma* as an animal model for the effects of quinalphos demonstrates the importance of assessing ecological health through the lens of animal welfare and environmental integrity.
25) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
Saxena likely refers to a noted researcher in the field of environmental science or zoology. Attributing findings to specific researchers builds a context for ongoing dialogues about the ecological impacts of pesticides, enhancing the scholarly discussion on this critical issue.
26) Sneha:
Sneha may denote a researcher involved in studies relating to biochemical analysis of aquatic organisms. Her contributions highlight collaborative efforts in environmental research, underscoring the significance of team efforts in advancing knowledge on pesticide toxicity and its implications for biodiversity.
27) Kumar:
Kumar is a common surname in India, often associated with researchers or scientists. By acknowledging contributions from individuals with this surname, the study reinforces the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry, particularly in addressing local environmental challenges, such as pesticide effects on aquatic life.
28) Sugar:
Sugar, primarily derived from crops like sugarcane, is an important agricultural product in India. Mentioning sugar highlights the broader context of agricultural practices and the potential for pesticide use across various crops, revealing interconnected risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems.
29) Blood:
Blood is a crucial component for physiological processes in animals. In toxicology, studying changes in blood parameters, analogous to biochemical analyses in this study, is essential for understanding the systemic effects of pollutants like quinalphos on animal health.
30) Sah:
Shah may refer to researchers who have investigated biochemical changes in organisms due to pesticide exposure. Their work enhances understanding across studies and guides strategies for ecological conservation and the health of species affected by agricultural runoff.
31) Fish:
Fish are vital members of aquatic ecosystems and serve as important bioindicators for environmental health. The study of pesticide impacts on crabs parallels findings in fish, highlighting potential risks across aquatic species and informing conservation strategies in polluted waters.
32) Hand:
Hand may refer to practices such as hand-picking crabs for the study. This method underscores the hands-on approach researchers employ during fieldwork, which is necessary for maintaining scientific accuracy and ensuring that collected specimens truly represent the target population.
33) Genetic disorder:
Genetic disorders arise from abnormalities in an organism's DNA, often exacerbated by environmental toxins. This study suggests potential links between pesticide exposure and genetic disorders in aquatic species, raising concerns about the long-term impacts of chemicals on biodiversity and ecosystem health.
34) Purification:
Purification typically refers to the processes used to isolate specific substances from mixtures, including water and waste. In toxicity studies, purification could involve ensuring that samples are free from other influencing substances, allowing precise measurement of the impact of pesticides like quinalphos.
35) Siddhartha (Siddha-artha):
Siddhartha may refer to an individual involved in this study or to authorship in related works. Their input underscores the collaborative effort in research, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to environmental health and toxicology.
36) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical section in scientific papers where researchers interpret findings, compare them to existing literature, and propose implications. In this study, the discussion may address the influence of quinalphos on aquatic life and why such findings are significant in environmental science.
37) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to the rigorous application of the scientific method to investigate hypotheses and analyze results. This study exemplifies scientific inquiry as it systematically evaluates the biochemical effects of quinalphos, providing evidence-based insights into its ecological impact.
38) Mountain:
Mountains may symbolize the geographical features of a region influencing agricultural practices, which in turn, affect pesticide runoff into rivers and streams. They serve as important contexts for understanding the broader environmental dynamics at play in biological research.
39) Village:
Village signifies the rural community implicated in agricultural practices that may contribute to pesticide runoff. Understanding these settings is critical for exploring the socio-economic factors influencing pesticide usage and its environmental repercussions on surrounding ecosystems.
40) Species:
Species denotes distinct groups of organisms capable of interbreeding. The study focuses on *Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma*, emphasizing the importance of preserving species diversity and understanding how anthropogenic factors, such as pesticides, impact specific taxa within their habitats.
41) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra, another Indian state, may be referenced to compare ecological conditions and pesticide impacts across regions. Exploring differences between Andhra and Tamil Nadu can provide broader insights into agricultural practices and their effects on freshwater biodiversity.
42) Varuna:
Varuna refers to a genus that includes some edible freshwater crabs. The mention of Varuna within the context of pesticide studies highlights the relevance of understanding toxin exposure on economically significant species, which is crucial for sustainable fisheries management.
43) Misuse:
Misuse of pesticides refers to improper application practices that can lead to environmental harm. Highlighting misuse stresses the need for education and regulation to prevent adverse effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystems, advocating for responsible agricultural practices.
44) Cotton:
Cotton is a significant cash crop in India that often requires extensive pesticide use. The study's findings on aquatic impacts underscore the interconnectedness of cotton production and ecosystem health, drawing attention to the challenges of pesticide dependency in agriculture.
45) Manju (Mamju):
Manju may refer to one of the authors involved in this study. Acknowledging individual contributions emphasizes the collaborative effort required in environmental research, which facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the ecological consequences of agricultural practices.
46) Madra:
Madra, likely a reference to a participant in the research, reflects the collaborative nature of the study and the importance of multi-authored research in addressing complex environmental issues like the effects of pesticide exposure in aquatic ecosystems.
47) Mishra (Misra):
Misra could denote a researcher contributing to findings concerning agricultural impacts on aquatic species. Such references reinforce the interconnected nature of the scientific community in exploring pesticide implications, aiming to safeguard both human health and ecological integrity.
48) Death:
Death in the context of this study refers to the mortality rates observed in crabs exposed to quinalphos. Understanding the lethal outcomes of pesticide exposure is crucial for assessing the risks posed to aquatic organisms and for developing regulatory measures.
49) Babu:
Babu may be another researcher associated with this study, underscoring the diverse contributions made by individuals in environmental science. Each scientist's unique input is vital for expanding the collective knowledge regarding toxicological impacts on freshwater ecosystems.
50) Neem:
Neem is a tree known for its pest-repellent properties and is used in organic agriculture. Mentioning neem might highlight a potential alternative to harmful pesticides like quinalphos, promoting eco-friendly practices that protect both crops and aquatic biodiversity.
51) Crop:
Crops are cultivated plants grown for food, fiber, or other agricultural purposes. The study's focus on the effects of quinalphos on freshwater crabs ties back to agricultural practices that may lead to unintended ecological consequences for local wildlife.
52) Rich (Rch):
Rich can refer to fertile land or ecosystems abundant in biodiversity. The study’s findings emphasize the richness of aquatic species in their habitats and the risks posed by pesticide exposure, stressing the need for environmental preservation to maintain this richness.
53) Wind:
Wind plays a role in the distribution of pesticides beyond their intended application areas. Understanding how wind affects pesticide drift is essential for assessing ecological risks to non-target organisms, like aquatic life, that live far from the treated areas.