Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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G. Madan Kumar
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr201611-7169
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Nanotechnology explores the synthesis of nanoparticles with varying sizes and shapes, facilitating control over their physical and chemical properties for applications in various fields, including medicine. Among the noble metals, silver is particularly significant due to its oligodynamic effect, which exhibits antimicrobial properties. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonduc, emphasizing an environmentally friendly method that avoids toxic chemicals. The synthesized nanoparticles are evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against various bacteria, highlighting the potential of silver nanoparticles as novel antimicrobial agents.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved through the bioreduction method, utilizing an aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonduc. The process involved the reduction of silver ions from an aqueous silver nitrate solution, with observations of a color change indicating the formation of nanoparticles. The reaction conditions, including temperature and time, were optimized to enhance the synthesis rate. Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles with an average diameter ranging from 29 to 68 nm. This green approach underscores the advantages of using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis, including cost-effectiveness and reduced environmental impact.
Characterization Methods
To ensure the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles, several analytical techniques were employed. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 425 nm, indicative of spherical silver nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) provided further insights into the morphology and size of the nanoparticles, confirming their spherical shape and demonstrating polydispersity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was utilized to identify the biomolecules involved in capping and stabilizing the nanoparticles, revealing various functional groups such as O-H, C-H, and N-H bonds, which play a crucial role in the interaction between the plant extract and silver nanoparticles.
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was assessed using various bacterial strains, including E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Through disk diffusion tests, the diameter of inhibition zones (DIZ) was measured, revealing that silver nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to copper nanoparticles against certain strains. Furthermore, the study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for silver nanoparticles, establishing effective concentrations that inhibit bacterial growth. The results indicated that silver nanoparticles were particularly effective against E. coli and S. aureus, showcasing their potential as antimicrobial agents, especially in treating drug-resistant infections.
Conclusion
This study presents a promising green method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonduc. The successful characterization of the nanoparticles using various techniques affirmed their stability and potential as antimicrobial agents. As silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against various strains, they may serve as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics in overcoming resistance. The findings support the continued exploration of eco-friendly approaches in nanotechnology and their application in pharmaceuticals, further emphasizing the role of silver nanoparticles in modern medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the study on silver nanoparticles?
The study focuses on the green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia bonduc leaf extract and their antibacterial activity against various microbial strains.
What methods were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles?
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a bioreduction method with aqueous leaf extract from Caesalpinia bonduc to reduce silver ions in silver nitrate solution.
What techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM to analyze their structural and morphological properties.
How effective were the silver nanoparticles against microbial strains?
The study found that silver nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with varying minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations.
What advantages does green synthesis of nanoparticles offer?
Green synthesis of nanoparticles is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and avoids the use of toxic chemicals, making it suitable for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
What sizes were the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
The average diameters of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were found to range between 29-68 nm, indicating their nanoscale properties.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Silver:
Silver is a noble metal known for its antimicrobial properties, making it a focal point in nanotechnology research. The study discusses the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through green chemistry methods, leveraging its oligodynamic effects on microorganisms, which opens doors for novel antibacterial agents in medicine and public health.
2) Water:
Water is used as a solvent and medium for chemical reactions in the synthesis processes described in the study. The purity and quality of distilled deionized water are emphasized in the methodology to ensure reliable results when synthesizing nanoparticles, underpinning the importance of solvent choice in nanotechnology.
3) Aureus:
Aureus refers specifically to Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium tested in the study for its susceptibility to silver nanoparticles. This organism is notoriously known for causing various infections and serves as a critical target in evaluating the efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles as potential antimicrobial agents.
4) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' encapsulates the research process undertaken to explore the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial properties. This word signifies the methodical examination and experimentation that contributes to advancing knowledge in the field of nanotechnology and its applications in medicine.
5) Activity:
Activity pertains to the biological effectiveness of silver nanoparticles against bacteria, particularly in disrupting bacterial growth. Evaluating antimicrobial activity is crucial for determining the potential of silver nanoparticles as effective agents in combating resistant microbial strains and enhancing therapeutic options in health care.
6) Transmission:
Transmission, in this context, often relates to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a technique employed to characterize the size and shape of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. This method allows for accurate insights into nanoparticle morphology, critical for understanding how structural properties influence antimicrobial efficacy.
7) Warangal:
Warangal is a city in India that serves as the geographic location for the study. The locality highlights the regional use of native plants, such as Caesalpinia bonduc, for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, linking local biodiversity to innovative green synthesis approaches in nanotechnology research.
8) India:
India is the country of origin for the research, reflecting the growing interest in utilizing indigenous resources for eco-friendly scientific practices. The study exemplifies India's role in advancing green chemistry and nanotechnology, aligning with global efforts to develop sustainable materials and solutions in various industries.
9) Drug:
Drug refers to substances used to treat diseases, and the study highlights the potential of silver nanoparticles as new antibacterial agents. The exploration of these nanoparticles underscores the need to find innovative alternatives for traditional antibiotics, particularly in light of increasing antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings.
10) Kakatiya:
Kakatiya refers to Kakatiya University, which is affiliated with the study, indicating the academic context of the research. This association emphasizes the role of educational institutions in fostering research advancements and innovation in fields like nanotechnology and pharmaceuticals, particularly through collaborative initiatives.
11) Surface:
Surface relates to surface plasmon resonance, a phenomenon observed in silver nanoparticles that contributes to their unique optical properties. Understanding surface interactions is essential for manipulating nanoparticle behavior in biomedical applications, particularly in enhancing their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents.
12) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic refers to a class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections. The study's relevance lies in exploring silver nanoparticles as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics, addressing the public health challenge posed by antibiotic resistance and highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents.
13) Measurement:
Measurement pertains to quantifying various parameters such as the size of nanoparticles or the diameter of inhibition zones in agar plates. Accurate measurement is crucial in experimental science to validate results and ensure reproducibility, ultimately influencing the interpretation of data regarding nanoparticle efficacy.
14) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the field concerned with health, healing, and treatment. The study emphasizes the potential of silver nanoparticles in medicinal applications, specifically their role in developing innovative treatments to combat bacterial infections and enhance therapeutic strategies against resistant organisms.
15) Forest:
Forest refers to the source from which plant materials were harvested for the study. This aspect emphasizes the utilization of natural resources for green synthesis methods, linking ecological sustainability with therapeutic innovation and showcasing the importance of biodiversity in scientific research.
16) Kumar:
Kumar is the surname of the corresponding author of the study, G. Madan Kumar. Author attribution is essential in academic circles to recognize contributions and foster intellectual discourse within the scientific community, furthering collaboration and advancing knowledge in the field.
17) Table:
Table refers to the organized presentation of data, specifically the results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Tables facilitate clarity and ease of comparison, helping readers quickly grasp and interpret significant findings from the research.
18) Field:
Field refers to the scientific domain in which the study is situated, encompassing nanotechnology, pharmacology, and microbiology. Recognizing the interdisciplinary nature of the research highlights the importance of innovative approaches in addressing complex challenges such as antibiotic resistance in contemporary medicine.
19) Post:
Post typically relates to the publication status of the study as a scholarly article. Being part of a journal signifies peer review and dissemination of knowledge, reinforcing the importance of sharing research findings with the larger scientific community to contribute to ongoing discussions and advancements.
20) New Delhi:
New Delhi is the capital of India and can be referenced in the study as a location for sourcing resources or collaborating institutions. It signifies the urban academic and research landscape in which significant scientific endeavors can take place, fostering innovation in health and medicine.
21) Surrounding:
Surrounding relates to the context in which the nanotechnology research was conducted, which can include environmental and ecological aspects. Understanding the surrounding ecological factors is vital for promoting sustainable practices, especially in studies that leverage local resources for bioreduction methods in synthesis.
22) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section of the study where results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. This critical analysis helps to elucidate the significance of findings, allowing researchers to draw conclusions, propose future directions, and highlight the relevance of their work in broader contexts.
23) Disease:
Disease refers to medical conditions that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The study addresses the urgent health crises posed by resistant strains of bacteria, underscoring the need for innovative treatment strategies to mitigate the impact of communicable diseases on public health.
24) Powder:
Powder often describes the physical state of nanoparticles post-synthesis. Understanding the properties of powdered nanoparticles is integral to subsequent applications and formulations in medicine, as the form affects dosaging, delivery mechanisms, and the overall efficacy of the antimicrobial agents developed from them.
25) Delhi:
Delhi may refer to either New Delhi or the larger National Capital Territory of Delhi. The mention of this urban area in a research context could indicate potential collaboration with institutions, access to resources, or participation in scientific events that enrich the academic environment in which the research occurs.
26) House:
House could signify the reference to pharmaceutical companies or laboratories where research activities are conducted or where materials are sourced. It underscores the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry, wherein different entities come together to further innovation in therapeutics and drug development.
27) Gold (Golden):
Gold is another noble metal often studied in conjunction with silver in nanotechnology due to its unique properties and applications in various fields. The mention of gold emphasizes the comparative studies that may arise between different nanoparticles and their respective effectiveness in biomedical applications.