Antibacterial screening of Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaf extracts
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: In-vitro screening of hibiscus cannabinus l. leaves extracts for antibacterial activity
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Kiran C. Nilugal, Santosh Fattepur, Hamid Ali Kazi, May Florence Dela Cruz Bacayo, Mohd. Fadli Asmani and Asif Iqbal Chittur
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: In-vitro screening of hibiscus cannabinus l. leaves extracts for antibacterial activity
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20166-6144
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study investigates the antibacterial properties of the leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Kenaf) through in-vitro screening of both aqueous and ethanol extracts against Salmonella typhimurium. Kenaf, a plant native to Central Africa, has been historically utilized for its medicinal properties and is known for its high fiber content, rapid growth rate, and various pharmacological activities, ranging from antioxidant effects to immunomodulatory actions. The resistance of certain pathogens to conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of natural plant extracts for potential antibacterial agents.
Antibacterial Activity of Hibiscus cannabinus
The research demonstrated that both the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Hibiscus cannabinus leaves exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. Using the disc diffusion method, the inhibition zones from the extracts were measured, revealing a range of sensitivity levels. The ethanol extract demonstrated a stronger antibacterial effect compared to the aqueous extract, indicating the influence of the extraction solvent on the efficacy of the extracts. Specifically, the aqueous extract at a concentration of 120,000 µg/10ml was identified as the most potent among the tested extracts.
Chemical Constituents and Their Implications
Hibiscus cannabinus is rich in active phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which are believed to confer its medicinal properties. The diverse chemical composition of the plant suggests that these constituents could be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. The phytochemicals present may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms against microbial infections and herbivorous predation. Understanding the specific compounds that contribute to the antimicrobial properties can aid in developing targeted therapies and supplements for treating infections caused by resistant pathogens.
Methodology and Results
The methodology employed in this study involved extracting the leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus using both aqueous and ethanol solvents, followed by testing the extracts against Salmonella typhimurium cultured on agar plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to evaluate the efficacy of the extracts. The results indicated that while both extracts have antibacterial properties, the ethanol extract showed greater potential, especially at higher concentrations. These findings underline the significance of solvent choice in extracting bioactive compounds from plants and their subsequent medicinal applications.
Conclusion
The preliminary results from this study signify that Hibiscus cannabinus leaves possess noteworthy antibacterial activities against Salmonella typhimurium, attributed to their rich phytochemical profile. The study highlights the importance of further investigation into the isolated compounds from these extracts, as purified forms may exhibit enhanced antibacterial properties. This research contributes to the ongoing quest for alternative natural antimicrobial agents, emphasizing the potential of plant-based solutions in addressing the growing concern of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary aim of this study involving Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves?
The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves against Salmonella typhimurium using in-vitro methods.
What methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts?
The disc diffusion method was utilized to measure the zone of inhibition at various concentrations of leaf extracts against the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium.
Which extract showed higher antibacterial susceptibility against Salmonella typhimurium?
Ethanol extract exhibited greater sensitivity against Salmonella typhimurium compared to aqueous extract, with variations in the zone of inhibition observed.
What were the concentrations tested in the study for antibacterial activity?
Extracts were tested over a concentration range from 120,000 μg/10ml to 12 μg/10ml to evaluate their effectiveness against Salmonella typhimurium.
What are the key findings regarding the effectiveness of Hibiscus cannabinus extracts?
Both extracts displayed antibacterial properties, with inhibition zones noted, although neither extract matched the effectiveness of standard antibiotics like ciprofloxacin.
What implications do the results of this study suggest for further research?
The study suggests that isolated compounds from Hibiscus cannabinus L. could potentially have enhanced antibacterial activities, warranting further investigation into their medicinal properties.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antibacterial screening of Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaf extracts”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the specific actions or reactions that an entity can perform. In the context of the study, it relates to the antibacterial effects of Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts, specifically how effectively these extracts inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, highlighting their potential medicinal uses.
2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic describes medications that combat bacterial infections. The study is particularly relevant due to the issue of antibiotic resistance, with Hibiscus cannabinus L. being assessed for its antibacterial properties. This emphasizes the need for discovering and harnessing alternative treatments to address the growing challenge of resistant bacteria.
3) Water:
Water is a universal solvent essential for life. In this study, it is used to extract active compounds from Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves, enabling the evaluation of its antibacterial properties. Water's role as a solvent is significant in the extraction process, affecting the resultant extract's concentration and potency.
4) Powder:
Powder refers to the form in which the dried leaves of Hibiscus cannabinus L. were processed for extraction. The coarse powder created from grinding the leaves provides a larger surface area for extraction, which is crucial for maximizing the yield of active compounds during the maceration process.
5) Table:
Table is a systematic representation of data. In the study, tables summarize the results, such as minimum inhibitory concentrations and zones of inhibition of various extracts. Tables facilitate clear communication of findings and allow for easy comparison of antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium.
6) Study (Studying):
Study represents the systematic investigation and analysis conducted to explore the antibacterial properties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts. This research adds to the body of knowledge regarding natural antibacterial agents, their efficacy, and potential applications in treating resistant bacterial infections, particularly relevant in pharmacology and medicine.
7) India:
India is included in the context of Hibiscus cannabinus L., known as ambadi, historically used in traditional medicine. Recognizing its cultural and medicinal significance adds depth to the study, linking modern antibacterial research with centuries of herbal knowledge and emphasizing the continuous relevance of ethnobotanical studies.
8) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom of infections, including those caused by Salmonella typhimurium. The study's relevance lies in exploring Hibiscus cannabinus L. as a potential remedy for fever-related illnesses, particularly enteric fevers, by assessing the efficacy of its extracts against pathogenic bacteria that cause such conditions.
9) Crop:
Crop signifies a cultivated plant grown for consumption or commercial use. Hibiscus cannabinus L. is considered an important agricultural crop. The research highlights its economic and medicinal value, illustrating how agricultural practices can contribute to health and nutrition by providing natural sources of therapeutic compounds.
10) Drug:
Drug refers to a substance used to treat diseases or medical conditions. In the context of the study, it pertains to the potential development of Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts as natural antimicrobial agents. This highlights the significance of ongoing research into natural drugs as alternatives to synthetic pharmaceuticals.
11) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world. The research exemplifies scientific inquiry into the antibacterial properties of natural extracts, showcasing the intersection of science, medicine, and botany in developing potential treatments for bacterial diseases.
12) Sugar:
Sugar, specifically in the context of microbiology, can refer to substances involved in fermentation or metabolic processes in bacteria. The study's mention of the triple sugar iron test highlights its relevance in differentiating bacteria based on their metabolic capabilities, critical in identifying Salmonella typhimurium accurately.
13) Alam (Alaṁ):
Alam refers to a location associated with the research, specifically Shah Alam in Malaysia, where the study was conducted. The geographical context aids in understanding the local significance of Hibiscus cannabinus L. and the potential for integrating traditional knowledge with scientific research in this region.
14) Sah:
Shah refers to a place, particularly Shah Alam, where the research was undertaken. This specificity illustrates the connection between local flora and scientific investigation, encouraging the exploration of indigenous plants for medical applications, thereby contributing to community health and local economic development.
15) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. The research's focus on the antibacterial activity of Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts highlights its relevance in pharmacology, emphasizing the potential for developing plant-based therapies and understanding their mechanisms of action against bacteria.
16) Civilization:
Civilization represents the advancement of societies and their contributions to medicine and knowledge. The study links modern antibacterial research to historical medicinal practices, underscoring the continuity of using natural substances in health care and the importance of exploring ancient wisdom for contemporary challenges.
17) Observation:
Observation involves careful examination or monitoring of phenomena. In the context of the study, it refers to the meticulous recording of results from antibacterial tests. Proper observations ensure valid conclusions and contribute to the integrity and reliability of scientific research, reinforcing the credibility of findings.
18) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical part of research where results are interpreted and implications of the findings are elaborated. In the study, the discussion explores the significance of observed antibacterial activity, contextualizing it within existing literature, evaluating its potential, and considering future research directions in this area.
19) Developing:
Developing refers to countries or regions undergoing social or economic progress. The study highlights the relevance of natural remedies in areas with limited access to conventional medicine. Research into Hibiscus cannabinus L. can provide viable alternatives for treating infections in developing regions, addressing public health concerns.
20) Ambashtha (Ambastha):
Ambashtha is a name for Hibiscus cannabinus L. in Sanskrit. This reference emphasizes the cultural and historical significance of the plant in traditional medicine. It underscores the importance of recognizing and preserving indigenous knowledge in contemporary pharmacological research and rediscovering valuable medicinal plants linked to ancient practices.
21) Substance:
Substance refers to any material with specific characteristics. The study pertains to the extracts from Hibiscus cannabinus L. as substances with potential antibacterial properties. Understanding the chemical composition of these substances is critical for evaluating their efficacy and possible applications in pharmaceutical development against bacterial infections.
22) Container:
Container pertains to the storage method for plant material during the research process. A well-sealed container ensures the integrity of the Hibiscus cannabinus L. powder, protecting it from environmental factors. Proper storage is essential to maintain the quality and potency of extracts used in antibacterial testing.
23) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid is a class of plant compounds known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Many flavonoids have been studied for their health benefits, and their presence in Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts may be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity, making them significant in natural product research for medicinal applications.
24) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness. The study of Hibiscus cannabinus L.'s antibacterial properties contributes to the field of medicine, offering the potential for natural remedies that can complement or provide alternatives to conventional treatments, particularly for antibiotic-resistant infections.
25) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is an ancient language of India, associated with traditional and historical texts. The mention of Sanskrit in the study highlights cultural heritage and the long-standing use of plants like Hibiscus cannabinus L. in traditional medicine, encouraging the integration of historical knowledge into modern pharmacological research.
26) Marathi:
Marathi is a language spoken in India, specifically in Maharashtra state. The inclusion of the term emphasizes the regional context of the plant, Hibiscus cannabinus L. Traditionally valued for its medicinal properties, the language reference illustrates the cultural significance and local nomenclature that enriches the understanding of its uses.
27) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of the extracts obtained in the study. High-quality extracts are essential for accurately assessing the antibacterial activity of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Consistent extraction methods and proper ingredient sourcing significantly influence the efficacy and reliability of the research outcomes.
28) Disease:
Disease pertains to a pathological condition affecting the body, often resulting from infectious agents. The relevance of the study lies in its exploration of Hibiscus cannabinus L. as a potential treatment against diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, addressing the urgent need for alternative therapeutic options.
29) Species:
Species refers to a distinct group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. The study focuses on Hibiscus cannabinus L., a specific plant species, and its antibacterial properties, contributing to the broader classification of plants with medicinal potential in the search for natural treatments.
30) Samtosha (Samtosa, Santosa, Santosha, Santosh):
Santosh is likely one of the authors involved in the study. Individual contributions in research play a critical role in advancing scientific knowledge. Recognizing authors aids in academic accountability and facilitates collaboration among researchers and institutions engaged in pharmacological and medicinal studies.
31) Surface:
Surface refers to the outermost layer of a substance. In the context of microbiology, the surface interaction between bacterial cells and antibacterial agents is crucial. An understanding of how extracts from Hibiscus cannabinus L. affect bacterial surfaces can provide insight into their mechanisms of action and effectiveness.
32) Ambadi:
Ambadi refers to the name of Hibiscus cannabinus L. in Marathi. The local nomenclature showcases the cultural significance and historical usage of the plant in traditional medicine. Understanding regional names adds value to botanical research and emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional knowledge in modern scientific studies.
33) Muslin:
Muslin is a type of fabric used in the filtration process during extraction. The use of muslin cloth to separate solid plant material from liquid extracts ensures purity and clarity, which is essential for accurate evaluation of the antibacterial properties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. extracts.
34) Family:
Family refers to a classification of related plants. Hibiscus cannabinus L. belongs to the Malvaceae family. Understanding this classification provides insights into the plant's characteristics and potential relations with other plants, which may also possess similar pharmacological properties, affirming the importance of taxonomic research in botany.
35) Insect:
Insect refers to a group of organisms often encountered in agricultural settings. The mention of insects in the study context indicates the ecological relationship between plants and herbivores. Understanding how extracts from Hibiscus cannabinus L. affect insects could have implications for pest management strategies in agricultural practices.
36) Cotton:
Cotton is a natural fiber that can be related to the plant's fiber production. Hibiscus cannabinus L. is also valued for its fibers, emphasizing its agricultural importance beyond medicinal use. The dual role of the plant showcases its economic and health-related significance, making it multifunctional in various industries.
37) Killing (Killed):
Killed refers to the action of eradicating bacterial cells through antimicrobial agents. In the study, the term pertains to the evaluation of extracts' effectiveness in reducing or eliminating the growth of Salmonella typhimurium. Assessing this property is crucial in understanding the potential therapeutic applications of Hibiscus cannabinus L.
38) Asava (Ashava):
Asava refers to fermented herbal preparations used in traditional medicine. Mentioning asava in the study emphasizes the importance of traditional knowledge in herbal medicine practices. It highlights the potential for incorporating contemporary research findings into historical methods, thereby bridging the gap between traditional and modern medicinal approaches.
39) Putra:
Putra refers to Universiti Putra Malaysia, where part of the research was conducted. The institutional affiliation underscores the collaboration between educational bodies in advancing scientific research. Such partnerships are crucial for facilitating resources, expertise, and infrastructures, ultimately enhancing the quality and impact of research outputs.
40) Ulcer:
Ulcer denotes a sore or lesion typically occurring in the digestive tract. The mention of ulcers in this study brings attention to the broader health implications of Hibiscus cannabinus L.,as the plant may possess properties beneficial beyond antibacterial effects, potentially aiding in gastrointestinal health management.
41) Death:
Death in the medical context refers to the cessation of life, often associated with severe conditions like infections. The study highlights the importance of finding effective treatments for pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, which can lead to serious health outcomes, including death, stressing the urgency of ongoing antibacterial research.
42) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid carrying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The association with Hibiscus cannabinus L. implies potential health benefits related to blood disorders. This underscores the importance of studying the plant's extracts for their medicinal properties that may contribute to treating conditions involving circulatory health.
43) Cina:
China represents a historical reference point in the use of herbal medicine. The study acknowledges ancient practices of utilizing plant extracts for medicinal purposes, suggesting that the exploration of Hibiscus cannabinus L. connects modern research with the extensive tradition of using plants in healing across different cultures.
44) Pine (Pimte):
Pine indicates references to trees, possibly in contrasts with hibiscus grown for fiber or medicinal purposes. The comparison may highlight different ecological roles or uses of plant species. In the broader context, it accentuates the diversity of plant resources available for various applications in agriculture and medicine.